短节段经椎弓根固定治疗胸腰椎不稳定骨折-AO通用脊柱内固定系统的应用

目的　总结分析短节段经椎弓根固定在胸腰椎不稳定骨折中的作用。　方法　对 12 1例经短节段椎弓根固定治疗的新鲜胸腰椎骨折病人的临床和影像学资料进行回顾性分析研究。　结果　随访 10 4例 ,时间 12月～ 72月 ,平均 31 3月。术后神经功能除 3例完全损伤没有改善外 ,余 10 1例 ( 97 1% )有至少一级以上的改善 ;术后椎体高度基本恢复正常 (术前压缩平均 5 8 3 % ,术后平均 3 2 % ,随访时平均丢失 2 1% ) ;术后后突角度基本纠正 (术前平均 2 9° ,术后平均 3 4°) ,并在随访时维持在平均丢失 3 4°。　结论　短节段椎弓根内固定可有效达到对胸腰椎不稳定骨折良好复位、坚固的固定 ,间接椎管内减压、维持脊柱的稳定性。通用脊柱骨折内固定系统 (Universalspinesystem ,USS)可以很好地达到短节段固定胸腰椎骨折的目的。     

AF钉内固定胸腰椎体骨折体会

2000年8月～2005年6月,笔者使用AF钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折29例,取得了满意效果.     

单节段椎弓根固定椎体内打压植骨治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折

目的探讨单节段椎弓根固定结合伤椎打压植骨治疗胸腰椎屈曲压缩骨折的疗效。方法对15例胸腰椎压缩性骨折(Denis B型)患者行后路单节段经伤椎复位固定、经椎弓根伤椎打压植骨手术。测量术前术后Cobb角,计算伤椎高度恢复率,进行ODI评分,分析疗效。结果 15例患者均获随访,时间6～18个月。伤椎高度矫正率约95%,Cobb角由术前的14°～25°改善为术后的3°～8°。未出现内固定断裂、神经损伤等并发症。结论单节段椎弓根固定椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折手术创伤小,仅固定1个运动节段;椎体内打压植骨有效解决椎体复位后产生的椎体内骨缺损。     

后方韧带复合体完整性在胸腰椎骨折中的临床意义

目的 探讨胸腰椎骨折中后方韧带复合体（PLC）完整性的临床意义。方法 回顾性分析自2008-07-2012-12收治的93例胸腰椎骨折,根据临床查体结合影像资料将其分为PLC完整组41例与PLC损伤组52例。结果 与PLC完整组相比,PLC损伤组的Denis分型与AO分型分布有明显区别。PLC损伤组中LCS评分、LSC〉7分比例、TLICS评分、TLICS〉5分比例、除外PLC项目的 TLICS评分、Cobb角度与PLC完整组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2组的年龄、性别及椎管占位率之间对比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。PLC损伤组神经功能ASIA分级较PLC完整组更重。结论 PLC的完整性是评估胸腰椎骨折损伤程度的重要指标,其与骨折的分型、损伤评分、后凸畸形及神经功能损伤等方面密切相关。     

伤椎椎体内植骨结合后外侧植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效

目的探讨经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合后外侧植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。方法采用自体骨粒经椎弓根植入伤椎及后外侧内固定治疗20例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者(A组),并与仅行后外侧植骨内固定治疗的22例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者(B组)作对照研究。比较两组影像学指标、疼痛VAS评分及脊髓神经功能情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间为12~18(15±2.6)个月。伤椎前缘高度比、伤椎Cobb角:两组术后及末次随访与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访时两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。VAS评分:两组术后及末次随访时较术前均明显降低(P0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。脊髓神经功能评估:两组末次随访时均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折经伤椎椎弓根椎体植骨结合后外侧植骨内固定,可恢复伤椎椎体高度及稳定性,防止术后椎体高度和Cobb角的再丢失以及内固定的失效。     

Vertebral body replacement system Synex in unstable burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine

A prospective longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the vertebral body replacement system Synex associated with posterior fixation in unstable burst fractures of the lumbar and thoracic spine. Within 24 months, we treated 28 patients (average age, 41 years; range, 22–64 years; 14 women, 14 men) with acute unstable burst fractures without osteoporosis of the thoracolumbar region (n=16) and the thoracic (n=3) as well as the lumbar (n=9) spine in two stages (primary dorsal transpedicular stabilization and secondary vertebral body replacement). The complications were analyzed and the postoperative follow-up result was evaluated regarding stability, bone fusion, correction loss, pain and neurological status. One patient showed a transient irritation of the lumbosacral plexus and one patient had a superficial wound infection (complication rate, 7.1%). At the follow-up examination (mean follow-up, 13 months) only in two cases a minimal loss of correction (<5°) was measured. Radiologically, 27 patients showed secure bone fusions and all patients had stability of the osteosynthesis. Most of the patients stated no or just slight pain at follow-up. Only two patients with pain to a medium degree had to take painkillers. The vertebral body replacement system Synex seems to be a good alternative for vertebral body replacement in unstable burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine since at present follow-up it shows a high rate of bone fusion and minimal loss of correction.     

无神经症状胸腰椎骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨采用手术治疗无神经症状胸腰椎骨折的适应证和手术疗效。方法对24例确诊为无神经症状的胸腰椎骨折患者采用后路椎弓根螺钉内固定复位融合技术进行治疗。结果术后随访8~15个月,Cobb角:术前10°~25°,术后6°~12°;椎管狭窄程度:术前25%~50%,术后0~20%;椎体前缘高度:术前丢失25%~75%不等,术后均恢复正常。术后无神经损伤、假关节形成和断钉等并发症发生。结论对于潜在可能出现继发性神经损害尤其是中柱严重受损的无神经症状的胸腰椎骨折,属于不稳定骨折,应尽早采取合理手术。     

通用型脊柱内固定系统治疗不稳定中上胸椎骨折

目的探讨通用型脊柱内固定系统(GSS)治疗不稳定中上胸椎骨折的临床效果。方法用GSS治疗不稳定中上胸椎骨折15例:T43例,T52例,T63例,T75例,T82例;压缩性骨折8例,骨折脱位3例,爆裂型骨折4例。结果15例随访10~39个月,平均21.4个月,伤椎前缘高度由术前平均40%恢复至术后91%,螺钉位置不良6枚,术后无神经系统症状加重,随访时无内固定松动及断裂,伤椎高度及脊柱生理弧度无丢失。结论对于不稳定中上胸椎骨折行后路GSS内固定可达到满意的治疗效果。     

后路钉棒内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨应用后路钉棒内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果。方法 自2009年1月至2010年12月,我科采用后路钉棒内固定系统联合或不联合椎管减压植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折33例,其中,男21例,女12例,年龄21～57岁,平均37.5岁。根据术前脊髓神经损伤Frankel评定分级：A级1例,B级2例,C级2例,D级10例,E级18例,术前Cobb角为23.40±1.64°,椎体平均高度前缘32.02±2.99% 和后缘78.27±1.65%。结果 本组平均手术时间为3.9h（3～5h）,平均出血量为495mL（200～800mL）,术后发生未伤口感染、血肿或其他严重并发症。经术后X线照片检查,未发现内固定材料断裂、松动以及胸腰椎骨折、移位。随访6～24个月,术后Cobb角为3.15±1.64°,椎体平均高度恢复到术后的前缘（90.15±1.72）%和后缘（98.09±1.14）%。神经功能恢复：A级1例,B级0例,C级1例,D级2例,E级29例。结论 后路钉棒系统手术相对简单、操作方便、固定可靠,是胸腰椎骨折的一种有效治疗方法。     

Assessment of three year experience of a strategy for patient selection and timing of operation in the management of acute thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: a prospective study

Summary Background. The purpose of this article is to report experience gained over three years of the use of a protocol for patient selection and timing of operation for acute thoracic and lumbar fractures. Method. At admission, all patients underwent neurological and imaging exams. All patients with a spinal cord lesion scored as ASIA A at any level inferior to T10 and as ASIA B, C or D at any level, were categorized as emergency and operated on within eight hours from trauma. ASIA A cases in the T1–T10 tract and ASIA E cases at any level were treated in the ordinary operative work schedule. Findings. Ninety-four patients with surgically treated lumbar or thoracic fractures took part in this study. On the imaging studies, 12 patients were classified as A, 50 as B and 32 as C following the AO classification. At the neurological exam, 39 patients were scored as ASIA A, nine as B, six as C, two as D and 38 as E. At follow-up, of the 39 patients scored as ASIA A, 13 (33%) improved at least one grade and of the 17 scored as ASIA B, C or D, 11 (64.7%) improved. None of the 38 patients scored as ASIA E deteriorated. Conclusions. The findings show that the strategy in the protocol was safe and followed by satisfactory rates of neurological outcome. Larger prospective studies, preferably randomized, are needed to establish definitively its place in the management of patients with spinal injury.     

上胸椎前路逆向椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的可行性研究

【摘要】 目的：通过放射解剖学研究及标本上的模拟手术操作来验证上胸椎（T1~T4）前路逆向椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的可行性及安全性。方法：在放射科CT数据库中选取40例层厚为0.625mm的正常上胸椎薄层CT扫描数据（男20例,女20例,年龄18～68岁,平均39.7岁）,对数据进行MPR重建,在每侧椎弓根轴心上选取其横切面和矢状面进行观察和测量,测得每侧椎弓根的横径、高度、横切面进钉点距离、进钉角度、矢状面进钉点距离、进钉角度、钉道长度,对所得数据进行统计学处理。选取10具（男5例、女5例,年龄不详）完整的成人上胸椎防腐标本（包括C7～T6）,外观无畸形和破损,完整保留T1～T4两旁肋椎关节及椎旁软组织,于椎体前方逆向置入椎弓根螺钉,通过X线透视、CT扫描、剖面观察、测量,参照Rao等的椎弓根螺钉穿破分级标准对置钉优良率进行评测。结果：T1～T4椎弓根横径逐渐减小8.14～3.47mm;椎弓根高度逐渐增大6.89～10.29mm;横切面进钉角度逐渐减小32.96°～11.64°;横切面进钉点距离逐渐增大1.80～5.50mm;矢状面进钉角度逐渐增大104.95°～115.74°;矢状面进钉点距离逐渐增大5.95～8.76mm;钉道长度32.95～35.96mm。T3、T4椎弓根横径过于细小,不适合逆向椎弓根螺钉的置入,但在T3、T4逆向置入椎弓根-肋骨复合体螺钉是可行的。T1、T2前路逆向椎弓根螺钉的规格为：直径4.0mm、长度35mm左右,T3、T4前路逆向椎弓根-肋骨复合体螺钉的规格为：直径5.0mm、长度35mm左右。在10具上胸椎标本上共置钉80枚,根据Rao等的椎弓根螺钉穿破分级标准,总体优良率达90%,其中椎弓根侧壁穿破小于2mm未造成脊髓压迫的共7枚;椎弓根内侧壁穿破距离在2～4mm的共有5枚,分别为T1椎体1枚,T3椎体1枚,T4椎体3枚,有不同程度脊髓压迫;椎弓根内侧壁穿破距离大于4mm的2枚,其中T2椎体1枚,T4椎体1枚,脊髓受压严重;T2椎体有1枚椎弓根外侧壁穿破。结论：T1、T2椎体前路逆向椎弓根螺钉内固定技术和T3、T4椎体前路逆向椎弓根-肋骨复合体螺钉内固定技术可达到双皮质固定的目的,但其安全性及临床实用性尚需进一步探讨。     

严重下腰椎骨折脱位的后路手术治疗

目的　评价后路经椎弓根三维矫正和减压手术对严重下腰椎骨折脱位的治疗效果。方法　回顾性分析经后路手术治疗的 2 3例严重下腰椎骨折脱位。主要损伤节段 ,L3 13例 ,L410例 ,其中有 2例为L4,5脱位。按AO进行骨折分类 ,A类 (压缩 ) 16例 ,B类 (分离 ) 1例 ,C类 (扭转 ) 6例。所有病例均行后路短节段经椎弓根复位内固定。分别比较术前与术后即刻的影像学指标变化 ,及术前与术后 2个月时神经功能的变化。结果　平均随访时间 13个月 (5～32个月 )。术后即刻影像学显示 ,伤椎椎体前高由术前平均 6 5 .3%恢复至 93.2 % (P <0 .0 1) ,伤段局部矢状径指数由术前平均 2 6 .8°恢复至 13.6°(P <0 .0 1) ,椎管受堵指数由术前平均 2 .96恢复至 1.2 2 (P <0 .0 1)。有神经损伤者其中半数 (18例中的 9例 )在术后 2个月时出现一定程度恢复。结论　对于严重的下腰椎骨折脱位 ,从后路进行减压和固定完全可以达到充分的治疗效果。     

Near-anatomical reduction and stabilization of burst fractures of the lower thoracic or lumbar spine

Summary Thirty-one consecutive symptomatic patients with burst fractures of the lower thoracic or lumbar spine (T11-L4) were treated by early surgery in a 36-month period, with near-anatomical reduction being achieved via the postero-lateral route. Fusion and reconstruction of the vertebral body was done by using autologous or processed bovine bone. Correction of the kyphotic deformity was obtained by using distraction rods or transpedicular devices. The post-operative mean degree of kyphosis, percent vertebral height, and percent canal stenosis showed statistically significant differences, compared with the corresponding pre-operative mean values. All but one of the 25 patiens with incomplete paraplegia exhibited neurological improvement, with complete recovery occurring in 20 cases (median followup: 16 months) irrespective of the location of the lesion at the thoraco-lumbar junction (T11-L1) or the lower lumbar segment (L2-L4). Out of the 6 patients with pre-operative complete paraplegia, useful motor power returned in one case with a lesion below L1.The results confirm the suitability of the postero-lateral route and are consistent with the assumption that early near-anatomical reduction and stabilization favours maximum neurological recovery in symptomatic patients.     

钉棒系统复位联合经椎弓根椎体植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨AF系统复位内固定结合经椎弓根椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎前中柱骨折的疗效。方法采用AF复位内固定,经椎弓根椎体植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折35例,术前、术后和随访期间均摄X线片,检测椎体高度丢失情况以及成角段Cobb角度变化,观察骨折愈合情况。对比治疗前后ASIA分级。结果 31例获5-36个月的随访。Cobb角术前为23.5°±6.8°,术后为2.6°±6.2°,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。椎体前后缘高度比值术前为0.5±0.2,术后为0.9±0.1,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后3个月骨折椎体愈合,伤椎高度无丢失。术后ASIA分级：A级5例中3例无改善,2例恢复至C级;4例B级中2例恢复至C级,2例恢复至D级;C级5例中2例恢复至D级,3例恢复至E级;D级5例均恢复至E级;E级16例仍为E级。结论使用AF复位内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折,操作简单、快捷,伤椎体回复高度满意,联合经椎弓根椎体内植骨,重建前中柱的稳定性好。     

经椎旁肌间隙入路短节段固定治疗胸腰椎骨折疗效分析

目的探讨椎旁肌间隙入路在胸腰椎骨折短节段内固定手术治疗中的临床疗效。方法对45例无需椎管减压的胸腰椎骨折患者行后路短节段内固定治疗,采用椎旁肌间隙入路20例（A组）,传统后正中入路25例（B组）,分别记录对两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术前后疼痛感觉程度评分（VAS）、Cobb角矫正率、椎体塌陷矫正率指标,分析比较两组的手术效果。结果所有患者骨性愈合,无内固定物松动、断钉断棒;A组与B组的手术时间[（88±17）min vs（105±14）min]、出血量[（121±24）ml vs（230±31）m1]、术后引流量[（66±28）ml vs（250±45）m1]差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组在伤椎Cobb角矫正率[（82．3±1．58）％vs（83．5±3．71）％）],椎体坍塌矫正率[（88．22±3．18）％vs（87．19±2．16）％],术后VAS评分等方面差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论椎旁肌间隙入路内固定手术具有创伤小、入路简单、手术时间短、出血量少、术后恢复快等优点,它符合现代微创理念,是值得推广的一种手术入路。     

两种经皮椎弓根螺钉技术治疗不稳定胸腰椎骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨2种经皮椎弓根螺钉技术治疗不稳定胸腰椎骨折的可行性及疗效比较。方法 2007年6月－2009年5月,采用2种经皮椎弓根螺钉技术治疗单节段无神经症状的不稳定胸腰椎骨折患者28例,其中12例使用丹历枢法模公司生产的Sextent经皮椎弓根螺钉系统,16例采用本院自行总结的＂触摸法＂经皮椎弓根螺钉技术（使用国产USS椎弓根螺钉系统）。分别比较2组间术前、术后伤椎前缘高度百分比、后凸Cobb角、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及带支具下床时间。结果所有患者均获得9－18个月（平均14个月）的随访,所有患者的术后伤椎前缘高度百分比、后凸Cobb角较术前均有显著的恢复,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;但2组住院时间及带支具下床时间差异无统计学（P〉0.05）;＂触摸法＂手术组的手术时间明显缩短,术中出血量明显减少,与Sextent系统手术组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 2种经皮椎弓根螺钉技术均是治疗不稳定胸腰椎骨折的有效方法,但＂触摸法＂具有手术操作更简单、费用较低等优点。     

微创经皮椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨应用微创经皮椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法2000年3月～2004年5月,采用经皮椎弓根内固定术治疗单节段、不稳定胸腰椎骨折32例。其中T128例,L116例,L26例,L32例。患者全部使用丹历．枢法模公司生产的CDH椎弓根内固定系统。在骨折节段上、下相邻椎弓根皮肤处做4个1．5cm长的纵形切口,透视下,钻入椎弓根螺钉,从一端切口纵形将固定棒置入肌纤维间隙内,初步固定钉棒,撑开复位并矫正屈曲畸形。并以同期32例采用传统后路切开复位椎弓根内固定技术治疗的类似患者作为对照,比较两组的疗效。结果经皮组32例患者术后获24～52个月（平均36个月）随访。手术时间平均为42．06min,手术出血量平均为83．69mL,住院时间平均为11．75d,术后恢复工作时间平均为12周,术后2年后凸Cobb角轻度丢失。与对照组比较,经皮组手术时间、住院时间明显缩短,出血量明显减少,术后恢复快。结论经皮椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折,复位及内固定效果好,手术操作简单安全、创伤轻、痛苦小,患者康复快。     

Decision-making in burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine

The most common site of injury to the spine is the thoracolumbar junction which is the mechanical transition junction between the rigid thoracic and the more flexible lumbar spine. The lumbar spine is another site which is more prone to injury. Absence of stabilizing articulations with the ribs, lordotic posture and more sagitally oriented facet joints are the most obvious explanations. Burst fractures of the spine account for 14% of all spinal injuries. Though common, thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures present a number of important treatment challenges. There has been substantial controversy related to the indications for nonoperative or operative management of these fractures. Disagreement also exists regarding the choice of the surgical approach. A large number of thoracolumbar and lumbar fractures can be treated conservatively while some fractures require surgery. Selecting an appropriate surgical option requires an in-depth understanding of the different methods of decompression, stabilization and/or fusion. Anterior surgery has the advantage of the greatest degree of canal decompression and offers the benefit of limiting the number of motion segments fused. These advantages come at the added cost of increased time for the surgery and the related morbidity of the surgical approach. Posterior surgery enjoys the advantage of being more familiar to the operating surgeons and can be an effective approach. However, the limitations of this approach include inadequate decompression, recurrence of the deformity and implant failure. Though many of the principles are the same, the treatment of low lumbar burst fractures requires some additional consideration due to the difficulty of approaching this region anteriorly. Avoiding complications of these surgeries are another important aspect and can be achieved by following an algorithmic approach to patient assessment, proper radiological examination and precision in decision-making regarding management. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of injury and their unique biomechanical propensities following various forms of treatment can help the spinal surgeon manage such patients effectively and prevent devastating complications.     

Comparative study of different dorsal stabilization techniques in recent thoraco-lumbar spine fractures

Summary The authors initially outline the development of operative techniques to stabilize traumatic thoraco-lumbar spine fractures.Thereafter their own results in 125 patients, treated operatively between 1.1.1983 and 15.9.1988, are presented.The different techniques (Harrington-instrumentation, transpedicular plate stabilization, fixateur interne) are evaluated. In the clinical neurological examination 25% of the patients experienced an improvement by at least one point in the FRANKEL classification. Four patients suffered neurological deterioration.In the radiological follow-up the Sintering process, the kyphotic and scoliotic deformity of the spinal segment were measured. The fixateur interne had the best overall results (loss of reposition averaged a kyphosis of 6.8 °, no fracture instability). Less good results were obtained with both the Harrington stabilization (loss of reposition 9.1 °, fracture instability in 3 cases) and with the transpedicular plate stabilization (loss of reposition 12.4 °, fracture instability in 2 cases).Finally the complications are described. The optimal approach is based on the clinical development. The fusion should be as short as possible with a stable angle implant and the possibility to reposition intraoperatively should be given. Postero-lateral spongiosa application, fusion of the vertebral arch joints, diskectomy with transpedicular spongiosa application and intercorporal blocking should be considered.     

Neurological recovery and its influencing factors in thoracic and lumbar spine fractures after surgical decompression and stabilization

Surgical decompression and internal fixation of the injured spine have become standard procedures in the management of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures, but their effectiveness on neurological recovery remains controversial. We report on 169 consecutive patients with thoracic and lumbar spine fractures who were treated by reduction, fusion, and internal fixation using transpedicular screw-rod systems. Open decompression was carried out in 67 (39.6%) of them, including all 42 patients (25%) who presented with initial neurological deficits. At least 8 months following surgery, 30 (71%) had neurologically improved by one to three grades on the Frankel scale. Thirteen (59%) out of 22 patients whose initial deficits had been classified as motor useless (Frankel grades A to C) could walk, at least with support. Thirteen out of 20 patients with posttraumatic deficit Frankel D (motor useful) improved to full recovery (Frankel E). In six (3.6%) patients (all from the group of the 127 patients without initial neurological deficits), permanent slight postoperative neurological impairment of one Frankel grade (E to D) was seen, among them two (1.2%) with new minor motor deficit. Neurological outcome was significantly better (p<0.01) in patients operated upon within the first 24 h after injury than in those who underwent surgery later. Severity of injury also had a negative influence (p<0.001) on neurological recovery. Analysis suggests that there may be significant neurological improvement in patients treated surgically very early.