Surveillance of occupational blood and body fluid exposures among French healthcare workers in 2004.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence rate of reported occupational blood and body fluid exposures among French healthcare workers (HCWs). DESIGN: Prospective national follow-up of HCWs from January 1 to December 31, 2004. SETTING: University hospitals, hospitals, clinics, local medical centers, and specialized psychiatric centers were included in the study on a voluntary basis. PARTICIPANTS: At participating medical centers, every reported blood and body fluid exposure was documented by the occupational practitioner in charge of the exposed HCW by use of an anonymous, standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 375 medical centers (15% of French medical centers, accounting for 29% of hospital beds) reported 13,041 blood and body fluid exposures; of these, 9,396 (72.0%) were needlestick injuries. Blood and body fluid exposures were avoidable in 39.1% of cases (5,091 of 13,020), and 52.2% of percutaneous injuries (4,986 of 9,552) were avoidable (5.9% due to needle recapping). Of 10,656 percutaneous injuries, 22.6% occurred during an injection, 17.9% during blood sampling, and 16.6% during surgery. Of 2,065 splashes, 22.6% occurred during nursing activities, 19.1% during surgery, 14.1% during placement or removal of an intravenous line, and 12.0% during manipulation of a tracheotomy tube. The incidence rates of exposures were 8.9 per 100 hospital beds (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.7-9.0 exposures), 2.2 per 100 full-time-equivalent physicians (95% CI, 2.4-2.6 exposures), and 7.0 per 100 full-time-equivalent nurses (95% CI, 6.8-7.2 exposures). Human immunodeficiency virus serological status was unknown for 2,789 (21.4%) of 13,041 patients who were the source of the blood and body fluid exposures. CONCLUSION: National surveillance networks for blood and body fluid exposures help to better document their characteristics and risk factors and can enhance prevention at participating medical centers.     

某院医务人员血源性职业暴露的流行病学研究

目的掌握某院医务人员血源性职业暴露的流行病学特征。方法采用随机偶遇的方法对该院374名临床医务人员进行回顾性问卷调查。结果医务人员职业暴露后处理内容和处理流程正确率分别为54.81%（205/374）、89.84%（336/374）。 共发生血源性职业暴露174例、533例次,暴露率为46.52%(174/374)。不同科室、岗位医务人员职业暴露率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);外科、儿科和内科的医务人员暴露率较高,分别为64.46%（78/121）、60.00%（18/30）和40.00%（50/125）;护士和医生暴露率较高,分别为51.52%（102/198）、47.27%（52/110）。医务人员血源性暴露时间主要集中在上午和晚上,穿刺、采血或处理物品为主要的暴露环节,暴露地点主要是病房和手术或换药室。结论该院医务人员血源性职业暴露率较高,应加强医院高危科室、人员和操作的血源性职业暴露防控措施的落实。     

An analysis of blood and body fluid exposures sustained by house officers, medical students, and nursing personnel on acute-care general medical wards: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the epidemiology of blood and body fluid exposures sustained by medicine housestaff, medical school students, registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and nurses' aides (NAs) on general medicine wards and to define problem areas that may be amenable to change. DESIGN: Daily data collection during 9 months using a self-reporting questionnaire. SETTING: General medical wards in 2 tertiary referral hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Medicine housestaff/students and nursing personnel. RESULTS: Physicians reported 644 exposures, of which 98 (15.2%), 296 (46.0%), and 250 (38.8%) were sustained by medicine residents, interns, and students, respectively. Blood contact occurred with 591 (91.8%) exposures. For physicians, 575 (89.3%) exposures occurred during venipuncture, intravenous catheter manipulation, and arterial punctures. Interns and students most commonly incurred exposures during venipunctures and intravenous manipulations; residents commonly were exposed during emergent intravenous catheter placements. Five-hundred-twenty-two (81%) exposures occurred between 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. During 524 (81.4%) exposures, physicians were not using barrier devices. Nurses reported 235 exposures, of which 140 (59.6%), 23 (9.8%), and 72 (30.6%) were sustained by RNs, LPNs, and NAs, respectively. RN exposures commonly occurred during intravenous manipulations and glucometer fingersticks. LPNs and NAs incurred a higher percentage of exposures during nonprocedural patient care. Blood contact and wound drainage accounted for 167 (71.1%) and 31 (13.2%) exposures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures to blood and body fluids frequently are incurred by healthcare workers on general medical wards. Efforts to reduce these exposures should be directed not only at improving procedural skills of healthcare workers for venipunctures, intravenous catheter insertions, and glucometer fingersticks, but also in increasing barrier use during procedural and nonprocedural tasks.     

Occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens among healthcare workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Healthcare workers (HCWs) frequently face the risk of occupational infection from bloodborne pathogens following exposure to blood and body fluids. This study describes the results of a surveillance system of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens among HCWs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during an eight-year period. A total of 15 035 exposures reported from 537 health units were reviewed. Six circumstances comprised nearly 70% of the reported exposures: recapping needles (14%), performing surgical procedures or handling surgical equipment (14%), handling trash (13%), during disposal into sharps containers (13%), performing percutaneous venepuncture (10%) and during blood drawing (5%). Easily preventable exposures, such as incidents related to recapping needles, handling trash, and sharps left in an inappropriate place, represented 30% of the exposures reported. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was initiated for 46% of exposed HCWs. Although Brazilian guidelines indicate that PEP is usually not recommended for exposures with insignificant or very low risk of HIV infection, PEP was prescribed to a large proportion of exposed HCWs under these circumstances. The prevention of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens among HCWs and their safety must be considered as a public health issue. Although infection-preventative measures such as antiretroviral drugs and rapid tests are available, this study shows that there are still a high number of easily preventable exposures. The implementation of more effective prevention strategies is urgently required in this country.     

Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids Among Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Mumbai, India

Objective:

Exposure to blood and body fluids is one of the hidden hazards faced by health care workers (HCWs). The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of such exposure in a teaching hospital.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study among a random sample of residents, interns, nurses and technicians (n = 830) was carried out in a teaching hospital to estimate the incidence of exposure to blood and body fluids in the preceding 12-month period. Self-reported occurrence and the circumstances of the same were recorded by face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire.

Results:

The response rate to the study was 89.76%. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in the preceding 12 months was reported by 32.75% of the respondents. The self-reported incidence was the highest among the nurses. Needle-stick injury was the most common mode of such exposures (92.21% of total exposures). Index finger and thumb were the commonest sites of exposure. Only 50% of the affected individuals reported the occurrence to concerned hospital authorities. Less than a quarter of the exposed persons underwent post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against HIV, although the same was indicated in about 50% of the affected HCWs based on the HIV status of the source patient.

Conclusions:

Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids was a common occurrence in the study sample. There was gross under-reporting of such incidents leading to a lack of proper PEP against HIV in 50% of those in whom the same appeared to be indicated.     

Occupational blood and body fluid exposure in an Australian teaching hospital

To examine work-related blood and body fluid exposure (BBFE) among health-care workers (HCWs), to explore potential risk factors and to provide policy suggestions, a 6-year retrospective study of all reported BBFE among HCWs (1998-2003) was conducted in a 430-bed teaching hospital in Australia. Results showed that BBFE reporting was consistent throughout the study period, with medical staff experiencing the highest rate of sharps injury (10.4%). Hollow-bore needles were implicated in 51.7% of all percutaneous injuries. Most incidents occurred during sharps use (40.4%) or after use but before disposal (27.1%). Nursing staff experienced 68.5% of reported mucocutaneous exposure. Many such exposures occurred in the absence of any protective attire (61.1%). This study indicated that emphasis on work practice, attire, disposal systems and education strategies, as well as the use of safety sharps should be employed to reduce work-related injuries among HCWs in Australia.     

Blood and body fluid exposure risks among health care workers: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System

BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of exposures to human blood and body fluids (BBF). Needlestick injuries and splashes place HCWs at risk for numerous blood-borne infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV). Utilizing a new comprehensive occupational health surveillance system, the objective of this research was to better define the BBF exposure risk and risk factors among employees of a large tertiary medical center. METHODS: A population of 24,425 HCWs employed in jobs with potential BBF exposures was followed for BBF exposure events from 1998 to 2002. BBF exposure rates were calculated for strata defined by age, race, gender, occupation, work location, and duration of employment. Poisson regression was used for detailed analyses of risk factors for BBF exposure. RESULTS: The study population reported 2,730 BBF exposures during the study period, resulting in an overall annual rate of 5.5 events/100 FTEs and a rate of 3.9 for percutaneous exposures. Higher rates were observed for males, persons employed less than 4 years, Hispanic employees, and persons less than 45 years of age. Much higher rates were observed for house staff, nurse anesthetists, inpatient nurses, phlebotomists, and surgical/operating room technicians. Poisson regression results strengthened and extended results from stratified analyses. Rates of percutaneous exposures from hollow needles were found to decrease over the study period; however, exposure rates from suture needles appear to be increasing. CONCLUSION: While continued training efforts need to be directed toward new HCWs, our data also suggest that employees who have been in their job 1-4 years continue to be at higher risk of BBF exposures. This research also points to the need for better safety devices/products and work practices to reduce suture-related injuries.     

Needlestick injuries in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India

Accidental exposure from blood/body fluid of patients is a risk to healthcare workers (HCWs). Percutaneous injury is the most common method of exposure to blood-borne pathogens. A policy was formulated at our institute, a tertiary care centre in central Mumbai, and we report a six-year (1998--2003) ongoing surveillance of needlestick injuries. Of the 380 HCWs who reported needlestick injuries, 45% were nurses, 33% were attendants, 11% were doctors and 11% were technicians. On source analysis, 23, 15 and 12 were positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively. Immediate action following potential exposure included washing the wound with soap and water, encouraging bleeding and reporting the incident to the emergency room. Analysis of the source of injuries revealed that known sources accounted for 254 injuries, and unknown sources from garbage bags and Operating Theatre instruments accounted for 126 injuries. Most needlestick injuries occurred during intravenous line insertion (N=112), followed by blood collection (N=69), surgical blade injury (N=36) and recapping needles (N=36). Immediate postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HCWs who sustained injuries with hepatitis-B-virus-positive patients included booster hepatitis B immunization for those positive for antiHBs. A full course of immunization with hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given to those who were antiHBs negative. All staff who sustained injury with HIV were given immediate antiretroviral therapy (AZT 600 mg/day) for six weeks. Subsequent six-month follow-up showed zero seroconversion.     

某三级综合医院医务人员职业暴露调查

目的了解某三级综合医院医务人员职业暴露情况,分析职业暴露发生原因及预防对策。方法对某院2010年1月—2013年12月134例发生职业暴露的医务人员进行调查。结果暴露人群中,护士所占比率最高(59.70%),其次是医生(19.40%)、医技人员(9.70%)。职业暴露主要原因为锐器管理不规范(占46.27%,62例),其次为操作意外(占42.54%,57例)、防护措施不足所致(占11.19%,15例);暴露方式以锐器伤为主(占94.78%,127例),黏膜接触暴露占5.22%(7例),暴露源不明确者占42.54%,暴露源明确者占57.46%,其中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒螺旋体(TP)、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)分别占35.82%、12.69%、3.73%、2.24%;HBV、HCV合并感染占2.24%(3例);HIV、HBV、HCV、TP合并感染占0.74%(1例)。职业暴露后正确处理率为95.52%。结论护士是职业暴露高危群体,做好职业防护,并规范锐器管理,可以减少医务人员职业暴露发生。     

晨交班科室培训可提升医务人员医院感染知识认知率

目的评价晨交班科室培训方式对提升医务人员医院感染预防控制水平的培训效果。方法 2016年7月11—22日某院医院感染管理专职人员利用晨交班时间,进入新建的8个临床科室和1个检验室对医务人员进行医院感染预防控制知识的培训,培训前、当场培训后和培训三个月后分别进行问卷调查,评价培训效果。结果需接受培训的医务人员共239名,其中医生85名(35.6%),护士150名(62.8%),技师4名(1.7%)。医务人员最想了解的医院感染预防控制知识为职业暴露与职业防护(85.6%);医务人员最想获取医院感染知识的渠道为感控专职人员进入科室培训(87.1%)。医院感染知识总知晓率培训前、当场培训后、培训三个月后分别为45.1%、96.7%、83.9%,差异有统计学意义(P0.001);组间比较,培训三个月后医务人员对医院感染的影响因素、手卫生时机、隔离措施具体项目及医疗废物分类的认知率均低于当场培训后(均P0.001)。医务人员医院感染预防控制知识平均得分当场培训后和培训三个月后均高于培训前(P0.001);医务人员医院感染预防控制知识平均得分培训三个月后较当场培训后下降(P0.001)。结论利用晨交班时间进入临床科室进行培训可提高医务人员对医院感染防控知识的认知率。     

手术相关人员血源性病原体职业暴露的调查分析

目的 了解手术相关人员发生血源性病原体职业暴露情况,为制定相应的职业防护措施提供依据。方法建立血源性病原体职业暴露监测报告系统,调查手术相关人员发生职业暴露的情况。结果2005年1月1日-2008年12月31日共收到197名相关工作人员发生血源性病原体职业暴露的报告。其中,破损的皮肤或黏膜暴露41人,锐器伤156人。医生发生职业暴露的比率最高,达78．05％;工龄较短（0--10年）者发生职业暴露的比率占70．73％;眼睛的血液或体液溅污暴露达92．68％,92．68％的暴露物是血液;导致伤害的锐器中,缝合针占58．33％;暴露源为乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性血液占60．91％。对发生职业暴露的人员及时进行相关干预,经追踪随访,无人因暴露而发生感染。结论应加强针对性培训,提高使用防护眼镜的自觉性,在手术室安装紧急洗眼装置,正确使用、传递和处理锐器,暴露后进行主动干预以降低暴露后感染的危险,保护广大医务人员健康。     

医务人员血源性病原体职业暴露调查

目的了解医务人员发生血源性病原体职业暴露的特点和危险因素,探讨防治对策。方法采用回顾性调查方法,运用《医务人员血源性职业暴露登记表》对某院2013年1月1日—2015年12月31日发生的血源性病原体职业暴露事件进行调查分析。结果共发生血液/体液职业暴露246例。职业暴露人群以在职护士为主(95例,占38.62%);职业暴露发生地点主要为病房(148例,60.16%);职业暴露方式以锐器伤为主(219例,占89.02%);医务人员发生职业暴露时的操作环节主要为手术意外(69例,占28.05%);暴露源主要为乙型肝炎病毒(HBV),共123例(占50.00%);暴露医务人员经局部处理和预防用药后,无1例发生感染。结论医疗机构应加强医务人员血源性病原体职业暴露相关培训,提高防护意识,规范操作行为,改善工作环境,最大限度地减少职业暴露的发生。     

医院职业暴露事件危险因素分析

目的分析某院2010年上报医院的职业暴露数据及相关危险因素。方法医院自行设计调查表,工作人员发生职业暴露后填写,科室审核后上报到医院感染管理科。结果 2010年该院有227名工作人员发生职业暴露,共230例次。其中193人发生锐器伤196例次,34人发生血液/体液暴露34例次;分布于48个科室,前5位分别为:手术室34例次,骨科、肝血管外科各18例次,肾内科11例次,麻醉科10例次。职业分布中,护士和医生占总数的85.46%;本院职工占63.48%,实习进修生占36.52%。工龄以5年以下者居多,占73.57%。缝合/剪断和各种注射为刺伤的主要环节,操作中和操作后处理废物为刺伤主要时机;70.59%的血液/体液暴露者未佩戴防护用品,26.53%被刺伤者未戴手套。结论职业暴露分析利于确定重点科室、目标人群和高危因素,便于进行相应干预。     

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels among healthcare workers in the United States, 2002-2003.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a well recognized risk for healthcare workers (HCWs), and routine vaccination of HCWs has been recommended since 1982. By 1995, the level of vaccination coverage among HCWs was only 67%. OBJECTIVE: To obtain an accurate estimate of hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels among HCWs and to describe the hospital characteristics and hepatitis B vaccination policies associated with various coverage levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A representative sample of 425 of 6,116 American Hospital Association member hospitals was selected to participate, using probability-proportional-to-size methods during 2002-2003. The data collected included information regarding each hospital's hepatitis B vaccination policies. Vaccination coverage levels were estimated from a systematic sample of 25 HCWs from each hospital whose medical records were reviewed for demographic and vaccination data. The main outcome measure was hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels. RESULTS: Among at-risk HCWs, 75% had received 3 or more doses of the hepatitis B vaccine, corresponding to an estimated 2.5 million vaccinated hospital-based HCWs. The coverage level was 81% among staff physicians and nurses. Compared with nurses, coverage was significantly lower among phlebotomists (71.1%) and nurses' aides and/or other patient care staff (70.9%; P<.05). Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was highest among white HCWs (79.5%) and lowest among black HCWs (67.6%; P<.05). Compared with HCWs who worked in hospitals that required vaccination only of HCWs with identified risk for exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material, hepatitis B vaccination coverage was significantly lower among HCWs who worked in hospitals that required vaccination of HCWs without identified risk for exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material (76.6% vs 62.4%; P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, an estimated 75% of HCWs have been vaccinated against hepatitis B. Important differences in coverage levels exist among various demographic groups. Hospitals need to identify methods to improve hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels and should consider developing targeted vaccination programs directed at unvaccinated, at-risk HCWs who have frequent or potential exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material.     

Exposures to blood and body fluids in Brazilian primary health care

Background Primary health care workers (HCWs) represent a growingoccupational group worldwide. They are at risk of infectionwith blood-borne pathogens because of occupational exposuresto blood and body fluids (BBF). Aim To investigate BBF exposure and its associated factors amongprimary HCWs. Methods Cross-sectional study among workers from municipal primaryhealth care centres in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil.Workers who belonged to occupational categories that involvedBBF exposures during the preceding 12 months were interviewedand included in the data analysis. Results A total of 1077 workers participated. The mean incidencerate of occupational BBF exposures was 11.9 per 100 full-timeequivalent worker-years (95% confidence interval: 8.4–15.3).The cumulative prevalence was 7% during the 12 months precedingthe interview. University-level education, employment as a nurseassistant, dental assistant or dentist, higher workload score,inadequate working conditions, having sustained a previous occupationalaccident and current smoking were associated with BBF exposures(P 0.05). Conclusions Primary Health Care Centres are working environmentsin which workers are at risk of BBF exposures. Exposure surveillancesystems should be created to monitor their occurrence and toguide the implementation of preventive strategies.     

Risk of tuberculous infection among healthcare workers in a tertiary-care hospital in Ankara, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity among healthcare workers (HCWs). DESIGN: Two-step TST was performed in 2002. SETTING: Tertiary-care hospital in Ankara, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 491 hospital HCWs were included. Information related to demographics, profession, work duration, department, and individual and family history of tuberculosis (TB) was obtained by a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Four hundred eight (83%) had two-step TST positivity. On multivariate analysis, male physicians (relative risk [RR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.23-1.69; P = .001), nurses (RR, 1.5; CI95, 1.29-1.66; P = .005), radiology technicians (RR, 1.7; CI95, 1.35-1.73; P = .002), laboratory technicians (RR, 1.6; CI95, 1.3-1.74; P = .007), and male housekeepers (RR, 1.6; (HCWs). CI95, 1.38-1.7; P < .001) had a higher risk than did female physicians. Among laboratory technicians, radiology technicians had the highest TST positivity (85%). HCWs working for less than 1 year (RR, 0.8; CI95, 0.72-0.98; P = .027) had a lower risk of infection. The HCWs having bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination (RR, 1.12; CI95, 1.08-1.45) had higher TST positivity. CONCLUSION: Male physicians, nurses, and laboratory technicians had increased risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in this setting, but community exposure likely accounted for most infections.     

2015—2018年某三级综合医院医护人员血源性职业暴露情况调查及安全防控体系构建

目的调查2015—2018年三级综合医院医护人员血源性职业暴露情况,并构建安全防控体系。方法采用回顾性分析方法对某综合医院2015—2018年医护人员血源性职业暴露情况进行调查,构建安全防控体系。结果2015—2018年某三级综合医院248人次发生血源性职业暴露,发生率为8.71%;护士血源性暴露发生率10.22%高于医生6.47%,女性9.56%高于男性6.28%,工作年限越长发生率越低,外科为高发科室,2015—2018年发生率总体呈下降趋势;血源性职业暴露发生率最高时间段为8:00~12:00(39.11%),其次为13:00~17:00(29.03%),暴露方式主要为针刺或锐器伤(65.32%),主要发生于注射结束拔针或采血环节(25.40%),手指为主要暴露部位(79.03%),多数未戴手套或眼罩(52.42%);锐器管理不规范为主要暴露原因(52.02%);其次为操作意外(31.45%)。主要暴露源为乙型肝炎病毒(28.63%),其次为丙型肝炎病毒(25.00%)。结论2015—2018年某三级综合医院医护人员血源性职业暴露高危人群为护士、女性、工作年限短、外科人员;主要暴露源为乙型肝炎病毒。     

医务人员手卫生依从性现状调查

目的了解西安市某三级甲等综合医院医务人员手卫生依从性现状。方法采取直接观察法,对该院73个临床科室医务人员手卫生现状进行现场观察。结果观察404名医务人员,手卫生时刻404次,实施手卫生255次,正确执行手卫生181次,依从率为63.12%,正确率为44.80%。ICU医务人员手卫生依从率（91.89%）和正确率（81.08%）均高于普通病房（分别为60.22%、41.14%）,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=14.485,P＜0.001;χ2=5.671,P=0.017）。不同人员类别中,护士手卫生依从率（73.76%）和正确率（60.18%）最高,辅助人员的手卫生依从率（40.90%）和正确率(10.20%)最低;5个手卫生时刻中,“接触患者血液体液后”的手卫生依从率最高(80.00%),“清洁或无菌操作前”的手卫生正确率最高(62.96%)。结论该医院医务人员手卫生依从率较高,但正确率较低。不同科室、职业类别和手卫生时刻的手卫生依从率和正确率不同,应重视全面提高医院工作人员的手卫生依从性。     

血源性病原体职业暴露特点及防控费用研究

目的研究血源性病原体职业暴露发生特点及防控费用,为医疗机构政策的制定提供依据。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,通过医院职业暴露上报系统,收集某院2016年6月1日—2017年5月30日发生职业暴露的医务人员上报及随访的数据。结果共发生95例次血源性职业暴露。职业暴露发生月份主要集中于6、7、11月,中午12点为高发时刻。职业暴露医务人员的职业类别分布主要为护士(41.05%)、医生(28.42%)和实习护士(15.79%)。科室分别主要为中心手术室(21.05%)、急诊(11.58%)、介入放射科(6.32%)。95例次职业暴露后防控费用合计33 235.20元,平均每例349.84元。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)暴露后平均每例费用最高,为2 787.50元;梅毒暴露后平均每例费用最低,为58.88元。结论应加强对血源性病原体职业暴露高危时间、高危人群和高危科室的培训教育,尤其应重视HIV等防控费用较高职业暴露的预防。     

Effectiveness of protocols for preventing occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in Dutch hospitals

Compliance of different healthcare workers (HCWs) (nurses, physicians, laboratory technicians and cleaners) with protocols to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids (BBF) was studied. Questionnaires were used to assess perception of risks, familiarity with protocols, motivation and actual behaviour. Performance of the protocols in practice was also tested. The practical test provided more reliable results than the questionnaire. HCWs overestimated their knowledge and skills, and compliance was influenced by risk perception. HCWs encountered problems with comprehension, acceptability and applicability of protocols, especially for post-exposure precautions. Protocols are not tailored to the differences in knowledge, risk perception and practical needs of different professional groups, probably because HCWs have rarely been involved in writing them and they are governed more by legal considerations than applicability. Most HCWs experienced a lack of organizational support to aid compliance. To improve compliance, we recommend information and training on risk management and individual responsibilities regarding the safety of coworkers and patients, participation of HCWs in protocol development, and support of management to avoid reversion to previous habitual behaviour.