肝癌合并肝硬化病人肝切除术后液体治疗方案的探讨

目的探讨肝癌合并肝硬化病人肝切除术后的液体治疗的合理方案,降低围手术期容量风险。方法回顾性分析60例肝癌合并肝硬化病人肝切除术后液体治疗方案：根据治疗方法不同分为三组：A组（n=20）给予等渗晶体液;B组（n=20）等渗晶体液与羟乙基淀粉（130／0．4）以2：1比例输注;C组（n=20）予7．5％氯化钠溶液、等渗晶体液与羟乙基淀粉（130／0．4）输注。三组均间断给予利尿剂。C组术后1、4、7天肝功能指标,术后肠道排气时间,腹水消退时间均显著优于A、B组,而且达到治疗目标所需的输液量最少。结论羟乙基淀粉（130／0．4）溶液及小剂量高渗盐水的联合使用效果显著,是肝癌术后患者较合理的液体治疗方案。     

第三代羟乙基淀粉（HES130／0．4）在复苏中应用的系统性综述：安全性尚未得到充分肯定

背景羟乙基淀粉（hydroxyethyl starches,HES）已广泛应用于外科、急诊科、重症监护患者的血管内容量治疗,但可能会影响凝血功能、肾功能,造成瘙痒、组织潴留和一定的死亡率。一般认为第三代羟乙基淀粉（HES130／0．4）能减少这些并发症。在达到相似的血流动力学终点时所需晶体与胶体量之比为（3—4）：1。我们的研究目的在于评定以往发表的有关HES130／0．4进行复苏的试验是否设计足够科学,从而得出HES130／0．4是否安全的结论。此外,我们还将评价目标导向液体治疗中的晶体与胶体容量之比。方法系统回顾HES130／0．4用于复苏的随机对照研究。结果我们选取了56个HES130／0．4用于急性低血容量治疗的随机对照研究（randomized controlledtrials,RCTs）,主要是择期外科手术（45例）。外科手术研究大多样本量小（HES组病例数中位数为25,全距为10。90）、观察时间短（中位数为12小时,全距为0．5—144小时）,HES累积量的中位数为2465mi（全距为328—6229m1）,相当于70kg的患者使用量为35ml／kg,一天的最大用量为50ml／kg。临床监测指标各异。60％的对照组使用的液体为其他的羟乙基淀粉、明胶或右旋糖酐,这些液体与羟乙基淀粉不良反应相似。由于这些研究样本量太小,对照组液体选择不合适,观察时间太短,因此并没有针对临床重要的安全性结局进行设计。而且由于患者选择组不一样,以及评价结果的定义不一样,因此这些研究的结果很难结合在一起。这些研究没有做出任何有关HES130／0．4安全性的结论。一般均认为需要3—4倍胶体量的晶体才能达到与胶体相似的血流动力学指标,我们发现在一些外科研究中这一比例可能更低（平均数为1．8,标准差为0．1）。结论总之,HES130／0．4治疗时所需液体量的降低在某种程度上被高估了。老的羟乙基淀粉可能会引起一些严重的副作用,临床医生应知道,尽管有关的研究报道很多,但目前仍没有明确的证据表明HES130／0．4能安全应用于外科、急诊和重症监护患者。     

肠癌根治术病人两种容量治疗方案效果的比较

目的 比较肠癌根治术病人麻醉诱导前6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4.麻醉诱导后乳酸钠林格氏液血液稀释与麻醉诱导前乳酸钠林格氏液-麻醉诱导后6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4血液稀释容量治疗的效果.方法 拟行肠癌根治术病人40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄45～64岁,体重42～65 kg,随机分为2组(n=20),Ⅰ组麻醉诱导前经30min静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 15 ml/kg,麻醉诱导后即刻经30 min静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液15 ml/kg;Ⅱ组于麻醉诱导前经30 min静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液15 ml/kg,麻醉诱导后即刻经30 min静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 15 ml/kg.记录术中胶体液量、晶体液量、出血量、尿量和异体输血情况;于人室后(基础状态,T0)、麻醉诱导后即刻(T1、15 min(T2)、60 min(T3)、120 min(T4)及术毕(T5)时记录平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)和心率(HR);于T0、T1、T3、T5时抽取桡动脉血样1 ml行血气分析,并测定血红蛋白浓度(Hb)和红细胞压积(Hct).结果 两组均未输异体血,术中胶体液用量,晶体液用量、出血量、尿量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与基础值比较,Ⅰ组术中MAP、HCO-3、血浆乳酸、Na+、K+的浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CVP升高,HR、Hct、Hb降低,术毕时pH值降低,Ⅱ组术中CVP升高,MAP、HR、pH值降低,术毕时HCO-3降低(P<0.05),血浆乳酸、Na+、K+的浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中CVP升高,术毕时血浆乳酸浓度降低(P<0.05).结论 肠癌根治术病人采用麻醉诱导前6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4-麻醉诱导后乳酸钠林格氏液血液稀释的容量治疗效果较好.     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4预充液对围体外循环期患儿血管内皮细胞及血管通透性的影响

目的探讨羟乙基淀粉130／0．4预充液对先天性心脏病患儿围体外循环期血管内皮细胞(VEC)及血管通透性的影响。方法择期体外循环(CPB)下行心内直视手术的先天性心脏病患儿40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,男19例,女21例,年龄5～18岁,随机分为2组(n=20):血浆组(对照组)和羟乙基淀粉130／0．4组(试验组)。对照组预充乳酸林格氏液和血浆,试验组预充乳酸林格氏液和羟乙基淀粉130／0．4。胶体预充液用量18-33 m1·kg-1,晶体:胶体=0．60-0．70。分别于转流前即刻(T1)、转流30min(T2)、转流结束即刻(T3)、转流结束6 h(T4)、术后第1天清晨(T5)检测血浆循环内皮细胞(CEC)数量、内毒素、可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(sICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及尿微量白蛋白(U-Mal)浓度。结果．T1时两组CEC、内毒素、sICAM-1、TNF-α、U-Mal差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。CEC:两组T2、T3及T4时较T1增高,T4时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。内毒素:两组T2、T3、T4时较T1升高,T3、T4、T5时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。sICAM-1:对照组T4、T5时较T1升高,T4时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。TNF-α:对照组T3时较T1升高,试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。U-Mal:两组T4时较T1升高,试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。结论羟乙基淀粉130／0．4预充液对先天性心脏病患儿围体外循环期VEC及其功能具有保护作用。     

快速降解的羟乙基淀粉溶液损害心脏手术后凝血功能：一项前瞻性随机化试验研究

背景羟乙基淀粉溶液（hydroxyethyl starch,HES）对凝血功能的影响一直受到关注。因此诞生了对血块强度影响较小的快速降解羟乙基淀粉溶液。由于体外循环后出血的风险增加,因此作者研究了心脏手术后给予这些类型的羟乙基淀粉溶液是否会产生凝血功能的变化。方法本研究在45例择期接受心脏大手术的患者中比较了给予2种新型的快速降解的羟乙基淀粉溶液与人血白蛋白对凝血功能的影响。住入心脏外科重症监护病房后,患者随机短时（70～240分钟）输注低分子量羟乙基淀粉溶液15ml／kg（6％HES200／0．5或6％HES130／0．4）或4％的人血白蛋白溶液。结果输注2种羟乙基淀粉溶液的研究组中的血栓弹性描记法检测结果显示：血块生成时间延长且最大血凝块强度降低,这种损害在完成输液2小时后的血栓形成描记中可部分恢复（使用InTEM和ExTEM凝血激活因子）。所有治疗组中,血小板在血块最大硬度中的作用均不受影响。羟乙基淀粉溶液不会引起纤维蛋白溶解。输注人血白蛋白组在血栓形成描记上无显著变化。研究中各组胸导管引流情况大致相同。结论心脏手术后短时间内输注迅速降解的羟乙基淀粉溶液对纤维蛋白的生成和血栓弹性描记中血凝块的强度有削弱作用。而本临床研究中,人血白蛋白不影响止血功能。     

新一代羟乙基淀粉与人血白蛋白在活体肝移植中安全性的比较

背景血容量替代治疗是肝移植围手术期管理的重要部分。目前尚缺乏羟乙基淀粉（HES）应用于肝移植患者的相关安全性数据。我们评估了新一代羟乙基淀粉130／0．4应用于肝移植围手术期管理的安全性,并着重分析了其对肾功能的影响。方法行活体肝移植的40例患者被预先随机分成两组。ALB组患者（n=20）给予5％人血自蛋白,HES组（n=20）给予第三代羟乙基淀粉（6％HES130／0．4）。胶体总量被限制在50ml·kg^-1·d^-1,容量输注使肺小动脉楔压或中心静脉压维持在5—7mmHg。如需要额外的液体,则用平衡盐溶液替代。麻醉和手术操作过程均被标准化。分别测定麻醉诱导后、手术结束时、手术后前4天的动脉血肌酐和血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（cystatin C）血浆水平。结果所有40例登记患者完成了研究。两组患者的人口统计学及手术中变量均具有可比性。手术后胶体液输入量分别是HES组6229±1140ml和ALB组4636±1153ml（P=0．003）。与ALB组（1100±900m1）相比,HES组（3047±2000ml）有更大的净累积液体平衡量（P=0．029）。两组血肌酐水平、肌酐清除率、cystafin C血浆水平差异无显著性。每组各有一例患者合并急性肾功能衰竭需行肾脏替代治疗。结论HES130／0．4做为人血白蛋白的替代品对肝移植术后肾功能的影响与后者相似。     

高渗盐水和羟乙基淀粉对腹部大手术后液体平衡影响的研究

目的探讨7．5％高渗盐水（Hs）和6％羟乙基淀粉（HES）对择期腹部大手术后液体平衡和，临床结果的影响。方法2003年6月至2005年12月江汉大学附属医院共对120例胃肠道肿瘤病人行根治性切除术。所有病人术毕进入外科ICU后分为3组，HS／HES组（n=40）输注7．5％高渗盐水（4mL／kg）后续6％羟乙基淀粉500mL，再续平衡液；HS组（n=40）输注7、5％高渗盐水（4mL／kg）后续平衡液；RL（单用平衡液）组（n=40）仅输平衡液。比较3组病人的输液量、尿量、液体平衡、体重变化、动脉血氧分压／吸氧浓度分数（PaO2／FiO2）．以及并发症发生率和病死率。结果HS／HES组、HS组与RL组相比，HS／HES组、HS组手术日尿量较多．输液量减少；术后48h的液体正平衡量减少；术后体重增加值降低，PaO2／FiO2比值较高，总体并发症发生率和肺部感染发生率较低。HS／HES组与HS组相比，HS／HES组液体正平衡量减少及术后体重增加值降低更显著。结论7．5％高渗盐水有明显的利尿作用，可减少腹部大手术后的输液量和液体正平衡量，促进液体负平衡提前出现；并使术后总体并发症发生率和肺部感染发生率降低。联合应用6％羟乙基淀粉后效果更显著。     

羟乙基淀粉(200/O.5)对血液流变学的影响

目的研究手术中输注6%羟乙基淀粉(200/0.5)对机体血液流变学的影响.方法40例外科手术患者随机分为6%羟乙基淀粉组(20例)及林格氏液组(20例),术中分别输注6%羟乙基淀粉及林格氏液1000ml,采血测定全血粘度、血浆粘度、Hct、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数、纤维蛋白原等,以观察6%羟乙基淀粉溶液对机体血液流变学的影响.结果6%羟乙基淀粉组全血粘度、Hct、红细胞聚集指数、纤维蛋白原输注后较输注前明显降低(P＜0.05),红细胞变形指数明显升高与对照组比较相差显著(P＜0.05).40例患者术中未用异体血.结论6%羟乙基淀粉可降低全血粘度,降低红细胞聚集性,明显改善机体血液流变学状态,有利于微循环灌注,减轻围术期血液高凝状态对机体的不利影响.     

腹部手术患者麻醉诱导期间液体治疗对皮肤微循环灌注的影响

目的 观察腹部手术患者麻醉诱导期间静脉输注羟乙基淀粉和乳酸钠林格氏液后皮肤微循环灌注的变化,比较晶体液和胶体液治疗方案对微循环灌注的影响.方法 择期拟行腹部手术患者36例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,随机分为2组(n=18):羟乙基淀粉组(HES组)和乳酸钠林格氏液组(RL组).HES组和RL组分别静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4或乳酸钠林格氏液各7 ml/kg补充麻醉致血管扩容量.同时均静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8 ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)补充生理需要量和禁食禁饮丢失量.液体治疗后40 min静脉注射异丙酚.罗库溴铵-芬太尼麻醉诱导,气管插管,20 min后开始手术.于液体治疗前(T_0,基础状态)、气管插管后即刻(T_1)、手术开始前即刻(T_2)行动脉血气分析,同时记录患者前额皮肤的微循环灌注量(SMP)和CVP,计算各时点SMP较基础值的变化率(△SMP).结果 与RL组比较,HES组T_1时CVP和△sMP升高(P<0.05或0.01),血气分析各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与T_0时比较,HES组T_1时△SMP升高(P<0.01),RL组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组T2时△SMP均降低(P<0.01),两组T_(1,2)时CVP和PaO_2/FiO_2升高,Hb降低(P<0.05).与T_1时比较,两组T_2时△SMP均降低(P<0.01).结论 腹部手术患者麻醉诱导期间静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4较乳酸钠林格氏液可更好地改善机体微循环灌注.     

两种胶体预充液用于心肺转流的临床研究

目的研究羟乙基淀粉和琥珀酰明胶用于心肺转流(CPB)预充时对患者凝血功能及胶体渗透压的影响。方法 60例先天性非紫绀心脏病患者,随机均分为两组:羟乙基淀粉组以6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4预充,琥珀酰明胶组以4%琥珀酰明胶预充。手术室及ICU根据分组情况亦分别输注羟乙基淀粉和琥珀酰明胶。于CPB前、给鱼精蛋白后、ICU6h测定激活凝血时间(ACT)、凝血速率(CR)及血小板功能(PF);于CPB前、CPB中、CPB后、ICU2h和6h测定胶体渗透压。结果给鱼精蛋白后和ICU6h,羟乙基淀粉组PF明显高于琥珀酰明胶组(P<0.05),其余指标差异无统计学意义。结论 6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4与4%琥珀酰明胶作为胶体预充液在心肺转流中使用安全性相似。     

The value of an albumin-based intravascular volume replacement strategy in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

The value of human albumin (HA) for treating hypovolemia is controversial. Less expensive alternatives such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) are sometimes refused because of unwanted side effects. We prospectively randomized 50 patients older than 70 years old undergoing major abdominal surgery to receive either 5% HA (n = 25) or a third generation HES preparation (6% HES 130/0.4; n = 25) when mean arterial blood pressure was <60 mm Hg and central venous pressure was <10 mm Hg. Hemodynamics, inflammation (interleukin-6), endothelial activation-integrity (adhesion molecules), coagulation (thrombelastography), and renal function (including kidney-specific proteins) were monitored after the induction of anesthesia, after surgery, 5 h in the intensive care unit, and on the first postoperative day. HA patients received 3960 +/- 590 mL of HA and 5070 +/- 1030 mL of Ringer's lactate solution, and HES patients received 3500 +/- 530 mL of HES and 4550 +/- 880 mL of Ringer's lactate solution. Total protein remained normal only in the HA-treated patients. No significant differences (P > 0.1) between the groups were seen with regard to hemodynamics, coagulation, and kidney function. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and soluble adhesion molecules were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the HA- than in the HES-treated patients. We conclude that HA in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery can easily be replaced by a modern HES preparation. Because of the decreased inflammatory response and endothelial activation-injury, HES 130/0.4 seems to be the more appropriate fluid strategy for these patients.     

Influence of different strategies of volume replacement on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases: an in vitro and in vivo study

BACKGROUND: Excessive production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is linked to tissue damage and anastomotic leakage after large bowel surgery. Hence, the aim of this study was to verify whether different strategies of fluids administration can reduce MMP-9 expression. METHODS: In the in vitro experiment, the authors tested the hypothesis of a direct inhibition of MMP-9 by the fluids used perioperatively, i.e., lactated Ringer's solution, 3.4% poligeline, and hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. In the in vivo experiment, 36 patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer were randomly assigned to three groups to receive lactated Ringer's solution, poligeline, or hydroxyethyl starch. MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases were measured from venous blood samples; the MMP-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases ratio was calculated as an index of equilibrium between the action of MMP-9 and its inhibition. RESULTS: In the in vitro experiment, the presence of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in the MMP-9 assay system showed a strong inhibition of the enzymatic activity compared with lactated Ringer's solution. In the in vivo experiment, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases plasma levels did not differ among the three groups at baseline, whereas those levels increased significantly at the end of surgery. At that time, the MMP-9 plasma levels and the MMP-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases ratio were significantly higher in the lactated Ringer's solution and poligeline groups than in the hydroxyethyl starch group. These results were confirmed 72 h after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that hydroxyethyl starch 130/04 decreases the circulating levels of MMP-9 in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.     

Colloids versus crystalloids and tissue oxygen tension in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

The effects of intravascular volume replacement regimens on tissue oxygen tension (ptiO(2)) are not definitely known. Forty-two consecutive patients scheduled for elective major abdominal surgery were prospectively randomized to receive either 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (mean molecular weight 130 kd, degree of substitution 0.4, n = 21) or lactated Ringer's solution (RL, n = 21) for intravascular volume replacement. Fluids were administered perioperatively and continued for 24 h on the intensive care unit to keep central venous pressure between 8 and 12 mm Hg. The ptiO(2) was measured continuously in the left deltoid muscle by using microsensoric implantable partial pressure of oxygen catheters after the induction of anesthesia (baseline, T0), 60 min (T1) and 120 min thereafter (T2), at the end of surgery (T3), and on the morning of the first postoperative day on the intensive care unit (T4). HES 130/0.4 2920 +/- 360 mL and 11,740 +/- 2,630 mL of RL were given to the patients within the study period. Systemic hemodynamics and oxygenation (PaO(2), PaCO(2)) did not differ significantly between the two volume groups throughout the study. From similar baseline values, ptiO(2) increased significantly in the HES-treated patients (a maximum of 59% at T4), whereas it decreased in the RL group (a maximum of -23% at T4, P < 0.05). The largest differences of ptiO(2) were measured on the morning of the first postoperative day. We conclude that intravascular volume replacement with 6% HES 130/0.4 improved tissue oxygenation during and after major surgical procedures compared with a crystalloid-based volume replacement strategy. Improved microperfusion and less endothelial swelling may be responsible for the increase in ptiO(2) in the HES 130/0.4-treated patients. IMPLICATIONS: In patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, a colloid-based (with hydroxyethyl starch [HES] 130/0.4) and a crystalloid-based (with lactated Ringer's solution [RL]) volume replacement regimen was compared regarding tissue oxygen tension (ptiO(2)) measured continuously by microsensoric implantable catheters. The ptiO(2) increased in the HES-treated (+59%) but decreased in the RL-treated (-23%) patients. Improved microcirculation may be the mechanism for the better ptiO(2) in the HES group.     

The effect of the combined administration of colloids and lactated Ringer's solution on the coagulation system: an in vitro study using thrombelastograph coagulation analysis (ROTEG

Gelatin solutions are often given in clinical practice once the maximal dose of a median-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has been reached. Colloids are usually combined with lactated Ringer's solution (RL). Whether the combined administration of colloids and/or crystalloids affects blood coagulation is not known. We diluted blood by 20%, 40%, and 60% with RL, gelatin (Gelofusin), 6% HES 130/0.4 (Voluven), and 6% HES 200/0.5 (Iso-Hes), as well as with combinations of these solutions at a ratio of 1:1 (gelatin/RL, 6% HES 130/0.4:RL, 6% HES 200/0.5:RL, 6% HES 130/0.4:gelatin, 6% HES 200/0.5:gelatin). Thereafter, blood was analyzed by using modified thrombelastograph coagulation analysis (ROTEG) and clotting time, clot formation time, and maximal clot firmness were determined. RL had the least effect on hemostasis. Gelatin administered alone impaired the coagulation system significantly less than each median-weight HES administered alone. We conclude that gelatin combined with 6% HES 200/0.5 or 6% HES 130/0.4 decreases hemostasis <6% HES 200/0.5 or 6% HES 130/0.4 administered alone. IMPLICATIONS: The effect of the combined administration of different colloids and/or crystalloids on coagulation is not known. We show that hemostasis is less impaired using a combination of gelatin and median-weight starches than using median-weight starches alone. Furthermore, the combination of lactated Ringer's solution and gelatin decreases the coagulation system to the same extent as the combination of lactated Ringer's solution and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4.     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶对SICU患者毛细血管通透性及炎性反应的影响

目的研究羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶对SICU患者毛细血管通透性及炎性反应的影响。方法全麻下行胸腔或腹部手术、失血量超过400ml、术后即入SICU患者100例,年龄50～64岁,体重50～75kg,ASAⅡ级,随机分成5组,每组20例,各组术中分别静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 500ml或1 000ml,琥珀酰明胶500ml或1 000ml及乳酸钠林格氏液10ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),术后收入SICU。分别于术前、术后入SICU 6h时留取尿液标本,采用ELISA法测定尿白蛋白浓度,酶比色法测定尿肌酐;计算尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(MA/CR);抽取10ml深静脉血,采用ELISA法测定血浆IL-6浓度。结果术中静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶的MA/CR较静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液降低(P<0.05);术中输注相同容积羟乙基淀粉和琥珀酰明胶的MA/CR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);各组入SICU6h时血浆IL-6水平较术前明显升高(P<0.05),5组血浆IL-6水平差异有统计学意义,其中术中静脉输注羟乙基淀粉的最低(P<0.05)。结论静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4或琥珀酰明胶500 ml有助于改善SICU患者毛细血管的通透性,而羟乙基淀粉130/0.4的抗炎作用明显优于琥珀酰明胶。     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4用于体外循环心脏外科手术患者的安全性

目的 评价6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4(6%HES 130/0.4)用于体外循环心脏外科手术患者的安全性.方法 拟在体外循环下行心脏外科手术患者60例,年龄18～64岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=30):HES组和4%琥珀酰明胶组(GEL组).术中HES组和GEL组分别静脉输注6%.HES 130/0.4和4%琥珀酰明胶7～12 ml·kg-1·h-1维持中心静脉压6～12 mm Hg和/或肺动脉楔压8～15 mm Hg体外循环预充液包括胶体液500～1000ml ICU 中 HES组和GEL组分别静脉输注6%HES 130/0.4和4%琥珀酰明胶60～120 ml/h.维持中心静脉压 6～12 mm Hg和/或肺功脉楔压8～15mm Hg 记求围术期血液动力学指标、红细胞压积,凝血功能指杯.肝、肾功能指标.液体出入量及不良反应的发生情况结果呐种胶体围术期平均用量都接近50 ml·kg-1·d-12组血液动力学,红细胞压枳、凝血功能指标、肝,肾功能指标.淑体出入量和小良反应发生率异无统汁学意义(P>0.05)结论围术期超大剂量6%HES 130/0.4(50ml·kg-1·d-1)可安全地用于体外循环心脏外科手术患者.     

羟乙基淀粉200/0.5和羟乙基淀粉130/0.4术前急性高容量血液稀释对结肠癌根治术患者血液流变学的影响

目的 评价6%羟乙基淀粉(HES)200/0.5和6%HES 130/0.4术前急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)对结肠癌根治术患者血液流变学的影响.方法 择期在全麻下行结肠癌根治术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20),麻醉诱导期间于30 min内静脉输注15 ml/kg HES 200/0.5(Ⅰ组)或HES 130/0.4(Ⅱ组),AHH结束后开始手术.分别于麻醉诱导前(基础状态,T0)、AHH后即刻(T1)、AHH结束后1 h(T2)和术后1 h(T3)时抽取静脉血样,检测全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、血小板聚集指数和红细胞压积(Hct).结果 与T0时比较,Ⅰ组T1时全血低切粘度和红细胞聚集指数降低,T1-3时全血中切粘度、全血高切粘度、血浆粘度、血小板聚集指数和Hct降低,Ⅱ组T1-3时全血低切粘度、全血中切粘度、全血高切粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数和Hct降低(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组T2,3时全血低切粘度和红细胞聚集指数降低,T1-3时血小板聚集指数升高(P<0.05).结论 6%HES 200/0.5与6%HES 130/0.4(15 ml/kg)术前AHH均能改善结肠癌根治术患者围术期血液流变学,其中6% HES 130/0.4的效果较好.     

The influence of intravascular volume therapy with a new hydroxyethyl starch preparation (6% HES 130/0.4) on coagulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

A new hydroxyethyl starch (HES) preparation with a mean molecular weight of 130,000 daltons and a degree of substitution of 0.4 shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties. We conducted a study of the influence of the new HES specification on coagulation and compared it with another colloidal intravascular volume replacement regimen using gelatin. According to a prospective, random sequence, 42 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery received either HES 130/0.4 (n = 21) or gelatin (n = 21) until the first postoperative day (POD) to keep central venous pressure between 10 and 14 mm Hg. From arterial blood samples, standard coagulation variables were measured, and modified thrombelastogram (TEG) measurements using different activators were performed. A total of 2830 +/- 350 mL of gelatin and 2430 +/- 310 mL of HES 130/0.4 were administered until the morning of the first POD. The use of allogeneic blood/blood products and standard coagulation variables did not differ significantly between the two groups. After induction of anesthesia, all TEG data for both groups were within normal range. Coagulation time and maximum clot firmness did not change significantly in any TEG measurements during the study period. The kinetics of clot formation (clot formation time) significantly increased immediately after surgery, but without showing significant group differences. On the morning of the first POD, the clot formation time returned to almost normal levels, except for aprotinin-activated TEG(R). We conclude that administration of moderate doses of the new HES 130/0.4 preparation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery results in similar coagulation alterations as those after using an established gelatin-based volume-replacement regimen. IMPLICATIONS: We compared the effects of infusion of a new hydroxyethyl starch preparation (6% hydroxyethyl starch; mean molecular weight 130,000 daltons; degree of substitution 0.4) on coagulation with a gelatin-based intravascular volume replacement regimen in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. After moderate doses of hydroxyethyl starch (2430 +/- 310 mL until the morning of the first postoperative day), coagulation monitoring, including modified thrombelastography, did not show impaired hemostasis.     

Effects of two different hydroxyethyl starch solutions (HES200/0.5 vs. HES130/0.4) on the expression of platelet membrane glycoprotein

BACKGROUND: There are various hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions with different degrees of hydroxylation and different molecular weights. HES200/0.5 solution is most commonly used. HES130/0.4 is a new HES solution and is the 'state-of-the-art' in volume substitution. However, the mechanism of the observed anticoagulation action of HES has not been fully delineated. The objective of this study was to further investigate the effect of HES200/0.5 and HES130/0.4 on platelet coagulation. METHODS: Sixty ASA I-II patients undergoing elective minor surgery were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous infusion (20 ml/kg) of lactated Ringer's solution (group L), HES200/0.5 (group H) or HES130/0.4 (group V) after the induction of anesthesia. The expression of CD42b, CD41/61 and CD62p in vivo was assessed on non-stimulated platelets and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) agonist-activated platelets using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Resting glycoprotein expression of the non-stimulated platelets was observed. HES200/0.5 and HES130/0.4 reduced the CD42b, CD41/61 and CD62p expression of ADP-agonist-activated platelets at 15 min after intravenous infusion. At 6 h after intravenous infusion, the trend of decreasing expression of activated CD42b, CD41/61 and CD62p was maintained in group H. However, CD42b, CD41/61 and CD62p expression returned to the pre-operative level in group V. CONCLUSION: This study showed that both HES200/0.5 and HES130/0.4 can inhibit platelet coagulation. Platelet dysfunction experienced a faster recovery after the infusion of HES130/0.4 than after HES200/0.5. Liquid resuscitation with HES130/0.4 may decrease the risk of hemorrhage in the operative period.     

Volume replacement therapy during major orthopedic surgery using Voluven (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) or hetastarch

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test the equivalence of efficacy and compare the safety of the 6% hydroxyethyl starches (HES) Voluven (HES 130/0.4; Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) and hetastarch (HES 670/0.75 in saline) for intravascular volume replacement therapy during major orthopedic surgery. METHODS: In a prospective, controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery, 49 patients were treated with HES 130/0.4 and 51 patients were treated with hetastarch. Infusion of colloids was guided by central venous and arterial blood pressures. The primary efficacy endpoint was the volume of colloid solution infused; the primary safety endpoints were calculated total erythrocyte loss, the nadir factor VIII activity, and the nadir von Willebrand factor concentration within 2 h of completion of surgery. RESULTS: The total volume of colloid solution required for intraoperative volume replacement did not differ between HES 130/0.4 and hetastarch (1,613+/-778 [SD] ml for HES 130/0.4 and 1,584+/-958 ml for hetastarch). The nadir factor VIII activity within 2 h of the end of surgery was lower for hetastarch than for HES 130/0.4 (P=0.0499); for those who received greater than 1,000 ml colloid, the nadir factor VIII activity and von Willebrand factor concentration within 2 h of end of surgery were lower for hetastarch than for HES 130/0.4 (P=0.0487 and P=0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: Voluven (HES 130/0.4) and hetastarch are equally efficacious plasma volume substitutes; however, HES 130/0.4 has a lesser effect on coagulation.