成人与儿童强迫症的临床特征对照分析

目的：为了解儿童强迫症与成人强迫症临床现象的差异，旨在探讨儿童强迫症的临床特征。方法：本组强迫症病人共107例，按年龄分为儿童组和成人组，采用自行设计的调查收集资料，并进行回顾性对照分析。结果：两组在强迫性穷思竭虑，强迫意向，强迫情绪，强迫性仪式动作及单纯强迫行为出现频率上有显著差异。儿童组伴随焦虑、抑郁症状者较成人组发生率低，而伴随一过性精神病性症状，抽动障碍者较成人组发生率高。儿童组自知力丧失，且缺乏反强迫意识者较多见。结论：儿童强迫症的强迫症状不典型，易误诊。     

强迫症患者自知力的研究

目的探讨强迫症患者自知力及其影响因素。方法采用耶鲁-布朗强迫症量表(Y-BOCS)评估60例强迫症患者的自知力,采用简明精神病量表(BPRS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和焦虑量表(HAMA)评定有关症状。结果按Y-BOCS第11条自知力得分,患者中自知力较差(≥3分)和较好者(<3分)分别为26例(43.3%)和34例(56.7%)。Pearson相关分析表明,自知力得分与Y-BOCS总体严重程度条目得分、强迫思维和强迫行为总分、BPRS总分等呈正相关(r为0.537~0.581,P均小于0.01)。自知力较差组与较好组之间Y-BOCS总体严重程度条目得分、强迫思维总分、强迫行为总分、强迫思维与强迫行为总分与HAMD、HA-MA、BPRS总分及BPRS焦虑抑郁、思维障碍因子分均存在显著性差异,前者高于后者(t为2.479~4.909,P均小于0.05)。自知力较差组宗教性强迫思维的发生率明显高于自知力较好组(2=5.604,P<0.05)。结论部分强迫症患者自知力较差,提示其可能是强迫症的一个亚型。     

强迫症与分裂型障碍共病的临床研究

目的调查强迫症患者的分裂型症状以及分裂型障碍共病发生比率并探讨伴有分裂型障碍的强迫症的临床特点。方法201例门诊强迫症患者,符合ICD-10与DSM-IV强迫症诊断标准,进行强迫症相关的一系列临床评定和ICD-10分裂型障碍症状评定,并分析分裂型症状与临床变量的关系,然后对伴有分裂型障碍的强迫症和单纯强迫症进行临床对照。结果31.3%(63/201)强迫症患者伴有3条或3条以上的分裂型障碍症状,28.4%(57/201)的强迫症患者同时存在ICD-10分裂型障碍。在9条ICD-10分裂型障碍症状中出现率比较高的依次是无内在阻力的强迫思维、古怪的信念或巫术性思想、不寻常的知觉体验、思维形式障碍(如赘述)等。有短暂的幻觉或妄想样信念者占9%。相关分析显示分裂型症状与强迫症状荒谬性(r=0.699,P<0.001)、抵抗力弱(r=0.5,P<0.001)、自知力不良(r=0.453,P<0.001)、残疾程度(r=0.328,P<0.001)等临床变量正相关。与单纯强迫症相比,伴有分裂型障碍者起病相对较急(P<0.05)、强迫症状比较荒谬、患者对症状顺从、自知力差、病情与社会功能障碍较重(P<0.001)。结论部分强迫症患者同时存在分裂型症状并符合分裂型障碍的诊断标准,分裂型症状与强迫症的某些临床特点相关,伴有分裂型障碍的强迫症倾向强迫症状荒谬、患者对症状抵抗较弱、自知力不良、病情较严重、社会功能损害较重。     

儿童期情感性精神障碍临床特点的对照研究

目的探讨儿童情感性精神障碍的临床特征.方法将54例符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版修订本中情感性精神障碍、年龄≤16岁的患者(儿童少年组,以下简称儿少组),与随机抽取的同期住院的53例成年情感性精神障碍患者(成人组)的临床特征进行对照分析.结果儿少组缓慢起病者(50%)多于成人组(23%),发病次数[(3.3±4.2)次]多于成人组[(2.3±1.8)次;x2=6.11～9.05,P＜0.05];儿少组情感性精神障碍的核心症状与成人组无本质区别,其中在联想困难、疑病、自杀观念、自杀行为、疲乏、体重下降、食欲下降方面少于成人组(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),焦虑、激越和学习成绩下降多于成人组(P＜0.01);躁狂症精力充沛、精神运动性兴奋、社会功能受损少于成人组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);儿少组的抑郁发作者有26%、躁狂发作有66%分别伴有行为问题;儿少组的幻听、牵连观念及怪异行为多于成人组(P＜0.05).结论儿童抑郁症和躁狂症伴有较多的行为问题;儿童与成人的情感性精神障碍可能是起病于不同年龄的同一疾病.     

难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症临床特征比较

目的 比较难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症的临床特征之间的差异.方法 分别用YBOCS量表评估51例难治性强迫症和59例非难治性强迫症患者的强迫症状,并比较两组临床症状特征的差异.结果 难治性强迫症组中的强迫思维分(11.18±3.07)、强迫行为分(7.35±4.92)及强迫总分(18.53±6.09)均显著性高于非难治性强迫症组(8.12±4.01,4.59±4.67,12.63±5.67;P＜0.05).难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症两组中有无伴发其他精神症状(x2=0.016,P=0.899)、有无阳性家族史(x2=0.053,P=0.818)、发病年龄(20.29±8.72,20.56±8.00; t=0.113,P=0.911)及病程(7.56±3.23,8.56±3.52;t=0.486,P=0.629)无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 难治性强迫症的临床症状严重程度(特别是强迫思维)显著性高于非难治性强迫症.     

首发及慢性精神分裂症患者自知力影响因素分析

目的:探讨首发和慢性精神分裂症患者自知力的影响因素。方法:46例首次发病精神分裂症患者(首发组)及140例慢性精神分裂症患者(慢性组)的人口学及临床资料,并分别于入院及出院时进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)评估;分析影响患者自知力的因素。结果:首发组年龄、病程及本次住院时间与慢性组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);两组治疗前PANSS评分及治疗前后PANSS评分变化值比较差异无统计学意义;治疗前ITAQ总分首发组明显低于慢性组(P0.01);治疗后两组间ITAQ变化值比较差异无统计学意义。以ITAQ评分变化值为因变量,首发组PANSS中阳性症状及阴性症状分变化值、住院时间及治疗前的自知力进入回归模型(P0.05或P0.001);慢性组中患者治疗前的自知力及PANSS中阴性症状和阳性症状评分变化值进入回归模型(P均0.01)。结论:控制临床症状是改善首发和慢性精神分裂症患者自知力的主要影响因素;适当延长住院时间可能有助于首发患者自知力恢复。     

强迫症的鉴别诊断——读者来信

编辑先生: 你好,强迫症状不仅见于强迫症,也见于精神分裂症、心境障碍和恐怖症,鉴别起来比较困难.请问它们与强迫症如何鉴别? 安徽余翔 答读者来信 余翔医师: 强迫症状在强迫症、精神分裂症、心境障碍和恐怖症的鉴别诊断如下. 1精神分裂症 精神分裂症的强迫症状:①无自知力:强迫症状应有自知力,如自知力差,不感痛苦,无求治欲,甚至拒绝治疗,倾向考虑精神分裂症,但还要有其他分裂症状方能诊断.强迫症状如无自知力,又涉及被害内容,那就不是强迫,而是妄想.例如,患者抄法文作业,仅最后一个字写错了,用透明胶粘了,感到不满意,怕人家说他对法文不尊重,会判死刑,所以撕去一页重写,撕后本子的另一页掉下来,怕中央知道,说他对法文不忠,要枪毙.     

强迫症的临床症状与亚型稳定性研究

目的 探讨强迫症临床症状与亚型的稳定程度。方法 自拟强迫症调查表，对93例强迫症患的症状内容与亚型的演变过程进行调查。结果 临床以混合型(54．8％)和强迫思维型(32．3％)为主；洗涤、穷思竭虑、强迫怀疑、反复检查、强迫情绪、强迫回忆等是常见的表现形式，同时出现两种以上强迫症状占78．5％；28％的患强迫症状内容多变，11．8％的患临床亚型发生改变，且多由思维型或动作型向混合型转化，强迫动作最易改变。在整个病程中，强迫思维的前后一致率(80．5％)明显高于强迫动作的前后一致率(55．6％)P＜0.01。结论 绝大多数强迫患症状内容与亚型稳定，强迫思维是核心症状。     

男女儿童青少年精神分裂症患者临床特征的比较

目的:比较儿童青少年精神分裂症男性与女性患者临床特征的差异。方法:对125例男性(男性组)和133例女性(女性组)儿童青少年精神分裂症患者的年龄、发病年龄、病前诱因、阳性家族史、病程特点、住院天数、简明精神病量表(BPRS)、大体评定量表(GAS)及临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评分等临床特征进行比较。结果:男性与女性患者在年龄、发病年龄、病前诱因、阳性家族史、病程特点、住院天数方面比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。BPRS评分中敌对性、动作迟缓、情感淡漠、缺乏活力因子分男性组高于女性组(t=2.164,t=3.317,t=2.096,t=2.230;P0.05或P0.01);幻觉、思维障碍因子分女性组高于男性组(t=3.682,t=2.987;P0.01或P0.001)。入院时GAS、CGI-SI评分及出院时CGI-GI评分两组间差异无统计学意义(P均0.05),出院时CGI-EI评分女性组高于男性组(t=2.466)、自知力评分男性组高于女性组(t=2.403),差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:男性儿童青少年精神分裂症患者的临床特征以情感淡漠、缺乏活力等阴性症状为主,女性则以幻觉、思维障碍等阳性症状更突出;女性临床疗效优于男性。     

精神分裂症伴强迫症状和药源性强迫症状的比较

目的 探讨精神分裂症伴强迫症状与药源性强迫症状的临床特点.方法 研究纳入32例精神分裂症伴强迫症状的患者(伴强迫组)和45例药源性强迫症状的患者(药源组),采用自编调查表、耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、临床总体评价量表(CGI)等评定患者临床症状及其特点.结果 伴强迫组中症状荒谬的患者比率高于药源组(50.0%vs20.0%,χ2=7.68,P=0.006);伴强迫组的自知力差于药源组[(1.06±0.72)vs(0.71±0.63),t=2.29,P=0.031;伴强迫组的疗效(CGI-SI评分)差于药源组[(4.53±1.37)vs(3.73±1.07),t=2.87,P=0.005];伴强迫组对强迫思维的痛苦程度(Y-BOCS评分)低于药源组(t=2.27,P=0.027);伴强迫组对症状的主动抵抗程度(Y-BOCS评分)低于药源组(t=-2.60,P=0.01).结论 精神分裂症伴强迫症状和药源性强迫症状有不同的临床特点,前者对症状的认识较差,治疗更困难.     

Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder presenting as schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, presenting with a wide array of symptoms. Sometimes, OCD can appear to be psychotic in nature, with periods of loss of insight or the emergence of paranoid ideas. Likewise, individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), including schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder, can have obsessive-compulsive or "obsessive-compulsive like" symptoms. The complexities of differentiating obsessive-compulsive symptoms from true psychotic symptoms have been recognized in adults. However, in the child and adolescent OCD literature, this has just begun to be explored. In children, limited insight regarding their obsessions and compulsions often makes it more difficult to differentiate OCD from psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. This report describes 2 adolescents who were initially diagnosed with "difficult-to-treat" SSDs, leading to the use of third-line antipsychotic treatments such as clozapine. Once the core symptoms were recognized as obsessions and compulsions, and appropriately treated, the apparent "psychosis" resolved and did not return over extended follow up. Awareness of the possibility of OCD presenting as if it were a schizophrenia spectrum disorder can facilitate proper diagnosis and treatment.     

Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history

Phenomenology and family history in 21 clinically referred children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder are described. Each child and family participated in a standard clinical psychiatric assessment. The most frequently reported symptoms were repeating rituals, washing, ordering and arranging, checking, and contamination concerns. Controlling behaviors involving other family members were seen in 57% of the patients. Associated psychopathology was common: 38% received an anxiety disorder diagnosis; 29% received a mood disorder diagnosis; tics were observed in 24%. Fifteen (71%) of the children had a parent with either obsessive compulsive disorder (N = 4) or obsessive-compulsive symptoms (N = 11). The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.     

Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine whether pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding symptoms differed in terms of clinical characteristics from pediatric OCD patients without hoarding symptoms. METHOD: Eighty children and adolescents with OCD (range, 7-17 years) completed clinician-administered and parent- and child-report measures of OCD symptom severity, impairment, and emotional and behavioral symptoms. RESULTS: Twenty-one youth endorsed significant hoarding symptoms. Relative to nonhoarders, youth with hoarding symptoms had worse insight, more magical thinking obsessions, and ordering/arranging compulsions than nonhoarders, higher levels of anxiety, aggression, somatic complaints, and overall externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Higher rates of panic disorder were found in youth with hoarding symptoms although other comorbidity rates did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: These findings in children are partially consistent with studies in adults, and suggest that pediatric patients with hoarding symptoms may exhibit a unique clinical presentation.     

A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder [see commetns

BACKGROUND: The long-term course of obsessive-compulsive disorder is insufficiently known. We studied the course of this disorder in patients who were followed up for 40 years. METHODS: Patients admitted with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder to the Department of Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G?teborg, Sweden, between 1947 and 1953 were examined by an experienced psychiatrist using a semistructured interview between 1954 and 1956 (n=251). The diagnosis was made according to the criteria of Schneider. A reexamination was performed by the same psychiatrist between 1989 and 1993 (n=122). In another 22 patients, the necessary information was obtained from close informants and medical records. The response rate in surviving patients was 82%. The mean length of follow-up from onset was 47 years. RESULTS: Improvement was observed in 83%, including recovery in 48% (complete recovery, 20%; recovery with subclinical symptoms, 28%). Among those who recovered, 38% had done so already in the 1950s. Forty-eight percent had obsessive-compulsive disorder for more than 30 years. Early age of onset, having both obsessive and compulsive symptoms, low social functioning at baseline, and a chronic course at the examination between 1954 and 1956 were correlated with a worse outcome. Magical obsessions and compulsive rituals were correlated with a worse course. Qualitative symptom changes within the obsessive-compulsive disorder occurred in 58% of the patients. CONCLUSION: After several decades, most individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder improve, although most patients continue to have clinical or subclinical symptoms.     

Metodikk ved tilretteleggelse av behandlingsforsök med nye medikamenter i psykiatrien

Background: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a frequent and clinically heterogeneous disorder. The complex clinical presentation can be summarized using a few consistent and temporally stable symptom dimensions. Only few studies in children and adolescents have examined the importance of symptom dimensions. Aims: This retrospective study was undertaken to describe the relation between symptom dimensions, pattern of comorbidity and family disposition, in a sample of Danish children and adolescents with OCD assessed in a naturalistic setting. Methods: A retrospective study of children and adolescents (n=83) diagnosed with OCD in the period 1998–2004, at the Psychiatric Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Risskov, Denmark. Information from clinical records was systematically collected and Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive–compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) scores and symptom checklists were obtained. Results: High scores on the symmetry/ordering dimension were related to OCD in first-degree relatives and high scores on the aggressive/checking dimension were associated to comorbidity with tic disorders. We showed a correlation between limited insight and younger age. Conclusion: This is one of the first studies to examine symptom dimensions in children and adolescents in naturalistic settings. The results were comparable with those in adult studies, showing an association between the occurrence of the symmetry/ordering dimension and family OCD and the occurrence of the aggressive/checking dimension and comorbid tic disorders. In small children, insight into symptoms may be limited.     

帕罗西汀与氯米帕明治疗难治性强迫症对照研究

目的：观察帕罗西汀和氯米帕明对难治性强迫症的疗效和不良反应。方法：对难治性强迫症患者60例,随机分为两组,分别用帕罗西汀和氯米帕明治疗8周。采用强迫症量表（Y-BOCS）和副反应量表（TESS）评价疗效及不良反应。结果：两药的总体疗效相仿。帕罗西汀对强迫行为疗效较好,不良反应小,尤其是心血管系统及抗胆碱能不良反应少。结论：帕罗西汀尤适用于以强迫行为为主的难治性强迫症患者。     

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents. A phenomenological analysis of 61 Danish cases

The charts of 61 children and adolescents admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital for Children in Aarhus, Denmark, in the period 1970-1986 fulfilling the DSM-III criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder were reviewed for obsessive/compulsive symptoms. The symptoms were divided into form and content. The most common form of compulsion was rituals seen in 39 of the patients, and the most common compulsive content was washing. The most frequent obsessive content was thoughts about dirt and contamination followed by concern about death, illness and harm. The phenomenological feature of boys and girls was very similar, and only a few significant differences between boys and girls were found. One quarter of the boys and 12.5% of the girls had only obsession, whereas 27.0% of the boys and 37.5% of the girls had only compulsion and no obsession. The number of obsessive/compulsive symptoms was not found to correlate with the time spent each day on the symptom. It is concluded that there do not seem to be any intercultural differences between Denmark, India, and Japan as to the content of obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviour in children and adolescents.     

Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Individual symptoms of 79 children and adolescents with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder were obtained from chart review of at least two in-persons evaluations and recorded across an average of 7.9 years (range, 2 to 16). Symptoms were grouped according to the categories of the Yale-Brown Symptom Checklist. No significant age related trends were found with any one type of symptom, although patients with a very early onset of illness (less than 6 years old) were more likely to have compulsions than obsessions. Across the study period, patients reported symptoms from many different symptom categories, with 47% of the patients displaying both washing and checking compulsions at some time during their illness. No patient maintained the same constellation of symptoms from presentation to follow-up. These data support the concept of obsessive-compulsive disorder as an illness with varied clinical manifestations that individually change over time.     

Childhood obsessive compulsive disorder: a two-year prospective follow-up of a community sample

A 2-year prospective follow-up of a community-based sample of adolescents previously diagnosed as having obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or "obsessive compulsive spectrum" disorder and a control sample was completed by clinicians experienced with OCD but blind to prior diagnosis. An initial diagnosis of OCD or "other psychiatric disorder with OC features" was most likely to predict a diagnosis of OCD at follow-up. Subclinical OCD at baseline did not strongly predict continuing psychopathology. A prior diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality predicted continued obsessive-compulsive symptoms but its relationship to OCD remains obscure.     

The neurotic disorders

The clinical practice of child and adolescent psychiatry includes encounters with disorders not particular to childhood and adolescence, but seen in adulthood as well. For example, among the neurotic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder can be seen from around 3 years of age, with rapid rise in prevalence from around age 10. Increase is also seen in cases of anorexia nervosa from around age 11. This report examines the association between disorders in childhood and adolescence, in comparison to that in adulthood, with focus on obsessive-compulsive disorder. To start with, the characteristics of childhood onset cases with onset under age 7 were reviewed, revealing a relatively large proportion of subjects with experience of separation anxiety. Analyses revealed the possibility of anticipating obsessional tendencies in the parents of such subjects. Further clarification of the features of such early onset cases is hoped for in future. Next, we conducted a literature review comparing the characteristics of child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder with that in adulthood. It has been determined that obsessive-compulsive symptoms in childhood and adolescence have a relatively unyielding 4-factor construct that persists through life, namely: 1) symmetry factor, 2) forbidden thoughts factor, 3) cleaning factor, and 4) hoarding factor. Of these, children with primary symptoms of hoarding are said to have poorer long-term diagnoses than children with other symptoms. Another point of note is the presence of large disparity regarding the prognosis of cases with concomitant tics. While the prognosis of childhood-obsessive compulsive disorder is generally favorable in many reports, the need for caution has also been noted regarding the possibility of transition on to schizophrenia in more than just a few cases.