大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中16种邻苯二甲酸酯的超声提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定

目的建立大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的气相色谱质谱检测方法。方法空气样品经玻璃纤维滤膜采集,经丙酮-正己烷(2:8,v/v)超声提取后用气相色谱质谱法测定。结果 16种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物在0~10.0mg/L范围内线性良好,最低检出限为0.0007~0.0057mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.43%~9.84%,回收率为76.4%~115.7%。结论该方法前处理步骤简单,回收率较高,可用于大气细颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定。     

超声辅助提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定杭州市主城区大气PM2.5中的47种元素

目的建立大气PM2.5中47种元素的超声辅助提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱的分析方法,探讨杭州市主城区大气PM2.5及其元素的分布特征。方法通过提取条件的优化及干扰的校正,建立了HNO3-HCl-HF酸体系下大气PM2.5中47种元素的超声辅助提取-ICP-MS的测定方法,并对2015年8月-2016年8月采集的杭州市主城区PM2.5样品进行测定。结果该方法检出限为0.045 pg/m~3~0.77 ng/m~3,回收率及精密度试验结果良好。杭州市主城区PM2.5的月均质量浓度为27.4μg/m~3~96.7μg/m~3,年平均质量浓度为55.2μg/m~3,超出相关限值的57.7%。47种元素的年均总质量浓度为157.7 ng/m~3,占PM2.5年均质量浓度的0.29%。其中,浓度较高的元素为Zn、Al、Pb、Mn等,而Pb、Cd、Hg、As的年均浓度均显著低于限值。PM2.5及其中无机元素的污染水平均以冬季为最高。结论该方法操作简便、准确可靠。在杭州市大气污染的治理过程中,需加强对冬季大气污染的防治及对Zn、Al、Pb等元素的污染水平及来源的关注。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2.5中12种元素

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定PM2.5中12种元素的方法。方法使用石英纤维滤膜采集环境空气中的PM2.5,样品经10%硝酸溶液超声提取,用ICP-MS进行测定。结果 12种元素的浓度为0μg/L~200μg/L时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均0.999。当空气采样体积为144 m3(标准状态)时,本方法各元素的检出限为0.02 ng/m3~0.40 ng/m3。汞的回收率受浸提条件影响较大,在60℃下超声浸提3 h,回收率达到最大。12种元素的加标回收率为82.8%~111.7%;相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.92%~6.1%。测定国家标准物质GBW(E)080211和GBW(E)080212滤膜中的元素,测定值均在参考值不确定度范围内。结论该方法样品处理简单、快速,检测准确、灵敏度高,适用于PM2.5中多种元素的测定。     

超声辅助提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2.5中26种元素

目的建立超声辅助提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱(UAE-ICP-MS)法测定空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中Li、Be、Al、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba、Hg、Tl、Pb、Bi、Th和U共26种元素的方法。方法采用石英滤膜对PM2.5采样,用5%HNO_3超声辅助提取,ICP-MS测定,内标校正基体效应。结果 26种元素的检出限为0.000 6 ng/m3~0.420 ng/m~3,加标回收率为70.7%~106.9%。滤膜标准物质测定结果符合证书值要求。将2015年广州市PM2.5中金属元素监测结果与GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》进行对比,As年平均浓度超过国家标准限值,存在一定风险;Cd、Pb和Hg年平均含量均低于国家标准限值。参考美国EPA提供的呼吸吸入致癌风险因子进行风险评估,广州市PM2.5中Be无风险,As和Cd致癌风险处于可接受范围,对人体相对安全。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于PM2.5中金属元素的日常监测。     

PM2.5中16种多环芳烃的液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器测定方法研究

目的建立PM2.5中16种多环芳烃同时测定的液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(PDA)分析方法。方法PM2.5中多环芳烃收集于玻纤滤膜,经乙腈超声提取,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,经多环芳烃专用色谱柱分离,PDA检测器进行测定。结果 PM2.5中16种多环芳烃化合物在0.1～2.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.999 2～0.999 8,样品加标回收率为73.3%～108.6%,RSD为3.7%～5.3%。结论方法能满足PM2.5中16种多环芳烃类化合物的同时测定,方法快速简单,准确度和重复性较好,线性范围宽。     

超声辅助硝酸提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2.5中21种金属元素

目的建立超声提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大气PM2.5中21种元素含量的方法。方法 2020年9月,将采集PM2.5的石英滤膜分别经5%HNO_3与25%HNO_3超声提取,采用ICP-MS测定其中21种元素,内标法定量。采用配对样品t检验比较2种提取方法的差异。结果 21种元素的检出限为0.008～3.95 ng/m~3,加标回收率为76.0%～120.5%。Mn、Fe、Sr、Ti、Co以及Sb等6种元素在25%硝酸中提取效率更高。结论该方法灵敏度高、准确性好,可用于PM2.5中多种元素的同时检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中邻苯二甲酸酯

[目的]建立液相色谱-串联质谱联用同时测定食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)残留的方法,调查这5种物质在食品中的污染情况.[方法]用正己烷浸泡,超声振荡对样品中PAEs进行提取并净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定其中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DOP),离子源为ESI( ),定量检测方式为多反应监测(MRM)方式,利用保留时间和碎片信号比值判断定性结果.并用建立的方法分析实际样品.[结果]5种PAEs线性相关系数r>0.997,变异系数在1.2%～9.3%之间,高、中、低不同水平的加标回收率在80.9%～119.8%之间.测定256种食品样品,PAEs的检出率为32.6%.[结论]该方法简便快速,精密度较高,重现性较好,可应用于食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类的同时测定.调查结果显示,食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的污染比较严重,应引起有关部门的重视.     

离子色谱法测定PM2.5中3种水溶性无机阴离子

目的建立离子色谱法测定PM2.5中氯离子(Cl-)、硝酸根离子(NO-3)、硫酸根离子(SO2-4)的方法。方法用石英滤膜采集大气中的细颗粒物(PM2.5),将石英滤膜用陶瓷剪刀剪碎,置于50 ml的聚丙烯塑料离心管中,加入10 ml超纯水,超声提取30 min,以3 000 r/min离心10 min,取出上清液置于另一50 ml聚丙烯离心管中,重复上述操作3次,合并上清液,用超纯水定容至50 ml。以4.5 mmol/L Na_2CO_3-0.8 mmol/L NaHCO_3作为淋洗液,用AS23阴离子交换柱进行分离。结果 3种阴离子在测试浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.998 4~0.998 9,回收率为91.1%~102.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.56%~2.88%。结论该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、结果准确可靠,适合PM2.5中水溶性无机阴离子的测定。     

白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定方法研究

目的建立白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的同位素内标稀释技术结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)的定量方法。方法样品加入D4取代的邻苯二甲酸酯内标,调整样品的酒精度,以甲苯萃取,采用GC-MS测定。结果在0.05~2μg/ml范围内,测定的16种邻苯二甲酸酯呈良好线性关系,r2≥0.997。加标浓度为0.05μg/ml时,加标回收率为81.8%~120%,RSD为0.711%~6.63%。16种PAEs定量限为0.005~0.05μg/ml。结论本方法简单快速、准确可靠、灵敏度高,适用于白酒中PAEs的检测。     

改进的QuEChERS气相色谱-质谱法同时检测土壤中18种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

目的建立同时检测土壤中18种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)化合物的方法。方法考察多种提取溶剂和不同比例的PSA和LC-C18填料组合,结合气相色谱-质谱联用法,采用选择离子监测模式,同位素内标法定量。结果 18种PAEs加标回收率为80.2%~109.5%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~9.7%。方法检出限(LOD)为0.025~0.05 mg/kg(S/N=3),定量限(LOQ)为0.1~0.2mg/kg(S/N=12)。结论实验建立的方法重现性好,快速简便,适用于同时检测土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.