Osmotic demyelination syndrome following rapid correction of hyponatraemia

We report a case of a young male with adrenal hypoplasia who presented following water intoxication with severe hyponatraemia and seizures. He required a period of intensive care and over the initial 24 h his serum sodium corrected at average of 0.9 mmol.l⁻¹ h⁻¹. He subsequently developed osmotic demyelination syndrome. Following supportive treatment he made a full recovery. Severe hyponatraemia carries a risk of cerebral oedema with a significant mortality, yet correcting it too rapidly can result in osmotic demyelination syndrome, again with potentially disastrous consequences. It may be difficult to determine the duration and aetiology of the hyponatraemia and this is necessary to guide treatment. There is no consensus about the optimal rate of correction of hyponatraemia but formulae such as the Adrogue and Madias formula can be used to guide treatment with normal or hypertonic saline. Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration has been used effectively in this setting.     

脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后呼吸系统并发症的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的：分析脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后呼吸系统并发症（respiratory complication,RC）的危险因素并构建预测模型,以指导临床防治。方法：收集中山大学附属一院2006年7月~2011年12月行后路矫形术的脊柱侧凸患者共306例,其中男98例,女208例,年龄6~35岁,平均16.3±5.8岁。记录患者术前相关情况,包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、主胸弯程度（主胸弯Cobb角）、病程、肺功能、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)等;术中变量,包括手术方式、手术时间（切皮至缝皮结束）、麻醉时间（诱导至停止麻醉）、带气管导管时间、是否全凭静脉麻醉、输入液体的晶胶比、最低收缩压、血红蛋白（Hb）丢失量、体温、气道峰压、椎弓根螺钉数、融合节段数及应用甲强龙情况等;术后变量,包括术后血制品输入、镇痛方式、镇痛药物选择、术后进ICU、术后谵妄等。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选与发生术后RC相关的危险因素,并构建预测模型。结果：58例（19.0%）患者术后发生RC。单因素分析结果显示患者病程、术前主胸弯Cobb角、术前中性粒细胞计数、术前中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞、术前肺功能、手术方式、麻醉时间、手术时间、带气管导管时间、术中输液晶胶比、失血量、椎弓根螺钉数、融合节段数、全凭静脉麻醉、大剂量甲强龙、术后谵妄、术后进ICU、镇痛方式等因素对术后RC的影响有统计学差异（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析提示麻醉时间（X1）、全凭静脉麻醉（X2）、主胸弯Cobb角（X3）、融合节段数（X4）、术后谵妄（X5）和手术失血量（X6）是脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后发生RC的独立危险因素,多元回归模型为P=1/[1+exp（0.020X1-1.407X2-0.060X3+0.574X4+4.023X5+0.087X6-8.742）]。结论：术前主胸弯Cobb角大、手术融合节段数多、术中失血量大及术后出现谵妄的脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形术后容易发生RC,麻醉时间长、使用全凭静脉麻醉可能增加术后RC的风险,应加强控制。     

Anaesthesia for correction of scoliosis in children

Surgical correction of spinal deformities in children presents a challenge to the anaesthetist because of the extensive nature of the surgery, the co-morbidities of the patients and the constraints on anaesthetic techniques of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common deformity. Patients with scoliosis secondary to neuromuscular conditions are at greatest risk of perioperative problems, particularly excessive blood loss and respiratory failure. The risk of spinal cord damage can be decreased by the use of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring, particularly monitoring of the lower limb compound muscle action potential evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation. Specific anaesthetic techniques are required for this monitoring to be reliable. Because of concerns about spinal cord perfusion there is now less reliance on induced hypotension and haemodilution to reduce blood loss, with emphasis on proper patient positioning, controlled haemodynamics and antifibrinolytic therapy. Effective postoperative pain management requires a multimodal approach.     

A surprising cause of paresis following scoliosis correction

Paralysis following scoliosis correction is a catastrophic situation. We report an unusual metabolic cause of neurological deficit after anterior thoracic release. A 15-year-old female developed proximal leg paralysis 1 day after surgery. Investigations disclosed severe serum hypokalaemia (2.8 mmol/l). After intravenous potassium substitution the neurological status completely normalized within a few hours. We assume that the condition was a manifestation of hypokalaemic paralysis since no further abnormalities could be disclosed. Spinal surgeons should bear in mind hypokalaemia as a benign and easily correctable cause of paresis following surgical scoliosis correction.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形后远端交界区变化

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者后路矫形术后远端交界区(LIV+2)在冠状面、矢状面和轴位上的变化。方法:2005年6月～2007年6月手术治疗AIS患者32例,男6例,女26例,年龄10～19岁,平均14.4岁。按PUMC分型,Ⅰc1例,Ⅱa4例,Ⅱb19例,Ⅱb21例,Ⅱc11例,Ⅱc35例,Ⅱd15例,Ⅲa5例,Ⅲb1例。均采用后路全节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫形固定,其中远端融合椎(LIV)与稳定椎(SV)为同一椎体(A组)15例,LIV与SV非同一椎体(B组)17例。术前和末次随访时摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,测量冠状面上躯干偏移(TS),LIV的倾斜度(LIVT),LIV尾侧椎间盘开角(LIVA),冠状面和矢状面上远端交界区的Cobb角和椎体的旋转度(LIV+1VR和LIV+2VR)。结果:随访24～36个月,平均29个月。两组末次随访时的TS与术前比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。A组LIVT由术前20.2°±5.9°下降到末次随访时的4.7°±3.8°(P0.001),B组由17.2°±5.5°下降到4.4°±2.7°(P0.001);A组术前和末次随访时LIVA分别为7.5°±4.7°和3.9°±3.1°(P=0.056);B组分别为4.5°±3.4°和5.4°±3.2°(P=0.492);Pearson′s相关分析显示两组远端融合椎倾斜度变化和其尾侧椎间盘开角变化之间相关性不显著(A组r=-0.067,P=0.813;B组r=0.362,P=0.154)。A组远端交界区(LIV+2)冠状面上Cobb角由术前20.5°±9.6°矫正至末次随访时9.4°±7.3°(P0.001);B组由13.8°±6.7°矫正至8.1°±4.7°(P=0.013);A、B组末次随访时远端交界区矢状面上Cobb角与术前比较均无显著性差异(分别为P=0.464,P=0.598);Pearson′s相关分析显示A组末次随访时矢状面Cobb角和术前矢状面Cobb角之间相关性不显著(r=0.076,P=0.788),B组的相关性显著(r=0.803,P0.001)。两组末次随访时LIV+1VR和LIV+2VR与术前比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:AIS患者应用后路全节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫正后远端交界区在冠状面上矫形明显,矢状面和轴位上矫形不明显,且远端融合椎倾斜度减小。     

Delayed anterior spinal artery syndrome following posterior scoliosis correction

The authors report two cases of delayed post-operative anterior spinal artery syndrome (ASAS) following posterior correction with Cotrel Dubousset (CD) instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Sensory pathways were continuously monitored from skin incision to awakening. In both cases intraoperative SEPs were normal and the wake-up test revealed no neurological deficit.Both patients were presented with incomplete paraplegia (no sensory impairment) three and ten hours after surgery. Without delay, both patients underwent revision surgery, and the CD instrumentation was removed. Immediately after surgery, both patients motor power in their lower extremities improved rapidly. In cases with delayed ASAS after posterior scoliosis correction, the removal of the instrumentation system was shown to be sufficient to regain full motor recovery caudal to the level of impairment.None of the authors has received any financial support for this case report Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the reporting of this case report     

Progressive scoliosis following chest wall resection in children

The effect of partial chest wall resection on subsequent production of spinal deformity was studied in six pediatric patients. The following observations are made: Scoliosis secondary to chest wall resection in the pediatric age group is progressive. The degree of curvature is related to the number of ribs resected. Anterior resection of ribs does not produce significant scoliosis, whereas resection of the posterior aspect of the ribs promptly produces scoliosis. Scoliosis associated with marked pleural thickening secondary to recurrent tumor, irradiation scarring, and underlying pulmonary metastases is always convex toward the normal side. Scoliosis associated with empyema and chest wall osteomyelitis is likewise convex toward the normal side and may respond to removal of this thether in the growing child.     

Hemivertebra resection in congenital scoliosis -- early correction in young children

BACKGROUND: Congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebrae usually progresses during further growth and leads to severe deformities. Early correction in young children is therefore required. PATIENTS: Thirty-six hemivertebrae in 33 children aged 1 to 6 years (average 3 years 5 months) underwent surgical intervention. Mean follow-up was 4.5 years (2 months to 13 years). METHODS: The hemivertebra was resected by a posterior approach. The gap after resection was closed by compression via a transpedicular instrumentation, thus correcting the scoliotic deformity. RESULTS: Mean Cobb angle of the main curve was 45.9 degrees preoperatively, 11.9 degrees postoperatively, and 9.9 degrees at latest follow-up. The compensatory cranial curve improved spontaneously from 18.4 degrees preoperatively to 5.0 degrees postoperatively and 3.7 degrees at latest follow-up. The compensatory caudal curve improved from 21.3 degrees to 6.7 and 5.4 degrees. The angle of kyphosis was 22.8 degrees preoperatively, 8.9 degrees postoperatively, and 6.8 degrees at latest follow-up. There was one infection, 2 pedicle fractures, and 3 implant failures. In 3 patients additional operations were performed due to new developing deformities. CONCLUSION: Correction surgery of congenital scoliosis should be performed early before the development of severe local deformities and secondary structural changes. Posterior resection of the hemivertebrae with transpedicular instrumentation allows for early intervention in very young children. Excellent correction in both the frontal and sagittal planes, and a short segment of fusion allow for normal growth in the unaffected parts of the spine.     

帕瑞昔布钠对脊柱侧凸矫形术后芬太尼镇痛效果的影响

目的 观察帕瑞昔布纳对脊柱侧凸矫形术后芬太尼镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期行脊柱侧凸矫形术患者40例,随机均分为P、C两组.脊柱矫形内固定完成后,P组静注帕瑞昔布钠40mg或0.8 mg/kg,C组静注生理盐水2 ml.术毕均采用芬太尼自控静脉镇痛.记录术后2、6、12、24和48 h的VAS评分和PCA按压总次数、有效次数,术后12、24和48 h芬太尼用量和不良反应.结果 P组术后2、6、12和24 hVAS评分、PCA按压总次数和有效次数及术后12、24和48 h芬太尼用量均少于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01).两组不良反应的差异无统计学意义.结论 脊柱侧凸矫形术后应用帕瑞昔布钠可增强芬太尼镇痛效果,减少芬太尼用量.     

退变性腰椎侧凸矫形术后腰椎前凸角变化对临床疗效的影响

目的 :评估退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者行长节段固定矫形术后腰椎前凸角与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数匹配与否对临床疗效的影响。方法:对我院2015年6月~2016年6月行腰椎长节段矫形固定术(至少4个椎体)的DLS患者,参照理想腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°,根据出院时LL分为两组,A组(匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围内)和B组(非匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围外),利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication system,PACS)在全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(coronal vertical axis,CVA)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumber lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)等,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评价患者术后生活质量,随访至少12个月。使用独立样本t检验比较两组影像参数和生活质量评分。结果:共纳入患者100例(A组53例,B组47例),其中男性43例,女性57例,平均侧凸Cobb角为17.5°±7.8°。两组患者随访时间、手术节段、术前侧凸Cobb角、术前的CVA、LL、SS、SVA均无明显差异性(P0.05);术后两组患者的LL、SS、SVA、PT具有明显差异性(P0.01),A组患者LL(42.2°±10.2°)较术前(31.6°±15.5°)明显改善,TK、SS增大,PT减小,术后SVA(17.9±28.5mm)较术前(46.0±37.9mm)明显改善。B组患者术后相关矢状位参数较术前均无明显变化。两组患者术后VAS评分、ODI评分较术前均有明显改善,经3~6个月的短期随访两组患者术后症状评分无明显差异性;经12个月以上随访,A组患者较B组患者腰腿痛VAS评分明显改善(P0.05),ODI评分无明显差异(P=0.08)。结论:退变性腰椎侧凸患者根据公式0.6PI+0.4TK+10°重建腰椎前凸,可以获得满意的脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡,有助于提高DLS患者术后生活质量。     

后路半脊椎切除治疗小儿先天性脊柱侧弯

目的: 讨论小儿先天性脊柱侧弯的早期手术治疗方法及效果。材料及方法: 2000年 4月~2002年 6月得到随访的采用后路半脊椎不同切除方法治疗的小儿先天性脊椎侧弯 11例, 全部病例未行器械内固定, 其中先天性脊柱侧弯Ⅰ型未闭型 6例, 混合型 5例 (全部为一侧Ⅰ型未闭型对侧Ⅱ型)。半椎体位于中胸段 1例, 胸腰段 7例、腰段 1例、腰骶段 1例, 中胸段及胸腰段同时存在 1例。年龄 3个月 ~2. 5岁 8例, 4 ~10岁 3例, 男 6例, 女 5例。4例患儿合并脊髓栓系综合征。采用后路蛋壳样半脊椎切除治疗的小儿先天性脊椎侧弯 2例, 后路半脊椎全切或同时上下骺板阻止术治疗者 8例。术后支具固定 4~6个月。随访时间 6个月~2年 7个月。结果: 术前Cobb角最小 25°, 最大 56°, 平均 39°, 术后矫正率最大 61. 5%, 最小负 6. 1%, 平均 24. 4%。无脊髓损伤及切口感染等并发症。结论: Ⅰ型未闭型半椎体采用后路蛋壳样切除或后路全切可以达到满意的效果, 混合型必须采用后路半脊椎切除加上下骺板阻止术才能达到满意效果。后路半脊椎切除不用器械内固定方法简单, 损伤小, 并发症少, 初步随访显示疗效好, 是治疗婴幼儿或轻度先天性脊柱侧弯值得推荐的手术方法。     

Excessive correction impacts postoperative shoulder imbalance in lenke type 5C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundPostoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) has a negative impact on the surgical outcomes of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of PSI in patients with Lenke type 5C curves.MethodsThis study included 100 patients who underwent posterior correction surgery using pedicle screw constructs for Lenke type 5C curves. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 15.5 ± 2.3 years, and the mean follow-up period was 36.6 ± 15.0 months. The subjects were classified into the following two groups: PSI and non-PSI. Radiographic parameters, including the preoperative and 2-year postoperative coronal and sagittal profiles, were compared between the two groups.ResultPSI was found in eight patients (8.0%). The preoperative Cobb angles were 47.3° ± 8.7° and 48.0° ± 3.9° in the non-PSI and PSI groups, respectively. The correction rate in the PSI group was significantly higher than that in the non-PSI group (81.0% ± 17.7% vs. 67.7% ± 14.7%; p = 0.018). The preoperative T1 tilt angle in the PSI group was significantly larger than that in the non-PSI group (6.1° ± 3.3° vs. 3.1° ± 2.8°; p = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.769 (p = 0.012, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.556–0.982) and 0.763 (p = 0.014, 95% CI, 0.598–0.928) for the correction rate and preoperative T1 tilt, respectively. The cut-off value was 73% and 4° for the correction rate and preoperative T1, respectively.ConclusionPSI was found in 8.0% of Lenke type 5C curves. Excessive correction of the lumbar curve of >73% and preoperative T1 tilt of >4° can be risk factors for PSI in patients with Lenke type 5C curve.     

Adjunct continuous intravenous ketamine infusion for postoperative pain relief following posterior spinal instrumentation for correction of scoliosis: a case report

Providing effective analgesia is challenging for correction of idiopathic scoliosis, as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and epidural anesthesia are controversial and large-dose opioids can cause significant side effects. Perioperative adjuvant low-dose ketamine has been shown to provide good supplementary analgesia as well as to potentially spare opioid consumption. Ketamine may also improve early ease of mobility without addition of any noticeable adverse effects. This case describes the combined use of a continuous low-dose ketamine infusion and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine for postoperative analgesia in an adolescent girl undergoing posterior spinal instrumentation and correction of scoliosis. The patient had excellent postoperative analgesia and was able to participate in early rehabilitation. The opioid-sparing effect of ketamine was not demonstrated in this case. Further study of continuous low-dose ketamine infusions in this patient population would be beneficial to provide more evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of ketamine and of its opioid-sparing potential.