Innominate truncal dissection and rupture into right pleural cavity following acute type A dissection of the aorta with right coronary ostial avulsion and inferior STEMI

An innominate truncal dissection and rupture into the right pleural cavity with massive hemothorax is the initial presentation in this 66-year-old lady with type A dissection of the aorta complicated by right coronary ostial avulsion and inferior STEMI. She underwent supracoronary interposition graft replacement of the ascending aorta and hemiarch, interposition graft replacement of the innominate trunk and saphenous vein bypass grafting of the right coronary artery successfully. Innominate truncal rupture following aortic dissection is practically unknown and has not been described before in the absence of aortic rupture. Innominate truncal rupture secondary to other pathologies presents with supraaortic and mediastinal hematomas, but almost never with right hemothorax. On the backdrop of this unusual presentation with no neurological injury, we review the literature for innominate truncal dissection and rupture, other etiologies for innominate truncal rupture, the complex interplay of factors determining neurological injury and discuss the changes in the strategies and conduct of arterial return during cardiopulmonary bypass and selective antegrade perfusion imposed by this previously undescribed instance of innominate truncal rupture due to dissection.     

The application of a modified technique of SCP under DHCA during total aortic arch replacement combined with stented elephant trunk implantation

We reviewed the perfusion experiences of 60 cases with a modified technique of selected cerebral perfusion (SCP) under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) during ascending aorta and total aortic arch replacement combined with transaortic stented graft implantation into the descending aorta for acute and chronic type A aortic dissection. Right auxiliary artery cannulation was routinely used for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and SCP in this procedure. Generally, this technique requires two main pumps for two arterial lines before we applied the modified technique; one for CPB and the other for SCP. In order to simplify the circuit of the extracorporeal circuit (ECC) to operate easily, the arterial line was separated into two branches with a Y-connector on the operating table, one for axillary artery perfusion and the other for graft perfusion connected to the ECC set-up. This method is easy for the perfusionist to install and convenient for the surgeon. This is a safe and simple to use modified technique for SCP under DHCA during ascending aorta and total aortic arch replacement combined with transaortic stented graft implantation into the descending aorta.     

Progress in the diagnosis and management of aortic dissection

A 36-year-old man sought medical attention because of pressure in his head and distention of the veins in his neck. Physical examination disclosed a murmur of aortic insufficiency, and a chest roentgenogram showed a dilated ascending aorta. Two-dimensional echocardiography and angiography demonstrated a large intimal tear in the ascending aorta and aortic insufficiency. The patient underwent a surgical procedure, which revealed that his symptoms were caused by compression of the superior vena cava by the dilated ascending aorta. The aortic dissection was successfully repaired by replacement of the aortic root with a composite graft into which the coronary ostia were reimplanted. After further assessment of the patient, including elicitation of a similar history in some paternal relatives, Marfan's syndrome was diagnosed. Physicians should be aware of the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of aortic dissection. With aggressive treatment, 60 to 90% of patients survived aortic dissection in 1985, whereas only 40 years ago, this entity was rarely recognized premortem or treated successfully.     

Aortic valve commissural tear mimicking type A aortic dissection.

A 52-year-old man came to the local emergency department with symptoms of heart failure and transient chest pain. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe aortic regurgitation and a dilated ascending aorta. Aortic dissection was suspected, and he was transferred to our institution. Transesophageal echocardiography appeared to confirm the presence of a type A dissection. A mobile, linear structure was present in the proximal ascending aorta, suggesting the presence of dissection flap. Aortic cusp prolapse and severe aortic regurgitation were seen. At surgery, no aortic dissection was present. Rather, the commissure between right and left aortic valve cusps was separated from the wall of the aorta. Motion of the torn commissure with the cardiac cycle apparently led to the transesophageal echocardiographic appearance described. The ascending aorta was dilated. Histopathologic examination of the aorta confirmed the visual appearance of cystic medial necrosis. Aortic valve commissural tear is a rare event, which may lead to severe aortic regurgitation. This entity may lead to the false-positive transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of type A dissection.     

Percutaneous coronary stenting in guide-induced aortocoronary dissection: angiographic and CT findings

We report here on a case of accidental aortocoronary dissection that occurred during the engagement of a guiding catheter. This resulted in an antegrade dissection into the right coronary artery, and a retrograde extension of the dissection into the Sinus of Valsalva and the ascending aorta up to the aortic arch. It was successfully treated with a stent deployment at the RCA ostium; this restored optimal coronary blood flow and there was a complete resolution of the aortic dissection as was documented by coronary angiography and the follow-up CT scan.     

主动脉夹层的多层螺旋CT表现和诊断价值

目的分析主动脉夹层的MSCT表现,评价64层螺旋CT血管成像在主动脉夹层诊断的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析50例经64层螺旋CT诊断及临床证实的AD成像资料,运用多平面重建、最大密度投影和容积成像等后处理方法显示真腔、假腔和内膜片。结果 50例AD均清楚地显示主动脉全程及其主要分支,均能辨别真腔、假腔、内膜片及撕破口部位,其中DebakeyⅠ型15例,DebakeyⅡ型6例,DebakeyⅢ型29例。主动脉弓三大分支受累5例;腹腔干受累9例;肠系膜上动脉受累10例;右肾动脉受累8例,左肾动脉受累12例;右侧髂总动脉受累7例,左侧髂总动脉受累13例,双侧髂总动脉均受累5例;合并动脉瘤或瘤样扩张4例;合并假腔内血栓形成10例;合并主动脉壁钙化23例。结论多层螺旋CT能为主动脉夹层的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗提供准确的信息。     

主动脉夹层经胸超声心动图漏诊及误诊原因分析

摘要：目的：探讨主动脉夹层超声表现及部分病例漏诊误诊原因。方法：收集经手术证实为主动脉夹层诊断的病例50例进行回顾分析。结果：手术证实升主动脉夹层36处,主动脉弓夹层29处,降主动脉夹层43处。超声心动图对降主动脉病变漏诊16处,对主动脉弓病变漏诊9处,对升主动脉处病变漏诊1处。漏诊导致对主动脉夹层Debakey分型错误,I型夹层误诊16例,II型夹层误诊0例,III型夹层误诊1例。结论：主动脉夹层漏诊数量由高至低依次为降主动脉、主动脉弓、升主动脉,漏诊及误诊与超声医师因素、超声图像及设备因素密切相关。     

主动脉夹层撕裂内膜走行规律的MSCTA研究

目的 观察Stanford A型和Stanford B型主动脉夹层（AD）主动脉腔内的撕裂内膜走行规律。方法 回顾性分析65例AD患者的CTA资料,在胸腰椎体和椎间隙层面轴位图像上确定夹层动脉撕裂内膜与管壁两个结合点的位置,并计算真腔所处夹角角平分线（TLIAB）的钟点数。同时观察AD对主动脉分支大血管的影响情况。结果 升主动脉段Stanford A型内膜撕裂由主动脉根部向弓部呈顺时针旋转;真腔位于主动脉腔左侧约3~6点位置,TLIAB位置的平均钟点数为4.16±1.51。降主动脉段AD内膜撕裂由近端向远端呈逆时针旋转,Stanford A型和B型撕裂模式大致相同,旋转幅度相似;主动脉弓降部真腔位于主动脉腔右侧,TLIAB位于8~9点,降主动脉远端TLIAB位于7~8点。左冠状动脉均开口于真腔,其钟点数（3.82±0.41）与对应层面TLIAB（3.69±0.82）差异无统计学意义（t=0.86,P=0.40）;右冠状动脉开口紧邻血管壁内膜撕裂处。Stanford A型和B型AD的降主动脉段分支血管起源部位分型差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 AD内膜呈螺旋状撕裂,升主动脉段由主动脉根部至弓部呈顺时针旋转,降主动脉段由弓降部至远端呈逆时针旋转且Stanford A、B型的旋转模式大致相同。Stanford A型和B型AD主动脉分支大血管的受累情况相似。     

超声心动图检测正常和主动脉缩窄胎儿主动脉及其意义

目的 探讨中晚孕期胎儿主动脉各段及分支内径的正常参考值范围,研究主动脉缩窄胎儿相应值的变化.方法 检测234例14~41孕周正常胎儿主动脉矢状断面上主动脉根部、升主动脉、主动脉横部、主动脉峡部、降主动脉、头臂干、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉内径,并建立孕周与各项检测指标的直线相关方程.计算正常组与病例组主动脉各段与升主动脉的比值并比较.结果 主动脉各段及分支内径随孕周的增加而增加(P<0.01).主动脉缩窄组胎儿主动脉峡部/升主动脉及降主动脉/升主动脉比值与对照组比较明显降低(P<0.01).结论 监测中晚孕期胎儿主动脉峡部/升主动脉及降主动脉/升主动脉比值可作为主动脉缩窄的产前诊断筛查指标.

Abstract：

Objective To establish normal reference indexes of aorta during gestation and cut-points for detection of fetuses with coarctation of aorta.Methods From long-axis views of the aortic arch,the internal diameter of the aortic root,ascending aorta,transverse aortic arch,aortic isthmus,descending aorta,anonyma,left common carotid artery,left subclavian artery were measured in 234 normal fetuses at different time ranging from 14 to 41 weeks during gestation.Reference values of each aortic segment were constructed by linear regression analysis.The ratio of each aortic segment to the ascending aorta were calculated.ResultsThe internal diameter in each aortic segments increased as pregnancy progressed (P<0.01).In the prenatal diagnosis of fetus with coarctation of the aorta,the ratio of the aortic isthmus to the ascending aorta and descending aorta to the ascending aorta were significantly lower than the normal fetuses(all P<0.01).Conclusions The ratio of the aortic isthmus to the ascending aorta and ratio of descending aorta to the ascending aorta detected by echocardiography may be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of aorta.     

Large aneurysms of the ascending aorta and major coronary arteries in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

We describe a 50-year-old man with a history of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) who presented with chest pain, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure. Echocardiography revealed a large ascending aortic aneurysm accompanied by severe aortic regurgitation and giant coronary artery aneurysms involving the right, left main, left anterior descending, and circumflex coronary arteries. Coronary angiography clearly defined multiple aneurysms involving the aorta and coronary arteries. The patient underwent complex and successful surgical repair of the aneurysms. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of extensive cardiac involvement in a patient with this uncommon genetic disorder.     

DeBakeyⅠ型主动脉瘤术中体外循环及选择性脑灌注的管理

目的探讨全主动脉弓置换术中的体外循环及深低温停循环选择性脑灌注的管理。方法 DeBakeyⅠ主动脉瘤行主动脉弓全弓置换及主动脉远端支架植入术患者14例,均行右锁骨下动脉与右心房插管建立体外循环,在全身深低温停循环(DHCA)加顺行性选择性脑灌注(ASCP)下完成主动脉远端支架植入及弓部血管吻合后,开放升主动脉恢复全身体外循环灌注。结果 14例患者手术均顺利完成,术后未见明显神经并发症,全部痊愈出院。结论选择性脑灌注能为全主动脉弓置换手术提供良好的保障。     

Pulmonary Stenosis Caused by Extrinsic Compression of an Aortic Pseudoaneurysm of a Composite Aortic Graft

Pulmonic stenosis and stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract related to extrinsic compression have been described in patients with tumors, in a patient with a pericardial cyst, and in patients with vascular abnormalities as an unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, a giant coronary artery pseudoaneurysm and an aortic arch aneurysm. Composite graft replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with reimplantation of the coronary arteries has some inherent complications. Our case report describes a patient with a pericomposite graft aneurysm presenting as a stenosis of the pulmonary artery, detected by Doppler echocardiography. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:997-1000.)     

Treatment of Stanford type A aortic dissection with triple pre-fenestration,reduced diameter,and three-dimensional-printing techniques: A case report

BACKGROUNDA 63-year-old female was diagnosed with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection. The patient had pain in the chest and back for 1 wk. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed Stanford type A aortic dissection (Myla type III aortic arch). The intimal tear was located at the top of the aortic arch and retrograded to the ascending aorta.CASE SUMMARYPreoperatively, a three-dimensional (3D)-printed model of the aortic arch was made according to CTA data. Then, under the guidance of the 3D-printed aortic model, a pre-fenestrated stent-graft was customized, and the diameter of the stent-graft was reduced intraoperatively by surgeons. 3D printing, triple pre-fenestration, and reduced diameter techniques were used during the surgery. The CTA examinations were performed at the 3^rd mo and 1st year after the surgery; the results showed that the aortic dissection was repaired without endoleak, and all three branches of the aortic arch remained unobstructed.CONCLUSIONApplying the triple pre-fenestration technique for aortic arch lesions was feasible and minimally invasive in our case. The technique provides a new avenue for thoracic endovascular aortic repair of Stanford type A aortic dissection.     

Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta

Between 1968 and 1981, 25 patients with acute traumatic rupture of the aorta were treated at the University of Virginia. Twenty-two of these patients (88%) had serious concomitant injuries. The aortic tear was just distal to the left subclavian artery in 19 patients (76%), and at other sites in six patients (24%). Lacerations were at multiple sites in three patients (12%), in the ascending aorta in one (4%), in the distal aortic arch in two (8%), and in the descending aorta well beyond the subclavian artery in six (24%). Two of the patients (8%) died of free rupture of the aorta before reaching the operating room. The other 23 patients (92%) had operation and 17 (68%) survived. At least ten of the 17 survivors (59%), with an average follow-up of seven years, do not have a disability as a result of the injury. In this group, 24 of the 25 traumatic aortic injuries (96%) occurred in the distal aortic arch or the descending aorta and could be repaired through a left posterolateral thoracotomy.     

肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉产前超声诊断并文献回顾

目的探讨肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉的产前超声图像特征。方法回顾性分析产前超声诊断的2例左肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉胎儿临床资料,总结肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉产前超声诊断特点,与引产后胎儿的高频超声及病理解剖结果进行对比,并对国内外相关文献进行回顾分析。结果 2例产前超声诊断左肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉均经尸体解剖证实,近端型与远端型各1例,1例合并法洛四联症,右位主动脉弓,动脉导管缺如;1例合并肺动脉瓣缺如,室间隔缺损,永存左上腔静脉,三尖瓣反流,右心增大。2例羊水染色体核型均正常。结论肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉有特征性超声表现,产前超声检查可作出诊断。     

Anatomical variations of coronary ostia, aortocoronary angles and angles of division of the left coronary artery of the human heart

Classic anatomical dissection of 150 heart specimens from adults aged 18 - 80 years was performed. Anatomical variations were studied in: (i) the position of the ostium of the left coronary artery; (ii) the angle between the proximal segment of the left coronary artery and the longitudinal axis of the aorta and between the circumflex and the anterior descending branches; (iii) the angle between the anterior descending artery and the diagonal branches, and between the diagonal and circumflex branches in trifurcation of the left coronary artery; (iv) the position of the ostium of the right coronary artery in the right coronary sinus of Valsalva; (v) the angle between the initial part of the right coronary artery and the longitudinal axis of the aorta; and (vi) the position of the initial part of the left coronary artery relative to the coronary groove. Knowledge of and the ability to recognize and identify the variety of sites of origin of coronary arteries, aortocoronary angles and angles of division of the left coronary artery of the human heart may help to overcome potential difficulties in cardiosurgical procedures, such as aortic valve replacement and reinsertion of coronary arteries.     

Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of generalized arterial calcification of infancy

A healthy 19‐year‐old nulliparous pregnant woman was referred to our clinic because of fetal pericardial effusion and ascites. The sonographic examination performed at 28 weeks' gestation revealed scalp edema, severe skin edema, bilateral hydrocele, ascites, and pleural and pericardial effusion. Fetal echocardiographic examination showed that both ventricles were dilated with severely depressed contractility. The aortic annulus, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac arteries, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, and mitral chordae tendinae were hyperechogenic. Right ventricular outflow tract was narrow with decreased blood flow. There was tricuspid and mitral valve regurgitation and tricuspid valve stenosis. On the basis of these findings, we made the diagnosis of generalized arterial calcification, which is characterized by extensive calcification of internal elastic lamina and intimal proliferation of medium‐sized and large arteries. This diagnosis was confirmed histologically after the termination of pregnancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43 :50–54, 2015     

冠状动脉造影模糊病变的血管内超声影像分析

目的 探讨血管内超声(IVUS)对冠状动脉造影病因不确定的模糊病变的价值.方法 从2009年7月至2010年3月连续选取25例诊断性冠状动脉造影或冠状动脉介入术后造影提示存在模糊病变者,模糊病变定义为血管造影上局部的造影剂密度降低,并排除明确的内膜撕裂、夹层、血栓或狭窄(＞50%)等情况,对其行IVUS检查,根据检查结果选择相应的处理策略.结果 25例患者所有管腔横截面积(CSA)均＞4.0 mm2.12例模糊病变位于前降支,6例位于右冠状动脉,5例位于回旋支,2例位于左主干.IVUS影像分析结果2例正常或接近正常,10例为钙化,5例为斑块破裂,3例为偏心斑块,2例为血栓,2例为夹层,1例为内膜下血肿.对其中的7例患者行支架置入术.所有患者住院期间无心血管事件发生.结论 近一半的血管造影模糊病变与管壁钙化或偏心的钙化斑块有关,IVUS能有效识别造成模糊病变的不同病变性质,避免了不必要的支架置入.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the causes of coronary angiographic hazy lesions by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to avoid inappropriate stenting. Methods Twenty-five cases with hazy regions on coronary angiogram were consecutively identified from July 2009 to March 2010. Hazy regions were defined by coronary arteriongraphy as reduced contrast density without a clearly defined intimal tear, dissection,thrombus,or stenosis ( ＞ 50% ). This cohort of patients were subsequently underwent IVUS examinations and treated according to the results of IVUS. Results The lumen CSAs were settled as ＞ 4. 0 mm2 in all examinations. Among all 25 cases,hazy lesions were located in left anterior descending in 12 patients, right coronary artery in 6 patients, left circumflex in 5 patients, and left main artery in 2 patients. According to the IVUS findings, 2 cases showed absolutely normal or near-normal arterial wall structure image, 10 cases showed calcified plaque,5 cases showed plaque rupture,3 cases showed eccentric plaque ,2 cases showed thrombosis formation,2cases showed dissection,1 case showed subintimal hematoma. Seven patients received stent implantation, and the rest accepted medical therapy. There were no in-hospital MACEs reported among all patients. Conclusion Nearly half of the coronary arteriongraphic hazy lesions were caused by calcified plaque. IVUS can distinguish calcified plaques from intimal tears, thrombus and other underlying etiologies,and help to avoid unnecessary stenting.     

DeBakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层人工血管置换术围术期护理体会

目的探讨主动脉夹层患者人工血管置换术的围术期护理。方法总结我科2008年1月~2009年11月18例DeBakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层患者围术期的观察与护理经验。结果本组14例行全主动脉弓替换,其中10例于降主动脉真腔内释放象鼻支架,行升主动脉及主动脉弓4分叉人工血管置换、主动脉瓣成形术,4例完成Bentall手术并弓部岛状吻合替换;另外4例行弓部成形术。术前做好健康教育及心理护理,给予镇静、止痛、制动,保持排便通畅及控制高血压等;术后密切观察病情,严格控制高血压,预防出血、感染及栓塞等并发症。本组1例因手术时间长术后死于多器官功能衰竭,1例术后出现截瘫,余16例未发生相关并发症。结论主动脉夹层手术是心血管外科高难、复杂手术,术后并发症较多,病死率高,围术期护理是保证患者手术成功、术后恢复的重要环节。     

胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的:总结7例胸主动脉瘤病人的外科治疗经验.方法:7例病人中胸降主动脉瘤2例,主动脉根部瘤(马凡综合征)2例,夹层动脉瘤3例,均为Ⅱ型夹层动脉瘤,其中1例合并冠心痛,前降支单支病变.胸降主动脉瘤在低温体外循环下行人工血管置换术.升主动脉瘤和Ⅱ型夹层动脉瘤在低温体外循环下行Bentall手术,其中1例采用带管道无支架生物瓣,同时行冠脉搭桥手术.结果:6例存活,1例死于低心排综合征.结论:在胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗中,Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉瘤较好的手术方法.外科手术技术是手术成功的重要因素.体外循环管理,良好的心肌保护和血液保护是保证手术成功的重要手段.带管道无支架生物瓣对老年人及抗凝有禁忌或主动脉根部较小者更适宜,对合并冠心病的患者宜同期行冠脉搭桥术.