髌骨骨折四种内固定治疗的疗效分析

自 1995～ 2 0 0 0年采用不同内固定方式手术治疗髌骨骨折 96例。现将治愈的所有病例进行随访疗效评定 ,评估四种内固定方式的疗效。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组中男 6 5例 ,女 31例。年龄 16～ 6 8岁。新鲜骨折 93例 ,陈旧性骨折 3例 ;闭合性骨折 86例 ,开放性骨折 10例 ;髌骨横断骨折 5 1例 ,粉碎性骨折 4 0例 ,髌骨下极骨折 5例。全部病例于伤后 2～ 4 8ｈ内手术 ,内固定方法 :①克氏针“8”字张力带钢丝。②环形加张力带钢丝固定法。③Ｍａｇｎｕｓｏｎ钢丝。④环形钢丝。后两种内固定术后行长腿石膏托外固定 4～ 6周。术后第二天行…     

髌骨骨折几种内固定方法的临床疗效比较

髌骨骨折手术治疗内固定方法很多,疗效不一,自1995～2004年采用环形加张力带"8"字钢丝(环-袢钢丝)法、改良AO张力带(AO)法、张力带"8"字钢丝(袢钢)法、环形钢丝(环钢)法、环形丝线(环线)法、镍钛-聚髌钉(NT钉)法六种方法治疗新鲜髌骨骨折153例,评价以上几种内固定方法对髌骨骨折的治疗效果.     

克氏针“8”字张力带钢丝结合环形钢丝内固定治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折

目的探讨采用克氏针"8"字张力带钢丝结合环形钢丝内固定治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法对38例髌骨粉碎骨折采用克氏针"8"字张力带钢丝结合环形钢丝内固定。结果本组随访6~12个月,平均9个月,骨折均愈合,疗效评定结果:优31例,良5例,可2例,优良率95%。结论采用克氏针"8"字张力带钢丝结合环形钢丝内固定治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折,疗效好,安全可靠。     

5种方法治疗髌骨骨折164例

目的:探讨根据髌骨骨折的具体情况采用不同的治疗方法,并对临床结果进行分析。方法:回顾性分析2005年7月至2009年12月收治髌骨骨折164例,男113例,女51例;年龄21～72岁,平均38.5岁。摔伤80例,车祸伤73例,击打伤11例。线性骨折或髌骨分离0.5cm者21例,髌骨分离0.5cm且为单纯横行或纵行骨折者63例,髌骨分离为3块者34例,分离为4块及以上者46例。其中保守治疗21例,钢丝环扎加"8"字内固定术治疗39例,空心钉及张力带钢丝内固定术治疗43例,经皮空心钉内固定术治疗29例,镍钛聚髌器内固定术治疗32例。结果:164例均获随访,时间3～36个月,平均14个月。按Lysholm膝关节评分标准:保守治疗优良19例,钢丝环扎加"8"字内固定优良36例,空心钉及张力带钢丝内固定优良40例,经皮空心钉内固定优良27例,镍钛聚髌器内固定优良30例。结论:能手法整复、固定者,尽量避免手术;需要手术治疗者应根据骨折类型选择不同的术式,可以经皮复位固定的,尽量微创手术;不管保守治疗还是手术内固定,都需要尽早进行合适的功能锻炼。     

髌骨骨折不同改良方式张力带钢丝固定的生物力学研究及临床应用

目的为了临床选择有效的髌骨骨折内固定方式提供实验依据.方法取截肢后下肢,保留股四头肌腱、髌骨、髌韧带及关节囊,将股骨、胫骨固定在材料试验机上,维持膝关节屈曲36°位,通过牵拉肌腱产生张力,用线性运动传感器测定骨折移位,移位3mm为固定失效,测AO张力带钢丝、胥氏张力带钢丝、 "8"字张力带钢丝和Magnusson钢丝4种固定法.结果"8"字张力带钢丝和胥氏张力带钢丝固定效果最好,AO张力带钢丝次之,三者均能随294N以上牵张力,允许术后早期活动,Magnusson钢丝不能承受294N以上牵张力,固定欠可靠.临床应用"8"字张力带钢丝固定治疗髌骨骨折42例,其中横断骨折36例,粉碎性骨折6例,随访6～26个月,优良率达95.2%.结论克氏针"8"字张力事钢丝固定是治疗髌骨骨折首选方法,其固定效果可靠,疗效高.     

交叉克氏针纵形“8”字钢丝固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折

目的分析改良交叉克氏针纵形"8"字钢丝内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效.方法应用交叉克氏针纵形"8"字钢丝固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折11例.结果随访6～48个月,平均37个月,骨折均愈合,无肘内、外翻畸形,肘关节功能良好.结论交叉克氏针纵形"8"字钢丝固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折稳定性好,不需外固定,能早期活动肘关节,降低了因固定不牢而发生尺桡偏这一严重并发症的可能性,是一种符合生物力学原理的治疗方法.     

系列钢丝环加“8”字内固定治疗髌骨骨折

目的：探讨系列钢丝环加“8”字内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效。方法：针对横断，不同程度粉碎性骨折分别采用横“U”形加“8”字钢丝，半环形加“8”字钢丝，环形加“8”字钢丝的方法作内固定，结果：术后随访12个月－9年，骨折全部愈合，优良率达95．8％，结论：系列钢丝环加“8”字内固定治疗髌骨骨折，内固定坚强，能最大限度地进行早期功能锻炼，无不良并发症。     

环形加"8"字钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折15例

我科自2002年1月～2004年3月,采用环形加“8”字钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折15例,取得了良好效果,报道如下.     

尺骨鹰嘴骨折钢丝环形加"8"字内固定的实验研究及其临床应用

[目的]本课题通过比较尺骨鹰嘴骨折钢丝环形加“8”字与常用的4种内固定的稳定性,探讨尺骨鹰嘴骨折不同内固定的生物力学效应,旨在寻求尺骨鹰嘴骨折理想的内固定方式,为临床选择内固定提供实验依据,从而验证和指导临床治疗。[方法]采用20只成年男性肘关节新鲜尸体标本,建立横形、斜形、粉碎形三种不同模型尺骨鹰嘴骨折模型,分别采用钢丝环形、钢丝“8”字、钢丝环形加“8”字、克氏针张力带及螺丝钉5种不同方法进行内固定,使固定的肘关节标本屈曲90°,运用高精度位移传感器对固定性能进行测量。[结果]位移-载荷关系表明,单环形钢丝固定强度最小,钢丝环形加“8”字比单“8”字钢丝及螺丝钉强,统计学上差异显著(P<0.05);在横形、斜形骨折模型中,钢丝环形加“8”字组与克氏针张力带组相差不显著(P>0.05),但在粉碎性骨折模型中,钢丝环形加“8”字组与克氏针张力带组有显著性差异(P<0.05);临床应用26例中,全部愈合,平均随访12个月,优良率达92.30%。[结论]钢丝环形加“8”字内固定可用于治疗横、斜形及粉碎性尺骨鹰嘴骨折,对粉碎性骨折效果优佳,且创伤小、操作简便、固定牢靠,是一种安全可靠,值得临床推广应用的内固定方法。     

两种张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折的临床观察

髌骨骨折是比较常见的骨折，占全身各部骨折的1．65％左右，治疗上有多种内固定方法。我院自1996年以来分别采用了克氏针张力带钢丝与钢丝环形加“8”字张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折，术后进行0．5～2年的随访，并分别对其疗效进行了回顾性的分析、比较。钢丝环形加“8”字张力带     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.