广西农村居民户厕的现状调查

目的 了解广西农村居民户厕现状,为政府进行相关决策提供科学依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法,于2006年8-12月对广西23个县(市、区)241个行政村的2414户农户进行入户调查,了解户厕类型和居民收入情况.结果 广西农村卫生厕所普及率为43.79%,使用非卫生厕所农户占50.95%;无厕户占5.26%;在各种卫生厕所类型中,以沼气池式和三格化粪池式厕所为主,分别占50.14%和33.96%.非卫生厕所粪便无害化处理率仅为13.74%.“十五“期间,农村户建厕资金投入平均为446元,经统计学分析,资金投入额在810元以下时,其与卫生厕所普及率之间尚不能形成相关关系;达到810元以上时,农村卫生厕所普及率有望达到50%以上.结论 广西农村户厕建设增加迅速,政府需加强政策和技术支持,以提高农村卫生厕所普及率及粪便无害化处理水平,从而提高农村环境卫生质量,控制肠道传染病和寄生虫病的发生和流行.     

济宁市农村改厕工作现况调查

[目的]分析济宁市农村户厕的现状,评价农村改厕效果,探讨影响农村户厕的因素。[方法]采取分层整群抽样方法,2000年和2004年分别对济宁市2380户和2460户农户进行户厕及粪便处理现状调查。[结果]2000年和2004年分别调查农村户厕2380座和2460座,各种厕所类型的构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),单池式户厕仍为主要类型,水冲式、粪尿分集式户厕所占比例明显上升。2004年与2000年比较,卫生厕所普及率由40.68%上升到64.72%,无害化卫生厕所占有率由23.19%上升到43.98%,粪便经无害化处理的由44.11%上升到68.37%(P<0.01);2004年与2000年各种粪便处理方法厕所所占比例的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),采用无害化处理粪便的所占比例明显上升。[结论]济宁市农村改厕工作取得很大进展,应提高无害化卫生厕所普及率和粪便无害化处理率。     

宁夏回族自治区农村厕所及粪便处理调查报告

为了确切掌握宁夏回族自治区农村厕所普及率和粪便无害化处理率，为今后制定农村改厕粪管工作提供科学依据。抽样调查了宁夏回族自治区农村６个县、１８个乡镇、５４个村２４９６户的户厕及１８个乡镇公共厕所的卫生状况及粪便处理情况。在调查的２４９６户中，有户厕２４６８户，其中，室外户厕２３９５所，室内户厕７３所。卫生厕所有８４所，占３．４％，不合格厕所２３８４所，占９６．６％。卫生厕所普及率为３．４％，粪便无害化处理率为０．７％，作肥料用的户厕２４０５所，占９６．４％。在调查的１８所公厕中，粪便无害化处理合格的只有１所，作肥料用的１６所。从调查结果中可以看出，宁夏农村改厕粪管任务十分艰巨。     

桂林市农村厕所与粪便处理现状分析

目的：了解桂林市农村居民厕所与粪便处理现状，为政府进行相关决策提供科学依据。方法：采取分层整群抽样的方法，于2006年8月-12月对桂林市4个县（区）40个行政村的401户农户进行入户调查；用SPSS13．0软件包进行统计学分析。结果：桂林市农村卫生厕所普及率为43．14％（173／401），使用非卫生厕所农户占52．62％（211／401）；无厕户占4．24％（17／401）。在各种卫生厕所类型中，以沼气池式厕所为主，占80．35％（139／173），三格化粪池式厕所为辅，占17．92％（31／173），其它占1．73％（3／173）。三格化粪池厕所以建在室内为主，占67．74％；沼气池式厕所则以建在院外为主，占85．61％。非卫生厕所粪便无害化处理率（主要是高温堆肥）占34．12％，有高达65．88％的非卫生厕所的粪便直接用于施肥或直接清理或直接水冲，未能进行无害化处理。此外，随着家庭年收入的增加，卫生厕所普及率有逐渐增加的趋势（P〈0．01）。结论：桂林市农村卫生厕所普及率处于广西平均水平，需提高卫生厕所普及率及粪便无害化处理水平，从而提高农村环境卫生质量，控制肠道传染病和寄生虫病的发生和流行。     

黑龙江省农村厕所及粪便处理现状的调查

对黑龙江省７５个行政村的１６４５５户农村家庭厕所和１５０个公共厕所及粪便处理现状调查统计结果表明，农村户厕普及率为９７．４％，户厕硬件合格率为２０．３％；卫生厕所普及率为１１．８％；卫生达标户厕普及率为１１．１％。农户粪便无害化处理率为８．１％。公共厕所硬件合格率为４８．７％；卫生合格公厕合格率为２９．３％；卫生达标公厕合格率为２７．３％。同时分析了农村厕所发展现状，提出了农村当前改厕工作存在的问题和今后发展对策建议，为各级政府部门制订农村改厕粪管对策措施提供科学依据。     

农村生态卫生厕所卫生效果评价

目的 评价农村粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所的卫生效果。方法 监测广西农村45户农户粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所的使用维护情况及卫生效果,按GB7959—87《粪便无害化卫生标准》进行卫生学评价。结果 新型农村粪尿分集生态卫生厕所基本无臭味的农户比例为91．1％,基本无蝇蛆的农户占88．9％,无昆虫的比例为73．3％,生态卫生厕所使用3个月后,粪便无害化合格率可以达到75％以上。结论 粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所适合广西农村的粪便无害化处理。     

新疆维吾尔自治区农村厕所及粪便处理背景调查

根据全国农村厕所及粪便处理背景调查方案的要求，对维吾尔自治区９个县（市）的２７个乡、镇，９３个村的６９５２户农民家庭厕所、１０７座公厕及粪便处理情况进行了调查。调查结果表明，农村家庭有厕率为８４．５％；户厕类型以浅坑式厕所为主，占６７．９％；农村卫生厕所普及率为１．４％，粪便无害化处理率仅为１．６％。公厕以旱厕为主，占９７．２％；公厕卫生合格率为４．７％。反映出维吾尔自治区农村家庭有厕率较高，但卫生厕所普及率及粪便无害化处理率较低。建议进一步在维吾尔自治区推广卫生厕所，以改善农村环境卫生。     

山东省农村户厕及粪便处理现状调查

[目的]了解山东省农村改厕工作的进展情况。[方法]采取分层整群抽样方法,于1999年底对27个县12017农户进行了户厕及粪便处理的现状调查。[结果]农村卫生厕所普及率为36．62％,粪便无害化处理率为40．31％。[结论]近几年我省农村户厕改建数量增加迅速,主要表现在建造的单池式户厕数量较大,而具有配套粪便处理设施的无害化户厕数量少。只有以切实有效的措施普及无害化户厕,才能从根本上提高农村环境卫生质量。     

广州市农村地区改厕粪便无害化效果及影响因素

目的了解广州市农村地区改厕粪便无害化处理效果及其影响因素。方法于2013年6—7月,在广州市7个农村地区分层随机抽取155户改厕农户户厕开展现场调查,采集粪水样品检测粪大肠菌值、寄生虫卵沉降率、血吸虫卵和钩虫卵,采用统一的问卷调查用户家庭基本情况、厕所建造基本情况、户厕卫生管理、使用情况及厕所建设质量。结果广州市农村改厕粪便无害化效果总合格率为83.2%,主要不合格项目为粪大肠菌值(85.16%)。经logistic回归分析,结果显示,保持厕所清洁、粪便定期清除、施肥时从第三格取粪、政府投入资金和生活污水不排入化粪池能够有效提高厕所粪便无害化效果的合格率(P0.05)。结论应进一步加强厕所的日常卫生管理,同时争取政府的改厕经费补助,从而达到提高农村改厕粪便无害化效果的目的。     

都江堰市农村户厕卫生状况调查

[目的]了解都江堰市农村户厕卫生状况及存在的问题. [方法]于2009年选择都江堰市18个乡(镇),从每乡(镇)随机抽2～3个行政村,各行政村再随机抽取15～20户为调查对象.采用问卷调查方式对受访户家庭厕所的卫生状况、粪便处理情况以及卫生厕所相关知识知晓率进行调查. [结果] 741个受访者中,建厕率达97.7％,卫生厕所普及率为37.3％,卫生厕所以三格化粪池、完整下水道水冲式、沼气池式厕所为主,分别占17.8％、11.7％、6.3％;60.5％的受访户仍使用非卫生厕所,主要是旱厕和简单水冲式厕所,分别占51.4％、9.0％.84.9％的户厕厕屋完整,但只有52.2％的卫生状况良好.卫生厕所入户率达85.1％,非卫生厕所多建在室外,占50.5％.农村户厕粪便利用率为70.0％,以用作粪肥为主,占62.5％;粪便无害化处理率仅为40.1％.59.8％的受访者清楚卫生厕所概念,66.3％的受访者知道粪便传播疾病,但仅15.9％的受访者知道如何使用化粪池,全部知识问题回答正确者仅占11.3％.卫生厕所知识知晓率的主要影响因素是文化程度和职业类型. [结论]都江堰市农村卫生厕所普及率及粪便无害化处理率偏低,农村粪便管理存在巨大的公共卫生安全隐患;农村居民对卫生厕所相关知识知晓率低,迫切需要开展有针对性的卫生厕所宣传教育工作,尤其是应关注低文化层次的农民.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.