护理干预对非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者化疗周期中血小板活化的影响

目的探讨护理干预对化疗周期中非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）患者血小板活化标志物PAC-1和CD62p表达的影响。方法将30例NHL患者（观察组）随机等分为单纯化疗组（15例）和化疗联合护理干预组（15例）,应用流式细胞术（FCM）检测化疗当天（d0）、第3天（d3）、第7天（d7）及第14天（d14）血小板PAC-1和CD62p的表达水平,并选择15例健康体检者作对照组。观察分析3组结果。结果病例组血小板PAC-1高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[（5．63±1．68）％比（3．43±1．07）％,t=5．323,P〈0．01],CD62p高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[（4．17±1．79）％比（2．44±0．78）％,t=3．576,P〈0．01];在单纯组和十预组,化疗d0,d3,d7,d14PAC-1CD62p的表达水平组内比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。干预组化疗d7、d14的PAC-1和CD62p较单纯组呈现’卜降趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论护理干预可能对化疗周期中非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者血小板活化有抑制作用。     

维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘术后早期失功影响因素的调查研究

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘术后早期失功影响因素。方法选取我院2016年6月至2018年12月收治的行自体动静脉内瘘术的维持性血液透析患者84例为研究对象,依据动静脉内瘘术状况划分为成功组62例和失功组22例,通过单因素分析、多因素logistic回归分析确定自体动静脉内瘘术后患者早期失功影响因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、BMI分型、血磷水平、血小板水平、早期转诊、低血压是影响维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘术后早期失功的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。结论女性、高龄、肥胖、血磷水平、血小板水平、低血压、未早期转诊是自体动静脉内瘘术后早期失功的危险因素,易加速内瘘失功。     

脑梗死患者活化血小板的检测及其临床意义

目的探讨脑梗死患者全血血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb／Ⅲa（PAC-1）、血小板颗粒膜糖蛋白140（CD6p）的变化及其临床意义。方法用全血流式细胞术测定76例脑梗死患者急性期和恢复期、30例高血压病患者和28例糖尿病患者外周血中血小板PAC-1、CD62P的表达水平，并与20例健康对照者比较。结果脑梗死组急性期、恢复期、高血压病组、糖尿病组PAC-1、CD62p的表达均明显高于正常对照组（均P〈0．01）。脑梗死患者急性期PAC-1、CD62P的表达大梗死灶组〉中梗死灶组〉小梗死灶组，各组之间比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01～0．05）。脑梗死患者急性期PAC-1、CD62P的表达重型〉中型〉轻型，各组之间比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01～0．05）。结论脑梗死急性期、恢复期、高血压病患者、糖尿病患者均存在血小板活化；脑梗死病人血小板活化与病情及梗死灶大小有关，PAC-1、CD62p可作为判断病情的指标。     

血小板糖蛋白与高血压、脑梗死关系的临床研究

目的通过测定高血压、脑梗死患者血小板糖蛋白（CD62，CD63，PAC-1）和纤维蛋白原（FIB）指标，旨在为临床治疗高血压、脑梗死提供有用的参考指标。方法采用流式细胞术（FCM），对85例高血压脑梗死患者，42例正常血压脑梗死患者、35例原发性高血压患者血小板糖蛋白CD62P，CD63，PAC-1进行检测。利用Acl-Advanee血凝仪测定了FIB。结果高血压脑梗死组、正常血压脑梗死组与原发性高血压组血小板糖蛋白CD62p、CD63、PAC-1及FIB均显著高于正常对照组（均P〈0．001），且高血压脑梗死组、正常血压脑梗死组血小板糖蛋白CD62p、CD63、PAC．1及FIB均明显高于高血压组（均P〈0．001）。高血压脑梗死组与正常血压脑梗死组血小板糖蛋白CD62p、CD63、PAG-1及FIB均无明显差异。血小板糖蛋白及FIB大梗死灶组〉中梗死灶组〉小梗死灶组，各组之间均有明显差异（P均〈0．01）。血小板糖蛋白CD62P、CD63、PAC-1与FIB呈正相关结论脑梗死、高血压患者均存在血小板活化，脑梗死患者血小板活化与病情及梗死灶大小有关。血小板糖蛋白的检测对高血压患者的病情分析和脑梗死的预防以及早期诊断和治疗具有重要的意义。     

冠心病患者不同治疗阶段GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62P状态的变化及临床价值

目的通过检测GPⅡb/Ⅲa(PAC-1)、血小板膜P选择素(CD62P)探讨冠心病患者不同治疗阶段的血小板活化水平及意义。方法采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测了35例正常对照者(D组)及114例冠心病患者不同治疗时期PAC-1、CD62P的表达。结果冠心病组患者PAC-1、CD62P表达较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.01);冠心病组治疗后,各时期不稳定型心绞痛组(B组)、急性心肌梗死组(C组)和稳定型心绞痛组(A组)对比:B、C组PAC-1、CD62P的表达均较A组高(P<0.05),而B、C组之间两者差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);冠心病(A、B、C)组PCI术后的CD62P、PAC-1的表达较术前明显升高(P<0.01);而术后24 h下降至术前水平,和术前水平相比无统计学意义(P>0.05);但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者血小板活化明显增强,不稳定型心绞痛、急性心肌梗死时血小板表面蛋白PAC-1,CD62P的表达进一步的升高,两者的表达可作为血小板功能检测的敏感指标,在冠心病的诊断及监测具有重要的临床意义。     

血小板活化与慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺动脉高压的关系

目的:研究血小板活化与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)肺动脉高压的关系。方法:COPD患者40例,按超声心动图测定的肺动脉压的结果分为COPD肺动脉高压组(A组)20例,COPD肺动脉压正常组(B组)20例。同时选取健康对照者(C组)20例。采用流式细胞仪三色荧光标记法检测3组微量全血血小板活化特异性分子标志物GPⅡb/Ⅲa复合物(PAC-1)、P选择素(CD62P)在血小板表面的阳性表达的百分率。结果:3组的PAC-1阳性表达率分别是(10.95±4.54)%、(4.84±1.70)%、(3.95±0.39)%,A组显著高于B组(P<0.05),B组显著高于C组(P<0.05)。3组的CD62P阳性表达率分别是(12.91±4.32)%、(6.55±2.48)%、(3.69±0.77)%,A组显著高于B组(P<0.05),B组显著高于C组(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,在A组,血小板PAC-1阳性表达率与肺动脉压呈正相关关系(r=0.75,P<0.05),同时血小板CD62P阳性表达率与肺动脉压也呈正相关关系(r=0.79,P<0.05)。结论:血小板活化与COPD肺动脉高压具有十分密切的关系。     

血小板活化、高敏C反应蛋白与慢性肺心病患者肺动脉压的关系

目的探讨慢性肺心病患者血小板活化指标PAC-1、CD62p和高敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）与肺动脉收缩压之间的关系。方法用三色全血流式细胞术测定50例慢性肺心病急性加重期患者及50例缓解期患者外周血中血小板PAC-1、CD62p的表达水平,采用免疫比浊法测定hs-CRP,并与40例健康对照者比较。用超声心动图检测慢性肺心病患者肺动脉收缩压。结果慢性肺心病急性加重期组PAC-1、CD62p的表达分别为（81．84±8．68）％、（47．12±6．30）％,明显高于缓解期组[（52．70±7．87）％、（33．66±5．83）％]及正常对照组[（48．73±5．55）％、（30．63±4．09）％]（均P〈0．01）,并与hs-CRP、肺动脉收缩压呈正相关。慢性肺心病急性加重期组hs—CRP为（10．28±6．23）mg／L,明显高于缓解期组[（5．48±3．34）mg／L]（P〈0．01）,并与肺动脉收缩压呈正相关。慢性肺心病急性加重期组肺动脉收缩压为（44．22±6．70）mmHg,明显高于缓解期组[（39．88±6．18）mmHg]（P〈0．01）。结论慢性肺心病急性加重期患者血小板明显活化,hs-CRP参与了慢性肺心病急性加重期炎症反应,血小板活化、炎症反应与肺动脉高压之间关系密切。     

血栓弹力图在血液透析患者内瘘堵塞中的作用

目的研究血栓弹力图（TEG）与常规凝血检查在血液透析患者内瘘堵塞的关系。方法选择济南市中心医院血液净化中心规律血液透析患者50例,按内瘘是否堵塞分为两组,内瘘堵塞组（A组）和未堵塞组（B组）,回顾性检查血栓弹力图,凝血常规和血常规。结果①血红蛋白和凝血常规各指标在内瘘堵塞组（A组）和对照组（B组）间无显著性差异（国际标准化率INR（0．98±0．05）比（0．98±0．09）,P=0．48〉0．05;活化部分凝血时间APTT（33．78±4．85）比（32．05±4．15）,P=0．21〉0．05;凝血酶原时间PT（11．92±0．64）比（11．90±1．15）,P=0．48〉0．05,血小板数量两组间有显著差异（190．7±40．07）×10^9／L比（189．7±42．01）×10^9／L,P=0．04〈0．05）;②14例内瘘堵塞患者（A组）中经TEC提示高凝状态10例,血小板高度活化4例。36例对照组（B组）中TEC提示高凝状态30例,30例中血小板功能升高16例,血小板和凝血因子高度活化6例;③血栓弹力图（TEG）中,R,K,ANGLE,CI值在两组间均有显著差异,明显提示内瘘堵塞组（A组）的高凝状态。结论血栓弹力图与其他常规凝血检查比较更能反映血液透析患者的高凝状态,对尿毒症血液透析内瘘血栓形成倾向监测有很大的帮助。     

双嘧达莫对恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血PAC-1和CD62p表达水平的影响

本研究探讨双嘧达莫对恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血血小板活化标志物PAC-1和CD62p表达水平的影响。选择32例恶性淋巴瘤患者随机分为单纯化疗组（单纯组）和化疗＋双嘧达莫组（联合组）。联合组患者在化疗基础上应用双嘧达莫100mg／d。另择15例健康体检者作为对照组。应用流式细胞术（FCM）和磁珠法分别于化疗当天、第3、7和14天检测恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血血小板PAC-1、CD62p和纤维蛋白原（FIB）的表达水平。结果表明,恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血PAC-1、CD62p和FIB水平较健康对照组明显升高（p〈0．01和0．05）,且PAC-1与FIB间呈正相关（r=0．549,P〈0．01）。单纯组患者化疗当天和第3天的PAC-1表达较化疗第14天明显升高（P〈0．05和0．01）;化疗第3天其CD62p水平与化疗当天、第7和14天比较均升高（P〈0．05和0．01）。联合组患者化疗第14天的PAC-1表达较化疗当天、第3天降低（P〈0．05和0．01）;且化疗第14天的CD62p表达较化疗第3天时降低（P〈0．05）。联合组患者在化疗第3、7和14天的PAC—1、CD62p与单纯组患者比较表达呈下降趋势,但FIB变化不明显。结论：恶性淋巴瘤患者常出现外周血小板活化及高纤维蛋白原血症,化疗周期中应用双嘧达莫能有效地抑制血小板活化。     

维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘穿刺疼痛程度及其与抑郁的相关性研究

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘穿刺疼痛程度及其与抑郁的关系。方法采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法和自评抑郁量表对59例维持性血液透析患者进行问卷调查。结果维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘穿刺疼痛程度得分为0．5～8分,平均（3．12±1．65）分,抑郁严重程度得分为0．3～0．8分,平均（0．50±0．10）分;相关分析显示内瘘穿刺疼痛程度与抑郁呈低度正相关关系;多元逐步回归分析显示内瘘穿刺疼痛程度与抑郁得分以及透析时间有关。结论维持性血液透析患者内瘘穿刺疼痛程度大部分在可接受范围内,但仍有部分患者疼痛程度为比较痛。医护人员应该重视血液透析患者内瘘穿刺疼痛的护理,尤其是对于初期血液透析以及抑郁情绪较重者。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.