基于蒙特卡罗模拟的区域农村饮用水水质指数评价

目的探讨利用蒙特卡罗模拟和水质指数方法综合分析和评价区域农村饮用水水质状况。方法利用2007—2011年某省农村128个监测点饮用水水质实际监测数据,使用简单叠加型水质指数和蒙特卡罗模拟方法对不同年份、水期及水源类型的饮水水质指数进行模拟。结果水质指数累计概率分布图显示,以地下水为水源的饮用水水质优于地表水为水源的饮用水水质;枯水期水质状况优于丰水期;集中式供水饮用水水质优于分散式供水饮用水水质;2007—2011年饮用水水质从优至劣依次为2008、2011、2010、2009、2007年。结论基于蒙特卡罗模拟的区域饮用水水质指数评价可合理估计水质指数的不确定性和变异性,为区域水质状况的综合评价提供了可行的方法。     

城市生活饮用水综合指数评价方法建立及其应用

[目的]从健康影响的角度出发,建立一套适用于城市生活饮用水水质评价的综合指数方法,并以此法评价上海市2007年的生活饮用水总体质量。[方法]将评价指标分为具有不同卫生学意义的5大类,在灵活选用内梅罗法、最差因子判别法计算各分类综合指数后,根据德尔菲专家咨询法对5类指标进行健康赋权,运用加权平均法计算水质综合指数,并对2007年上海市集中式生活饮用水进行初步的水质评价与分析。[结果]建立了适用于城市生活饮用水的综合指数评价体系。上海市2007年城市生活饮用水符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准,市区与郊区生活饮用水水质无明显差别;在2007年的4个季度中,第1季度的水质略逊于其他3个季度;经市级水厂处理过的水质最佳;长江水是上海市相对理想的供水水源。[结论]本研究所建立的城市生活饮用水综合指数评价法具有一定的借鉴意义和推广价值。上海市2007年的市区、郊区及各季度、各级水厂、各水源来源的出厂水、管网末梢水和二次供水的总体水质良好,符合国家卫生标准。     

农村单点-区域水质综合评价方法

目的建立"单点-区域水质评价"模式,并对一起水体污染实例进行评价。方法选择环境污染水体超标项目和特征性污染物共15项理化、毒理学指标作为检测评价指标,检测污染区(88户)和对照区(10户)井水水质;采用"改良内梅罗指数法"先对单点水质进行评价,再对区域总体水质进行综合评价。结果污染区88户村民井水有3户呈现中度污染,8户呈现重度污染,区域总体水质为中度污染。结论该区域村民井水总体水质受到一定程度污染。"单点-区域水质综合评价"模式可应用于农村区域水质评价。     

水质指数法在游泳池水质评价中的应用

目的：探讨水质指数法评价泳池水质的实际应用价值。方法：试利用水质指数法对南铁泳池1988－1999年开放期间的水质进行评价，结果水质指数均为：0．5＜WQI＜1．0，水质等级评定较为好。结论：水质指数法具有综合概括、简明扼要，且评价结果客观、定量、无量纲的特点，在泳池水质评价相对外发公报中值得推广应用。     

指数评价法在川北某村地下水水质评价中的应用

目的对川北某村地下水进行水质评价,为该地生活饮用水基础设施建设提供科学依据,并比较3种指数评价法的可用性。方法2009年2月对川北某村9口水井进行了6项指标的检测,采用单因子指数法、F值评分法和尼梅罗污染指数法对水质进行综合评价。结果初步认为该次水样检测的主要超标物质是钠、镁型硫酸盐,3种水质评价方法中8口深井多被评为V级水质,不适合饮用;浅水井在Ⅲ级以下,尚可作为饮用水水源。结论川北某村地下水水质较差。3种指数评价法各自存在不同缺陷,尼梅罗污染指数法相比之下更为客观、合理,评价结果更有实际意义。     

沙颍河流域某段污染现况及生态风险评价

[目的]选择沙颍河某段为研究对象,评价2011年该河流域某段的整体污染状况,为健康评价提供参考。[方法]分别在丰水期、枯水期采集沙颍河流域内某段河水和底泥及该河段流域内BG村与HS村农田土壤样本进行检测。采用水质综合评价污染指数法对流域内河流水质进行评价;对河流底泥、流域内农田土壤进行潜在生态风险评价。[结果]污染指数水质综合评价法结果显示沙颍河某段丰水期、枯水期3断面均为6级污染等级（WQI为10．0-100．0）;对沙颍河某段底泥进行潜在生态风险评价结果显示,3断面底泥汞的单因子潜在生态风险指数最高（145．520,154．267,135．573）,属于强生态风险（80～160）;BG村、HS村农田土壤中汞的单因子潜在生态风险指数分别为182．253、138．463,分别属于很强生态风险（160—320）和强生态风险（80～160）。[结论]沙颍河丰水期、枯水期河水水质均为严重污染;底泥、土壤中汞污染超标严重,对人群具有强生态风险。     

舟山市2011年地表水源地水质评价

[目的]利用一种地表水源地水质评价模型,对舟山群岛各种生活饮用水水源进行检测与评价,了解该市2011年多种水源水的水质状况,为确保饮用水安全提供依据. [方法]对2011年舟山群岛各种地表水源水211份样品(来源包括不同水源、区域、水厂、季度)28项指标进行检测.按照检测指标对健康影响的程度,把评价指标分成毒理类(第一类)、有机污染类(第二类)和一般化学类(第三类).灵活选取转换指数法、加权平均法、最差因子判别法和内梅罗法等综合指数计算模式和专家咨询法赋予各类指标健康权重,求得类综合指数后,再采用加权平均法求得综合指数后进行综合评价,并对样品检测结果进行分类与综合评价. [结果]舟山群岛2011年所有地表水源水中,第一类指数为0.24±0.13,属Ⅰ类水;第二类指数为0.87±0.68,属Ⅴ类水;第三类指数为0.29±0.18,属Ⅰ类水;综合指数为0.40±0.19,属Ⅰ类水.在常用的3种水源中,水库水水质最好,其一、三类类指数评价和综合指数评价结果都达到了Ⅰ类水源水的标准,第二类指数评级为Ⅲ类水;大陆引水水质次之,其第二类污染指标评级为Ⅴ类水;河道水质最差,其第二类污染指标评级为劣Ⅴ类水,综合指数评级为Ⅲ类水. [结论]舟山群岛地表水源水水质基本符合国家《地表水环境质量标准》,但大陆引水和河道水水质的有机污染比较严重.     

生活饮用水水质模糊综合评价

生活饮用水卫生质量受各种因素的影响,目前国内采用综合指数等评价法评价生活饮用水水质.而评价某地区水质,当一些物质含量稳定且低于国家卫生标准时,应考虑影响水质的主次指标,说明在水质评价中存在许多模糊信息.本文试用模糊数学对鄂西自治州47个采样点的生活饮用水水质卫生质量进行综合评价,结果更加合理.     

用单因子和综合指数法评价农村小型集中式供水水质

[目的]采用单因子评价法及综合指数法评价济宁市农村小型集中式供水水质状况。[方法]抽取济宁市6个市（县）区,每个市（县）区按20：1抽取,共109个农村小型集中式给水点,其中93个为深井,16个为浅井。分别于枯水期（2008年4-5月）、丰水期（2008年7-8月）各采样一次（出厂水、末梢水各一份）进行水质检测,检测结果分别采用单因子评价法、综合指数法（改进的尼梅罗指数法）进行综合评价。[结果]单因子评价：6个市（县）区水质超标的指标主要为总硬度、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、菌落总数、总大肠菌群;综合指数法：除嘉祥县水质综合评价指数为0.50（属于Ⅱ类水）外,其余5个市（县）区水质综合评价指数均低于0.45（属于Ⅰ类水）。[结论]单因子评价法结合改进的尼梅罗指数法能够较客观地反映济宁市农村小型集中式供水水质的卫生状况。     

某部小散远单位水源水质的综合评价

目的应用水源水质综合评价方法,对2013年某部小远散单位水质状况进行评价,为确保官兵安全用水提供依据。方法按照水质指标对人体健康影响程度的不同分为5类,采用加权平均法、最差因子判别法、内梅罗法计算综合指数。结果第一类综合指数为1.58,属于4级水质;第二类综合指数为0.10,属于1级水质;第三类综合指数为0.14,属于1级水质;第四类综合指数为1.41,属于3级水质;第五类综合指数为0.71,属于2级水质;总的综合指数为0.67,属于2级水质。结论按照综合指数法,该部小散远单位水源水质总体评价良好。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.