口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结临床触诊、B超和MRI检查的对比分析

目的：比较临床触诊、B超和磁共振（MRI）诊断口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的准确性,分析B超、MRI在口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移术前评估中的临床价值。方法：对20例口咽鳞癌患者的100个颈部分区行术前临床触诊、B超和MRI检查,以术后病理诊断为金标准,双盲法分析临床触诊、B超和MRI所见,将其结果在SPSS13.0软件中分别采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行统计学处理。结果：术后病理证实16个区存在淋巴结转移,临床触诊检出其中的7个区（敏感度43.8%,特异度96.4%,准确度88.0%）;B超确诊其中的10个区（敏感度60.0%,特异度97.6%,准确度92.0%）,可以发现33.3%的临床触诊隐匿性转移区;MRI确诊其中的13个区（敏感度81.3%,特异度96.4%,准确度94.0%）;可以发现66.7%的临床触诊隐匿性转移区。B超联合MRI检出其中的13个区（敏感度81.3%,特异度95.2%,准确度93.0%）。结论：B超或MRI评价口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的敏感度、准确度均优于临床触诊,B超联合MRI的可靠性并不优于单独使用MRI,但两者存在互补性。     

老年人口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移CT诊断标准的病理学再评价

目的：虽然CT和MRI对口腔颌面部鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断具有很大的帮助，但评价颈部淋巴结病变的方法仍有缺陷。本文对颈淋巴结转移的影像学诊断标准进行再评价。方法：运用显微病理方法检查了口腔颌面部鳞癌病人42例，颈淋巴结清扫术的1722个淋巴结的形态学特征。结果：37％恶性转移淋巴结的直径小于10mm，而淋巴结结外膨隆在很小的淋巴结也可发现。结论：目前，评价颈淋巴结状态的影像学标准主要建立在淋巴结的大小上，本文结果提示，现有的影像学诊断标准，对判断颈淋巴结转移存在局限性，本文旨在对改善口腔颌面部鳞癌颈淋巴结转移诊断的新方法进行讨论。     

临床NO舌鳞癌哨位淋巴结微转移检测及其意义

目的:以CK19 mRNA为标志物,采用RT-PCR法检测临床NO舌鳞癌哨位淋巴结(sentinel node.SN)的微转移状况,从基因水平探讨择区颈清扫的必要性.方法:采用1γ头示踪法对21例临床NO舌鳞癌患者进行SN示踪,采用RT-PCR法检测CK19基凼在SN中的表达,并与颈部慢性炎症淋巴结和舌鳞癌转移淋巴结各10枚的CK19基因表达进行对比.采用SPSS10.0软件包进行χ2:检验.结果:21例临床NO舌鳞癌中,20例SN示踪成功,共取得SN 53枚,每例1～4枚,平均2.65枚.RT-PCR法检测CK19基因表达诊断颈部淋巴结转移的敏感度为90%.特异度为80%,SN示踪成功的20例中,常规病理检查发现淋巴结转移2例,隐匿性转移率为10%;51枚常规病理阴性的SN中,CKl9-mRNA阳性表达ll枚(来自7例患者),微转移发牛率为21.57%,隐匿性转移率为35%,2种方法评价舌鳞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移率有显著性差异,P=0.013.结论:由于微转移的存在,以SN常规病理分析来决定颈清扫术式并不可靠,择区颈清扫仍然是临床NO舌鳞癌颈部治疗的首选方法.     

舌癌cNO患者哨位淋巴结检测方法的比较

目的：探索舌癌哨位淋巴结（sentinel node，SN）检测的理想方法，比较术前核素扫描＋术中亚甲蓝示踪法和术中γ探头检测法的应用价值。方法：分别采用术前核素扫描＋术中亚甲蓝示踪法（A组）和术中γ探头检测法（B组），对临床NO（clinically NO，cNO）舌癌患者各20例进行SN检测，以颈清扫标本常规病理检查及随访中淋巴结复发与否为评价颈部淋巴结转移状况的金标准，比较2种方法检测SN的有效性；采用SPSS12．0软件包进行χ^2检验。结果：A组SN检出率为100％（20／20），隐匿性淋巴结转移的发生率为25％（5／20），SN活检评价颈淋巴结转移状况的准确率为95％（19／20），假阴性1例，阴性预测值均为94％（15／16）。B组SN检出率为95％（19／20），隐匿性颈淋巴结转移率为15％（3／20），SN活检评价颈淋巴结转移状况的准确率和阴性预测值均为84％（16／19），假阴性3例，假阴性率为16％（3／19）。2组SN检出率、阴性预测值无统计学差异，P〉0．05。结论：舌癌SN检测方法中，术中γ探头检测法并不优于术前核素扫描＋术中亚甲蓝示踪法，后者简便易行，有较高的实用价值。     

舌体鳞状细胞癌cN0患者的颈淋巴结转移临床分析

目的 分析临床颈部阴性(cN0)的舌体鳞状细胞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移率和与转移相关的临床因素，探讨cN0患者的颈部治疗原则。方法 回顾性分析94例cN0舌癌患者的临床和病理资料，探讨隐匿性转移的发生率和转移规律。结果 94例cN0舌癌中，病理检查证实颈淋巴结转移者39例，其中T1～T4期肿瘤的转移率依次为28．6％，35、0％，56．5％和60．0％。高分化和中低分化舌癌的转移率分别为23．1％和54、6％。原发灶生长方式为外突型、溃疡型和浸润型病变的转移率依次为13．3％，27、3％和60、8％。单个淋巴结转移者19例，多个淋巴结转移(累及一个或多个颈部分区)者20例。共有55个颈部分区检出阳性淋巴结，各区转移频率依次为：Ⅰ区，32．7％(18／55)；Ⅱ区，41.8％(23／55)；Ⅲ区，23．6％(13／55)；Ⅳ区，1、8％(1／55)，未见累及Ⅴ区者。结论 ①原发灶的病理分级和生长方式可以作为术前判断颈淋巴结转移的参考因素。②高分化的T1期病变可行颈部观察，但对于分化程度较低、生长方式呈浸润型或溃疡型者宜行选择性颈淋巴清扫术。T2～T4期病变须行同期选择性颈淋巴清扫术。③建议对cN0舌癌行扩大性肩胛舌骨上颈淋巴清扫(清扫Ⅰ～Ⅳ区)，避免全颈淋巴清扫术给患者造成的损害。     

cN0口腔鳞状细胞癌颈部淋巴结转移的临床分析

目的:探讨颈部淋巴结阴性(c N0)的口腔鳞癌(OSCC)患者发生颈淋巴结隐匿性转移的规律和相关影响因素。方法:收集2008-07~2013-07接受颈淋巴结清扫的85例c N0 OSCC患者的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果:85例c N0 OSCC患者中,总隐匿性转移率为28.24%(24/85)。c N0 OSCC患者淋巴结转移率与性别、发病部位无相关性(P>0.05),与年龄、原发灶大小、病理分期及生长方式存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论:肿瘤体积越大、分化程度越低、患者年龄越小其淋巴结隐匿性转移率越高,对此类患者需积极行相应颈部淋巴结清扫处理。     

PET/CT在诊断口腔颌面部肿瘤颈淋巴结转移中的价值

目的:通过与MRI检查比较,评价PET/CT(integrated PET-CT system)在诊断口腔颌面部肿瘤颈部淋巴结转移中的临床价值.方法:前瞻性分析2008-2011年47例口腔颌面部肿瘤患者,于术前2周内分别进行PET/CT、MRI检查.分别获取PET/CT影像和MRI影像.以病理结果为金标准,分析2种方法判断颈部淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异度及准确率方面的差异.采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行x2检验.结果:PET/CT、MRI判定颈淋巴结转移的敏感度分别为89.5％和73.7％(P＜0.05);特异度分别为89.3％和78.6％(P＞0.05);准确率分别为89.4％和76.6％(P＜0.05).结论:PET/CT在口腔颌面部肿瘤颈部淋巴结转移判定中的敏感度及准确率均优于MRI,差异具有统计学意义;PET/CT在口腔颌面部肿瘤颈淋巴结转移判定中作为一种辅助诊断方法,具有重要的临床价值.     

100例cNO舌癌患者隐匿性淋巴结转移部位及相关因素分析

目的分析cN0舌癌患者隐匿性淋巴结转移特点及临床病理因素对隐匿性转移的影响,为选择性颈清扫提供临床依据。方法收集100例cN0舌癌患者资料,分析其隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的特点及原发灶的直径、T分级、浸润深度、生长方式、病理分级、分化程度等对隐匿性转移的影响。结果 100例cN0舌癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移率为22%,最常见的转移部位是同侧的Ⅱ区,占总转移部位的51.61%（16/31）,其次分别为同侧Ⅰ和Ⅲ区,87.10%（27/31）的隐匿性转移位于以上三个区域。另外,舌癌的直径与隐匿性转移无明显关系（P〉0.05）,而浸润深度、生长方式、病理分级,肿瘤分级和分化程度对其有显著性影响（P〈0.05）,且随着病理分级、分化程度、浸润深度递增,转移率有升高的趋势。结论同侧的Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ区是cN0舌癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的常见区域,综合考虑原发灶的浸润深度、生长方式、病理分级和分化程度等临床病理因素,对较易发生隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的cN0舌癌患者可行选择性肩胛舌骨肌上清扫术。     

舌鳞癌无临床颈部淋巴结转移的处理

目的 通过分析无临床淋巴结转移舌癌患者的隐匿性淋巴结转移在颈部各区的分布,显示舌活动部癌的淋巴结转移并指导无临床淋巴结转移的舌癌的选择性颈淋巴管清扫的区域。方法 回顾分析２８例舌部癌颈部无临床淋巴结转移而选择性全颈淋巴结清扫和挽救性淋巴 结清扫术的病例,分析手术后病理阳性淋巴结在颈部各区的分布。结果 病理证实单个淋巴结转移１３例,其中颌下及颏下区转移２例,颈内静脉淋巴结上组８例、颈内静脉淋巴结中组     

蓝染法定位CN0舌癌前哨淋巴结的价值

目的：探讨蓝染法在CN0期舌鳞癌前哨淋巴结定位的应用价值。方法：对32例CN0舌鳞癌病例术中应用蓝染法定位前哨淋巴结,采用先翻开颈部皮瓣后再在病灶边缘注射亚甲蓝的方法,观察颈部淋巴结蓝染情况,计数发现淋巴结蓝染的时间及蓝染淋巴结数目,切取蓝染淋巴结送冰冻病理检查,然后完成颈清扫术,观察前哨淋巴结病检结果与术后颈部淋巴结常规病理检查结果的相关性,计算前哨淋巴结对CN0舌癌患者颈部淋巴结转移的预测价值。结果：32例中31例成功定位前哨淋巴结,定位成功率96．88％,从注射染料到出现淋巴结蓝染平均25min,每例平均定位前哨淋巴结1．9个,8例前哨淋巴结病理检查阳性,与术后常规病理检查对照未发现假阴性病例,前哨淋巴结对CN0舌癌颈淋巴结转移的阳性及阴性预测价值均为100％。结论：蓝染法定位CN0期舌鳞癌前哨淋巴结有较高的临床应用价值。     

选择性颈淋巴清扫术及其适应证的评价

作者通过对３８２例行颈淋巴清扫术的口腔癌患者的回顾性研究，对选择性（即预防性）颈清扫术及其适应证进行评估。本研究重点分析了各种相关因素与颈淋巴结转移的关系。结果表明：各种口腔癌的颈淋巴结总转移率为４４％（１６７／３８２）。而在术前未扪及肿大淋巴结者即隐匿性转移率为２３％（１９／８４）。颈淋巴转移的发生频率与原发灶的大小、部位、肿瘤细胞的分化程度和肿瘤类型等密切相关。特别是颈淋巴结的状况是评估颈部转移的重要信息。本研究强调对原发灶及颈淋巴的仔细检查和综合分析，有助于更准确判断是否有颈淋巴转移及是否应行ＥＮＤ。     

29例头颈部炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤的CT及MRI影像学特征分析

目的: 探讨头颈部炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤 (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)的CT及MRI影像学特征,以提高该肿瘤的术前正确诊断。方法: 回顾性收集2012年1月——2018年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院初诊并经术后病理检查证实的29例头颈部IMT患者,总结分析患者术前CT及MRI影像学表现。结果: 29例头颈部IMT患者中,67.0%（20/29）的患者术前被误诊为恶性肿瘤。头颈部IMT的影像学表现多样,局限性软组织内肿块7例,软组织肿块伴邻近骨质破坏12例（颞下窝5例,上颌窦6例,颌面部广泛软组织病变1例）,骨内肿块10例（上颌骨5例,下颌骨4例,颞骨1例）。89.7%（26/29）病灶边界不清楚;75.9%（22/29）病灶有骨质破坏,34.5%（10/29）病灶骨质破坏与骨质增生硬化并存。8例患者沿神经孔道侵犯邻近结构（6例发生于颞下窝,其中4例侵犯翼腭窝,沿圆孔、卵圆孔累及颅内,2例侵犯眶尖视神经管;2例发生于下颌骨,侵犯下颌神经管）。头颈部IMT在CT平扫时呈等或稍低密度, 未见钙化,增强扫描呈中度至明显强化。在MRI上,9例T1WI呈等或稍低信号;7例T2WI呈低信号;9例DWI呈高信号,ADC值约（0.6~1.0）×10^-3mm²/s。TIC曲线Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型2例。均未出现颈淋巴结及远处转移。结论: 头颈部IMT的影像学特征与恶性肿瘤相近,但骨质破坏的同时伴有骨质增生硬化,T2WI呈低信号,TIC曲线以Ⅰ型为主,极少发生颈淋巴结及远处转移。结合CT、MRI及功能学检查,可在一定程度上反映病灶的组织构成,为术前正确诊断提供重要依据。     

舌癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床研究

目的　探索前哨淋巴结 (sentinelnode ,SN)活检能否准确评价舌癌颈淋巴结转移状况及其适应范围。方法　使用术前核素扫描法和术中亚甲蓝示踪法对临床N0 (cN0 )舌癌 2 0例和临床N (cN )舌癌 5例进行SN示踪 ,对比SN和颈清扫标本石蜡切片病理结果。结果　全组 2 5例检出SN 2 4例 ,检出率为 96 % ,共 5 3个 ,平均每例 2 2个 ;cN0 组 2 0例全部检出SN并准确评价颈淋巴结转移状况 ;cN 组 5例中检出SN 4例 ,4例中cN 颈部 5侧 ,其中有 4侧检出SN ,2侧为假阴性 ,cN0颈部 3侧中 2侧检出SN ,均为SN pN 。结论　核素扫描法和生物染料法结合能有效地对舌癌进行SN示踪 ;SN活检能准确地评价cN0 舌癌颈部淋巴结转移状况 ;能否用于评价cN 病例的cN0 侧颈部淋巴结转移状况需进一步研究。     

Significant invasion depth of early oral tongue cancer originated from the lateral border to predict regional metastases and prognosis

In oral tongue cancer, tumor depth is crucial for cervical lymph node metastasis. There is no standardized method to predict tumor invasion or deciding who should undergo selective neck dissection. In this study, calculated MRI invasion depth was compared with histopathologic (HP) invasion depth to find a correlation, and determine a cutoff value of invasion depth that predicts occult neck node metastasis. 50 patients, diagnosed with T1 or T2 oral tongue cancer originating from the lateral border of the tongue, underwent MRI screening and received surgical excision as primary treatment. MRI and HP invasion depths were compared and the cutoff value determined. The invasion depth to determine the presence of nodal metastasis where summation of specificity and sensitivity was greatest was 8.5 mm HP, 10.5 mm in T1 weighted enhanced axial image, and 11.5 mm in T2 weighted MRI axial image. The relation coefficient of T2 weighted MRI invasion depth and HP depth was 0.851, and accuracy 84%, all of which showed higher correlation compared with T1 weighted enhanced axial image. HP depth was significantly correlated with survival rate. The measurement of invasion depth using MRI is a prerequisite for determining a surgical plan in early oral tongue cancer.     

Tumor–stroma ratio is a crucial histological predictor of occult cervical lymph node metastasis and survival in early-stage (cT1/2N0) oral squamous cell carcinoma

Occult cervical lymph node metastasis is a significant prognostic factor in patients with early-stage (cT1/2N0) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential value of the tumor–stroma ratio (TSR) as a histological predictor of occult cervical metastasis and survival in early-stage OSCC. This retrospective study included 151 patients who underwent excision of the primary lesion and elective neck dissection from 2013 to 2017. The clinicopathological features of the tumor, risk factors associated with occult neck metastasis, and prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were studied. A significant correlation of TSR (P = 0.009) was found with occult neck metastasis in the multivariate logistic regression model. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the TSR (P = 0.002) and perineural invasion (P = 0.011) were associated with OS. Occult neck metastasis (P = 0.032) was associated with DFS. These findings indicate that assessment of the TSR might be useful in prognostication for early-stage OSCC patients. Moreover, the TSR is effective in allowing an accurate evaluation of the risk of occult neck metastasis, and this may be easily applicable in the routine pathological diagnosis and clinical decision-making for elective neck dissection.     

Initial investigation of the value of CT in pulmonary metastases originating from head and neck malignant tumors]

CT image and its diagnostic value were analyzed and compared with plain chest film on 12 cases of pulmonary metastases originating from malignant tumors of head and neck,all cases were pathologically verified.CT scan performed on each cases who had definite or suspicious lesion on plain chest film.The result presents that CT can:(1)confirm the suspiciousness of metastatic lesion.(2)confirm the number of metastatic lesion.(3)early detection on pulmonary metastasis. 4.identification on occult pulmonary metastasis. 5.Find out costal bone and pleural metastasing accuracy of pulmonary metastasis,but also provide information for clinical selecting treatment.     

Intraosseous carcinoma of the anterior maxilla identified as the occult primary tumour of carcinoma of unknown primary

Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is defined as lymph node metastasis without a detectable origin until after the initial treatment has been performed. The most common occult primary site in the head and neck, as revealed by a review of the published literature, is the oropharynx. An occult primary site in the oral region is extremely rare. We report a rare case of head and neck CUP (HNCUP) in a 69-year-old female patient, wherein the occult primary lesion was a primary intraosseous carcinoma (PIOC) invading the anterior maxilla. During the course of the initial diagnostic workup, no primary lesion could be identified; however, cervical lymph node metastasis to left levels IB and IIA were observed in the patient. A neck dissection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy was performed. However, the PIOC of the anterior maxilla was identified 6 months after neck treatment and was confirmed as the occult primary tumour of the HNCUP. This case is quite rare and required a comprehensive workup to guide optimal treatment. Careful follow-up or active biopsy should be considered if osteolytic changes are observed in the jaw.     

Prediction of occult cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I -II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

The presence of lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to find useful markers for predicting occult cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. We investigated 6 clinicopathologic factors and 2 genetic markers to predict late or occult cervical metastasis in 33 patients with stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent partial glossectomy through the mouth without elective neck dissection. In this study, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specimens obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNA biopsies) of primary oral cancer material, to investigate numerical aberration of the gene. Late cervical lymph node metastasis occurred in 16 of the 33 patients (48.5%) during follow-up after treatment of the primary tumor. Factors significantly associated with the development of cervical metastasis were the mode of invasion (p = 0.009), cyclin D1 (p = 0.003) and EGFR numerical aberration (p = 0.024). The rate of disease-free survival from metastatic disease was significantly lower in patients with mode of invasion 4 C-4 D than in those with 1-3, and was significantly lower in patients with cyclin D 1 or EGFR gene numerical aberrations than in those without such aberrations (log rank test, p = 0.0064, p = 0.0016 or p = 0.0150). Our results indicate that patients with stage I - II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with the mode of invasion 4 C or 4 D, cyclin D 1 and EGFR gene numerical aberration should be considered a high-risk group for late cervical lymph node metastasis.     

口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤颈淋巴结转移临床分析

目的初步分析口腔黏膜原发性恶性黑色素瘤颈淋巴结转移的特点,对其诊断及治疗进行进一步探讨。方法收集2001～2006年间收治的88例恶性黑色素瘤患者的术后临床病理资料,对其发病特点、好发部位以及颈淋巴结转移的规律等进行回顾性研究。结果病例资料显示,所有患者均行综合治疗,其好发部位为腭和上颌牙龈黏膜。病理结果显示,有68例患者发生颈淋巴结转移（占77．3％）,转移的患者中颈淋巴结的部位主要在Ⅰ和Ⅱ区（占所有转移部位的78．9％）,其次为Ⅲ区,转移至Ⅳ区者只有3例;出现对侧颈淋巴结转移者4例,主要发生在原发灶冷冻不彻底、病史较长或多次复发者,转移部位也主要在Ⅰ和Ⅱ区。结论口腔黏膜原发性恶黑极易发生颈淋巴结转移,转移部位主要在Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区,初步认为原发灶冷冻和颈淋巴清扫等综合治疗是治疗恶黑的有效途径,颈清的方式宜以肩胛舌骨上清扫为主。     

Tumor-doubling time and onset of pulmonary metastasis from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), an uncommon malignancy in the head and neck region, invades diffusely and often metastasizes to the lung, although the growth rate is very slow. A retrospective study was conducted in 30 patients with ACC to ascertain the frequency of pulmonary metastasis, the doubling time of metastatic tumor deposits, and the time of onset for pulmonary metastasis. The following results were obtained: (1) Of 30 patients with ACC, 21 had pulmonary metastases (4 initially and 17 during observation), 7 were free of metastases but have not been observed for 5 years, and 2 were free of metastases for more than 5 years but less than 10 years after the initial treatment. The cumulative metastasis rate at 5 and 10 years for this group of patients was 70% and 100%, respectively. (2) Patients with T1 or T2 tumors that have a tubular or cribriform histopathologic pattern showed pulmonary metastases about 20 months later than those with T3 or T4 tumors and a solid pattern. However, the final metastasis rate did not differ between the 2 groups after a long period. (3) The tumor doubling time of the metastatic deposits of ACC was 86 to 1064 days with an average of 393 days, which was much longer than that of most other malignant neoplasms reported previously. (4) The time of onset of pulmonary metastasis was calculated to be much earlier (average of 227 months) before the first visit.These findings suggest that the treatment method for ACC should be chosen with the consideration that many of the patients may have occult pulmonary metastases at the time of their initial evaluation.