微量白蛋白尿对急性脑梗死患者早期预后的影响

目的探讨微量白蛋白尿(MAU)对急性脑梗死患者的早期预后是否有影响。方法随机选取安徽医科大学第二附院神经内科住院急性脑梗死患者130例,用免疫比浊法测量患者的24 h尿白蛋白,根据有无MAU分为两组。用美国国立卫研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分表示神经功能缺损程度,用改良的Rankin量表(mRS)评分表示残疾程度。于发病48 h内和治疗后14 d时对患者进行NIHSS评分和mRS评分。比较两组患者神经系统缺损的程度是否有差别。mRS≤2分为残疾较轻,表示预后好,mRS>2分为残疾较重,表示预后差。应用二元逻辑回归分析来探讨MAU对神经功能预后的影响。结果入院时两组的神经功能缺损并无明显差异(Z=-1.566,P=0.117),MAU阳性的急性脑梗死患者治疗后的的神经功能缺损明显重于MAU阴性的患者(Z=-2.878,P=0.004)。尿中白蛋白的含量与发病时NIHSS评分(rs=0.175,P=0.046)和治疗后14 d时NIHSS评分(rs=0.393,P=0.004)均呈正相关。应用偏相关分析控制入院时NIHSS评分分析尿白蛋白与出院时NIHSS的相关性,结果显示尿白蛋白量与出院时NIHSS评分依然呈正相关(rs=0.194,P=0.027)。MAU阳性患者的预后较MAU阴性患者差,主要表现在无变化的患者较多(χ2=8.614,P=0.004),而进步的患者较少(χ2=8.893,P=0.002)。二元逻辑回归分析显示MAU阳性患者预后差的风险要高于MAU阴性患者3.073倍(P=0.025)。结论MAU与急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损程度相关,是急性脑梗死患者预后差的独立危险因素。     

糖尿病和脑梗死后高血糖对急性脑梗死的影响

目的探讨糖尿病和脑梗死后高血糖对急性脑梗死的影响。方法将147例脑梗死患者分为糖尿病组、脑梗死后高血糖组（高血糖组）和对照组,对3组患者的临床资料进行统计学分析。结果糖尿病组、高血糖组的斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表评分低于对照组,糖尿病组与高血糖组合并后的并发症的发生率及病死率高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论急性脑血管病可引起血糖升高,高血糖又可进一步加重脑损伤,积极控制脑梗死患者的高血糖对阻断恶性循环有重要意义。     

大面积脑梗死病理学改变及内减压术对预后的影响

目的 探讨大面积脑梗死后脑组织的病理学改变及内减压术对预后的影响.方法 对9例重症大面积脑梗死患者行内减压术,以清除坏死脑组织为主,并对清除的脑组织行病理学检查.9例患者中2例因进行性脑梗死再行内减压术并去除骨瓣减压.结果 7例患者存活,1例术后发生颅内感染,术后10d放弃治疗,1例死于中枢性呼吸循环衰竭.病理学提示,9例均呈现细胞核核固缩、核溶解,同时伴有不同程度的组织空泡变性和中性粒细胞浸润.结论 重症大面积脑梗死患者无论是否发生脑疝,梗死区坏死脑组织是刺激脑组织加重脑水肿的异物,而内减压术可作为大面积脑梗死较理想的治疗方法.     

General movements detect early signs of hemiplegia in term infants with neonatal cerebral infarction

Background. Studies have reported that infants with hemiplegia of congenital origin may have a period between birth and up to 12 months when clinical signs of hemiplegia are not evident. The aim of this study was to establish whether the assessment of general movements (GMs) may help in the earlier detection of signs of hemiplegia. Subjects and Methods. Eleven infants with cerebral infarction on brain MRI, and eleven normal controls were enrolled in the study. Quality of GMs was assessed from videotapes between 3 and 6 weeks and between 9 and 16 weeks. Neurological outcome was evaluated at least at two years. Results. Seven of the 11 infants had an assessment performed between 3 and 6 weeks: abnormal GMs were observed in all the infants who developed hemiplegia, but one child had abnormal GMs and a normal outcome. All 11 infants had a scorable assessment between 9 and 16 weeks. In all a specific type of GMs, fidgety movements (FMs), were predictive of neurological outcome. The presence of early asymmetries at both 3 - 6 and 9 - 16 weeks was also significantly associated with later signs of hemiplegia. Conclusions. The assessment of GMs after the neonatal period appears to be very useful in the early identification of hemiplegia in infants with cerebral infarction. Whilst the prediction of hemiplegia should be possible from early neonatal MRI brain scans, this facility is not always available. Observation of GMs is a bedside clinical approach that allows confirmation of early prediction from MRI, early rehabilitation if needed and reassurance that neurological outcome will be good where that is appropriate.     

急性脑梗死患者血清骨桥蛋白水平的改变及其对预后的影响

目的探究急性脑梗死患者血清骨桥蛋白水平的变化及其对预后的影响。方法详细收集112例急性脑梗死患者及53例健康对照组的临床资料并通过ELISA法测定患者1 d、7 d、12 d血清骨桥蛋白水平,计算脑梗死患者梗死面积,并进行NIHSS评分、TOAST及OCSP分型,采用Pearson相关分析法分析7 d血清骨桥蛋白水平与各危险因素的相关性,根据mRS评分将脑梗死患者分为预后良好组(2分)及预后不良组(2分),比较两亚组血清骨桥蛋白水平,进行Logistic回归分析,探讨其在急性脑梗死预后中的作用。结果急性脑梗死患者7 d血清骨桥蛋白水平较对照组显著升高[(8.05±5.47)ng/ml vs(5.05±2.37)ng/ml,P0.01]。其水平与入院时梗死面积(r=0.254,P=0.007),NIHSS评分(r=0.233,P=0.013)均呈正相关。在Logistic回归分析中,我们发现骨桥蛋白水平6.565 ng/ml是不良预后的独立危险因素(OR=3.207,95%CI 1.212~8.485,P=0.019)。结论骨桥蛋白参与缺血性脑卒中的病理生理过程,可以作为评价急性脑梗死预后的一个重要的生物学指标。     

Relation of hyperglycemia early in ischemic brain infarction to cerebral anatomy, metabolism, and clinical outcome

We studied the relation of serum glucose level measured in the first 12 hours of symptoms to the clinical findings, results of computed tomography (CT), and patterns of cerebral metabolism in 39 patients who had acute ischemic cerebral infarction. Structural damage was assessed by CT. Metabolic disruption was assessed using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography (PET). Median initial serum glucose concentration was 155 mg/dl (6.7 mM). Clinical recovery was significantly poorer in patients with initial serum glucose levels higher than the median (p less than 0.05, chi square). PET tended to show normal results or minor abnormalities in patients with initial glucose levels less than the median, as opposed to lobar or multilobe abnormalities in patients with levels that were higher than the median (p less than 0.05, Kendall's Tau b). The severity of hypometabolism in the ischemic region, expressed as the percent asymmetry of local cerebral glucose metabolism between homologous brain regions, was greater in patients with initial glycemia concentrations higher than the median (p less than 0.001, t test). Relationships of serum glucose level with metabolic derangement and structural damage, but not outcome, held true in patients without a history of diabetes mellitus.     

Cerebral infarction in term neonates: diagnosis by cerebral ultrasound

Cranial ultrasound (US) through the newborn's open fontanelle can diagnose not only intracerebral hemorrhages but also diffuse and localized hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathies. Sonographically, it was possible to distinguish between different courses of cerebral ischemia in seven neonates: (1) ischemic infarction, usually in the area of the middle cerebral artery; (2) borderline infarction; (3) transient ischemia. The patients showed lateralized seizures during the first days of life with a corresponding focus in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Computed tomography showed areas of partially reduced density corresponding to the regions of increased echogenicity in ultrasound. The course was various; prognosis was good except in one patient. Etiologically, embolism, thromboses or hypoxemia were responsible for cerebral infarction. In some cases secondary bleeding ensued. The prognostic value of cerebral lesions was dependent on the involved area, gestational age, and any concurrent hypoxic cerebral damage.     

影响脑梗死后出血性转化患者预后因素的探讨

目的探讨影响脑梗死后出血性转化患者预后的相关因素。方法运用SPSS13.0统计软件对58例脑梗死后梗死区内出血的患者和58例单纯脑梗死患者的性别、年龄、血压、血糖、血脂、有无颈动脉斑块、有无脑梗死家族史、累及的动脉系统和出入院时美国国立研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分差值进行分析。结果两组患者的性别、年龄、血压、血糖、血脂、有无颈动脉斑块、有无脑梗死家族史、累及的动脉系统相比差异无统计学意义;出血性脑梗死组、点状及片状出血性脑梗死组、颈内动脉系统出血性脑梗死组及多个部位出血性脑梗死组的预后与单纯脑梗死组相比差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);椎-基底动脉系统出血性脑梗死组、单个部位出血脑梗死组与单纯脑梗死组预后的比较差异无统计学意义。结论影响脑梗死出血性转化预后的相关因素主要为出血量、出血部位。     

Etiology, prognosis, and hemostatic function after cerebral infarction in young adults

We retrospectively evaluated 66 patients younger than 40 years of age who presented with acute nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction (n = 63) or transient ischemic attacks (n = 3) to determine the possible etiology and long-term outcome at a mean follow-up interval of 3 years after initial presentation. A probable cause for the stroke was identified in 24 patients (36%); this group included one woman with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions and a positive test for the presence of the lupus anticoagulant. We performed detailed hemostatic investigations at follow-up in 38 (90%) of the remaining 42 patients in whom the cause of the stroke was unknown or uncertain; results of the basic hemostatic screening tests (including that for fibrinogen) were uniformly normal. All 38 patients demonstrated a normal fibrinolytic response as measured by tissue plasminogen activator release to a standard venous occlusion stress test; concentration of the inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator was not increased. No abnormalities in the concentrations of the inhibitory proteins C or S or antithrombin III were identified, and none of the 38 patients had evidence of a lupus anticoagulant. Neurologic recovery was complete or the residual disability mild in 46 of 59 (78%) patients. Overall prognosis was excellent and independent of whether a precipitating factor for the stroke could be identified.     

急性脑梗死患者血浆CXCL12水平的改变及其对预后的影响

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血浆CXCL12水平的改变及其对预后的影响。方法采用ELISA法检测185例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)及123例正常体检者(对照组)的血浆CXCL12水平。对脑梗死患者进行NIHSS评分及mRS评分,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平与NIHSS评分的相关性。根据mRS评分,将脑梗死组患者分为预后良好亚组(mRS评分0~2分)和预后不良亚组(mRS评分3~6分),比较两亚组患者的血浆CXCL12水平,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平[(3.75±1.40)μg/ml]明显高于对照组[(0.96±0.67)μg/ml](P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平与入院时NIHSS评分呈负相关(r=-0.857,P0.01)。预后良好亚组患者血浆CXCL12水平[(4.56±1.24)μg/ml]明显高于预后不良组[(2.75±0.84)μg/ml](P0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,血浆CXCL12水平升高是预后不良的独立保护因素(OR=0.416,95%CI:0.225~0.768,P=0.005)。结论急性脑梗死患者的血浆CXCL12水平升高,是其预后不良的独立保护因素。血浆CXCL12水平可作为评价急性脑梗死预后的一个重要的生物学指标。     

Effects of short term atorvastatin treatment on cerebral hemodynamics in CADASIL

BACKGROUND: HMG-CoA-reductase-inhibitors (statins) exhibit pleiotropic beneficial effects on the vascular system including induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression which is critical for vasodilation. Recent studies suggest a beneficial effect of statins on cerebral vasoreactivity in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). CADASIL is a monogenic form of SVD caused by mutations in the Notch3 gene. Treatment options are limited and little is known about the therapeutic role of statins in CADASIL. METHODS: Twenty-four CADASIL subjects were treated with atorvastatin for 8 weeks. Treatment was started with 40 mg, followed by a dosage increase to 80 mg after 4 weeks. Transcranial Doppler sonography measuring mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery was performed at baseline and the end of the treatment period. Vasoreactivity was assessed by hypercapnia and intravenous application of l-Arginine, which is the substrate for eNOS. RESULTS: There was no significant treatment effect on MFV (p=0.5) or cerebral vasoreactivity as assessed by hypercapnia (p=0.5) and intravenous l-Arginine (p=0.4) in the overall cohort. However, an inverse correlation was found between vasoreactivity at baseline and changes of both CO2 and l-Arginine-induced vasomotor response (both p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short term treatment with atorvastatin resulted in no significant improvement of hemodynamic parameters in the overall cohort of CADASIL subjects.     

脑梗死OCSP分型和预后

目的了解脑梗死患者OCSP临床分型的构成及不同亚型与预后及复发的关系。方法采用回顾性队列研究,登记2002年1月~2005年6月第四军医大学西京医院神经内科确诊的617例脑梗死患者,按照OCSP标准分型并进行随访,分析各亚型与预后及复发的关系。结果OCSP各亚型构成比分变为:TACI占7.3%,PACI23.3%,POCI6.0%,LACI63.4%,分型与预后明显相关,TACI的预后最差,POCI和LACI预后相对较好,PACI次之,卒中复发与分型无明显相关。结论OCSP分型作为一种脑梗死临床分型方法,可以为脑梗死的预后判断提供参考依据。     

Prolonged deterioration of ischemic brain energy metabolism and acidosis associated with hyperglycemia: human cerebral infarction studied by serial 31P NMR spectroscopy

We report on a patient with a large ischemic hemispherical stroke studied serially by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Persistent hyperglycemia was associated with prolonged acidosis in ischemic brain and failure of high-energy phosphate metabolism to recover. These in vivo human data support the concept that hyperglycemia adversely affects ischemic brain metabolism, pH, and clinical outcome.     

脑白质疏松症对大面积脑梗死预后的影响

目的探讨脑白质疏松症对大面积脑梗死预后的影响。方法收集60例首次卒中即表现为大面积脑梗死的患者的临床资料,分为合并脑白质疏松组(LA 组,30例)和不合并脑白质疏松组(LA-组,30例)。记录2组患者神经影像学表现、患者的病死率及发病2年内卒中的再发率,并根据脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准和简易智能量表对患者进行神经功能和智能状态的评估。结果合并脑白质疏松症的患者平均年龄偏大,初次梗死时梗死灶的数目较多,有更严重的神经功能缺损和智能障碍,2组之间病死率没有差别。在2年随访期间,合并脑白质疏松组的患者的再次卒中和脑出血的比例均增加。2年随访结束时,合并脑白质疏松组的患者有更严重的神经功能缺损和智能障碍。结论合并脑白质疏松的大面积脑梗死患者预后比不合并脑白质疏松的大面积脑梗死患者预后差。     

不同强度降血糖对急性脑梗死后高血糖患者预后影响的研究

目的通过观察伴有卒中后高血糖的急性脑梗死患者,初步探讨强化降血糖与标准降血糖对其预后的影响。方法纳入106例发病72 h内的颈内动脉系统脑梗死患者,随机分为将末梢血糖控制在6~8 mmol/L的强化降血糖组及将末梢血糖控制在8~10 mmol/L的标准降血糖组,各53例,均予以胰岛素控制血糖达72 h。随访3 m,主要终点事件为:7 d NIHSS评分,3 m mRS评分;次要终点事件为:3 m死亡率,3 m严重残疾率,低血糖发生率。结果两组间7 d NIHSS评分与3 m mRS评分均具有显著统计学差异(P0.05)。但两组间3 m死亡率,3 m严重残疾率,低血糖发生率均无显著统计学差异(P0.05)。结论对急性脑梗死后高血糖患者强化降血糖较标准降血糖能显著改善神经功能缺损评分,对轻中度患者获益更明显,但减少死亡及改善严重残疾不明显。     

CT enhancement after prolonged high-dose contrast infusion in the early stage of cerebral infarction

To demonstrate the BBB break-down on the CT image in the acute stage of cerebral infarction, a 3 hour continuous drip infusion of 200 ml of meglumine amidotrizoate, rather than the conventional bolus injection, was used. In this study, 22 examinations were carried out in 18 patients in whom cerebral infarction due to temporary or permanent obstruction of the cerebral artery was diagnosed by CT and angiography on admission. With each examination, the first CT was obtained prior to contrast infusion, and second immediately after the end of 3 hours of continuous contrast infusion. The EMI number was calculated at 3 regions of interest in the infarction. Within 3 days after stroke episode, 4 out of 5 patients with temporary vascular obstruction demonstrated enhancement, as well as 6 out of 9 patients with permanent vascular obstruction. Between 4 and 14 days after the stroke episode, all of 8 patients showed enhancement. To further clarify the extravasation of the contrast medium during the first 3 days of a cerebral infarction, a third CT scan was performed 3-hrs after finishing the contrast infusion in 4 patients. In these latter patients, blood was sampled at the time of each of the 3 CT series. The EMI number of the blood samples was also measured. In all 4 patients, the Gado's tissue-blood ratio (the EMI number of the CT lesion divided by that of the blood sample) was higher than 17.2% in the second, and higher than 54.7% in the third CT scan. Thus break-down of the BBB which was demonstrated by prolonged contrast infusion is an earlier event in human cerebral infarction than is usually accepted.     

Aquaporin-4 gene silencing protects injured neurons after early cerebral infarction

Aquaporin-4 regulates water molecule channels and is important in tissue regulation and water transportation in the brain. Upregulation of aquaporin-4 expression is closely related to cellular edema after early cerebral infarction. Cellular edema and aquaporin-4 expression can be determined by measuring cerebral infarct area and apparent diffusion coefficient using diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI). We examined the effects of silencing aquaporin-4 on cerebral infarction. Rat models of cerebral infarction were established by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery and si RNA-aquaporin-4 was immediately injected via the right basal ganglia. In control animals, the area of high signal intensity and relative apparent diffusion coefficient value on T2-weighted imaging(T2WI) and DWI gradually increased within 0.5–6 hours after cerebral infarction. After aquaporin-4 gene silencing, the area of high signal intensity on T2 WI and DWI reduced, relative apparent diffusion coefficient value was increased, and cellular edema was obviously alleviated. At 6 hours after cerebral infarction, the apparent diffusion coefficient value was similar between treatment and model groups, but angioedema was still obvious in the treatment group. These results indicate that aquaporin-4 gene silencing can effectively relieve cellular edema after early cerebral infarction; and when conducted accurately and on time, the diffusion coefficient value and the area of high signal intensity on T2 WI and DWI can reflect therapeutic effects of aquaporin-4 gene silencing on cellular edema.     

急性大脑半球梗死患者早期神经功能恶化的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性大脑半球梗死并发早期神经功能恶化的频率及其危险因素。方法采用斯堪的那维亚卒中量表(SSS)对98例急性大脑半球梗死患者的神经功能变化进行动态评估,并分析发病后24h的MRI特征。用两样本t检验或卡方检验比较2组患者入院时的基线资料,以Logistic逐步回归分析筛选神经功能进展的最终危险因素。结果98例急性大脑半球梗死患者中60(61.2%)例并发早期神经功能恶化,38(38.8%)例症状稳定;2组间18个单因素比较,年龄、既往糖尿病史、既往TIA或脑卒中史、体温、房颤、起病至入院时间、基线SSS评分、血胆固醇和CT上的早期低密度灶9项有差异(P0.05),Logistic回归分析筛选出的最终危险因素为基线SSS评分(OR:9.15;95%CI:2.47~15.19)、起病至入院时间(OR:6.82;95%CI:1.52~11.70)、入院时高体温(OR:5.86;95%CI:1.71~9.52)、CT上的早期低密度灶(OR:3.64;95%CI:1.25~6.61)和房颤(OR:1.79;95%CI:1.03~3.07);2组间MRI资料比较,脑组织肿胀、梗死容积均有差异(P0.001),且DWI梗死容积与基线SSS评分具有良好的相关性(P0.05)。结论急性大脑半球梗死患者早期神经功能恶化发生率高,主要的危险因素为基线SSS评分、起病至入院时间、入院时高体温、CT上的早期低密度灶和房颤。MRI检查有助于评估脑卒中的严重程度及进展。