Modulation of host response by Trichinella pseudospiralis

Measurement of myeloperoxidase activity in the muscles of mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis, T. spiralis or both helminths allowed quantitation of host inflammatory response to the parasite. Infection of the host with T. pseudospiralis alone was accompanied by less inflammation in host diaphragm muscle than was the case in hosts infected with T. spiralis alone. A dramatic reduction in inflammation around s.c. implanted cotton string was observed in mice infected with T. pseudospiralis alone below that seen in uninfected mice. Concurrent infection of the host with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis resulted in a lowering of myositis below that seen in the diaphragm muscles of mice infected with T. spiralis alone.     

Lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in mice infected with different geographical isolates of Trichinella spiralis

Antigen-specific proliferative responses and cytokine production were measured in lymphocytes taken from inbred NIH mice infected with different isolates of Trichinella spiralis. Stimulation with muscle larval homogenate antigen produced high proliferative responses, cells responding more strongly to antigen from one isolate (London-L) than to antigens of the other two isolates (Spanish-S and Polish-P). Antigen from the P-isolate elicited relatively poor responses. There was considerable, although variable, cross reactivity between isolate antigens and this was reflected in proliferation to heterologous stimulation. When pulsed with the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con-A) mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) produced IFN-gamma on day four post infection but not on day eight. In contrast, production of IL-4 and IL-5 was greatest on day eight. Differences were seen in levels of cytokine production between cells taken from mice infected with different isolates. These data show a sequential activation of Th1 and Th2 cells during infection with T. spiralis isolates, and suggest that the level of activation of each Th subset is influenced by the antigenic characteristics of each isolate.     

Contrasting effects of Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris antigens on the infection by Leishmania infantum in BALB/c mice

The interaction of Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris derived antigens with the infection by Leishmania infantum was investigated in BALB/c mice. Infection with 10(6) promastigotes of L. infantum did not induce relevant serum antibody (IgG subclasses), nor cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-4) responses despite that mice could partially control the infection. Immunization with T. spiralis activated a moderate IgG1 and secondarily an IgG2a anti-leishmanial response whereas immunization with T. muris elicited only a weak and late activation of IgG1 anti-leishmanial response. Immunization with T. muris caused an elevation of serum IFN-gamma levels which was drastically reinforced by the L. infantum infection, and that was accompanied by almost complete parasitological cure of infected mice. Immunization with T. spiralis induced an elevation of serum IL-4 levels but this response was greatly (about 60%) neutralized by the infection with L. infantum, and this was associated to exacerbation of the infection.     

A role for elevated plasma corticosterone in modulation of host response during infection with Trichinella pseudospiralis

Suppression of host inflammatory response in mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis was associated with host plasma corticosterone levels significantly higher than those seen in uninfected mice or in mice infected with T. spiralis. Increases in the population of mitochondria and depletion of lipid droplets in cells of the zona fasciculata were seen in the adrenals of mice infected with T. pseudospiralis. Elevations in enteritis, myositis and myocarditis accompanied 100% mortality in adrenalectomized mice infected with T. pseudospiralis, while lower levels of inflammation and no mortality were observed in sham operated or intact animals infected with this parasite. The severe myositis normally accompanying infection with T. spiralis was suppressed by concurrent infection with 1000 or 2000 T. pseudospiralis to levels equivalent to those seen in animals receiving 0.15 and 0.41 mg cortisone acetate/25 g mouse/day, respectively.     

小鼠实验感染不同种旋毛虫后血清IgG抗体水平的变化

目的观察小鼠感染不同种旋毛虫后血清IgG抗体水平的变化。方法将50只小鼠随机分成5组（每组10只），分别感染旋毛虫（T1）、乡土旋毛虫（T2）、布氏旋毛虫（T3）、伪旋毛虫（T4）及纳氏旋毛虫（T7），每只感染300条幼虫，感染后1～6周每周尾部静脉采血，6周后每2周尾部静脉采血，至感染后20周，用旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原ELISA检测血清中抗旋毛虫IgG抗体水平。结果小鼠感染旋毛虫、乡土旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫及纳氏旋毛虫后3～5周，血清IgG抗体水平快速升高，至感染后第8周达高峰，此后旋毛虫和乡土旋毛虫感染小鼠的血清IgG抗体水平缓慢下降，布氏旋毛虫及纳氏旋毛虫感染小鼠的血清IgG抗体水平迅速下降；小鼠感染伪旋毛虫后3～5周血清IgG抗体水平快速升高，至第16周达高峰，之后缓慢下降。5种旋毛虫感染小鼠的血清IgG抗体水平差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论5种旋毛虫感染小鼠的血清IgG抗体水平和动态变化不同；旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原可用于其他4种旋毛虫（乡土旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫、纳氏旋毛虫）感染的血清学诊断及流行病学调查。     

Costimulatory signal through CD86 is important in Th2 response in Trichinella spiralis infected mice

In order to study the role of the costimulatory signals in Th2 cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were added to cultured cells obtained from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, followed by a determination of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-4 in the culture supernatant. IL-5 production by MLN cells stimulated with somatic antigen was significantly reduced by addition of anti-CD86 but not by anti-CD80 mAb. Combination of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 mAbs reduced IL-5 production most effectively. IL-4 production induced by anti-CD3 mAb was suppressed only by the addition of anti-CD86 mAb. Blockade of the ICAM-1/LFA-1 and VCAM-1/VLA-4 interactions was less effective on the production of IL-5 and IL-4 than the addition of anti-CD86 mAb alone. In contrast to the in vitro cytokine production, intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD80, anti-CD86 mAb, or both, similarly suppressed the peak of the eosinophilia on day 21. Elevation of somatic antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 levels as well as total IgE was not inhibited by the administration of anti-CD80, anti-CD86 mAb or both. In-vitro and in-vivo effects of CTLA-4 immunoglobulin were similar to those of combined treatment with anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 mAbs. These results suggest that the interaction between antigen-presenting cells and CD4 T cells through CD86 are most important in Th2 response during T. spiralis infection.     

旋毛虫成虫可溶性抗原免疫小鼠攻击感染后的免疫应答

目的　探讨旋毛虫成虫可溶性抗原 (AWSAg)接种小鼠后诱发的免疫应答。　 方法　制备旋毛虫AWSAg免疫小鼠 ,分别于攻击感染后 7、14、2 1、2 8和 3 5d ,动态观察免疫小鼠特异性IgG抗体水平、IL 2水平和T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。　结果　与非免疫鼠相比 ,免疫鼠血清特异性IgG抗体OD值在攻击感染后 7d明显升高 ,在观察期内一直高于非免疫鼠。感染后 7dIL 2水平明显增高 ,达观察期内最高值 ,2 1d后才逐渐减少 ,在感染后 2 8～ 3 5d仍高于正常组。免疫鼠CD4+ T细胞在攻击感染 7d明显增加并保持不变 ,非免疫鼠CD4+ T细胞及CD4/CD8比值明显较正常鼠减低。　结论　旋毛虫AWSAg免疫小鼠攻击感染后 ,出现细胞、体液免疫应答。     

Studies of the lymphatic system in mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis as well as infected and stimulated by Phytohaemagglutin (PHA-P)]

Mice CFW were infected per os with Trichinella pseudospiralis (150 larvae/mice). The mice were divided in two groups: nonstimulated and stimulated intraperitoneally with PHA-P at dose 10 mg/kg body weight. The animals were killed 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 150 day post infection (d.p.i.). Spleen et mesenteric lymph nodes were examined histopathologically (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and histochemically (nonspecific esterase reaction) for differentiation of T lymphocytes. The obtained results reveal that T. pseudospiralis infection caused weak mobilisation of mouse lymphatic system lasting only to 70 day of experiment. In the lymphatic organs of infected mice small number of T lymphocytes were observed mostly between 28 and 56 d.p.i. The intraperitoneally stimulation with PHA-P give rise to caused only little mobilisation of lymphatic tissue and small increase of T lymphocytes number. The obtained results were compared with analogic earlier experiments with T. spiralis infection.     

旋毛虫编码新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白对小鼠的免疫保护性研究

目的 探讨旋毛虫编码新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白WN10对小鼠的免疫保护性。方法 将纯化的重组融合蛋白WN10以20μg/只的剂量分3次免疫小鼠后，攻击感染旋毛虫肌幼虫200条／只，检查旋毛虫7日龄成虫数、雌虫体外产生新生幼虫数、感染35d的肌幼虫数并计算减虫率，同时用ELISA法检测血清中抗WN10抗体IgG滴度。结果WN10免疫小鼠后获得旋毛虫7日龄成虫、肌幼虫的减虫率分别为64．28％和61．21％，均与感染对照组和佐剂对照组差异显著；获得雌虫产新生幼虫的减虫率为16．46％，与感染对照组和佐剂对照组差异不显著；WN10免疫组小鼠在第3次免疫后1周可检测到高滴度的抗WN10抗体IgG，在攻击感染旋毛虫9周后仍维持在较高水平。结论 编码旋毛虫新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白可诱导小鼠产生较强的抗旋毛虫保护性免疫。     

旋毛虫DNA疫苗诱导小鼠免疫应答的研究

目的　观察旋毛虫DNA疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的免疫应答。方法　将旋毛虫肌幼虫编码 31kDa抗原结构基因真核表达质粒pcDNA3-TspE1分别用肌肉注射和基因枪免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,免疫血清用旋毛虫肌幼虫冰冻切片及石蜡切片抗原进行IFAT检测 ,并用旋毛虫肌幼虫可溶性抗原进行Westernblot分析。结果　IFAT表明 pcDNA3-TspE1接种BALB/c小鼠后产生的免疫血清与旋毛虫肌幼虫可产生阳性反应 ,在肌幼虫冰冻及石蜡切片上均显示黄绿色荧光。Westernblot检测结果显示 ,pcDNA3-TspE1接种小鼠后产生的免疫血清只能识别旋毛虫肌幼虫可溶性抗原中的 31kDa抗原组分 ,而 pcDNA3质粒接种小鼠后的血清不能与旋毛虫肌幼虫可溶性抗原发生免疫反应。结论　旋毛虫DNA疫苗 pcDNA3-TspE1能够诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。     

旋毛虫抗肿瘤机制研究进展

旋毛虫具有抗多种肿瘤的作用,宿主感染的旋毛虫数量不同,其体内肿瘤受抑制程度亦不同;宿主在感染旋毛虫后的不同时间接种肿瘤细胞,体内肿瘤的生长速度降低程度也不同。旋毛虫在宿主体内发育的不同阶段,均可能具有抗肿瘤作用。旋毛虫通过细胞免疫、肿瘤抗原和抗肿瘤活性物质发挥抗肿瘤作用。     

旋毛虫成虫可溶性抗原免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化

目的　观察旋毛虫成虫可溶性抗原免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化。方法采用流式细胞术分别检测旋毛虫感染后 7、14、2 1、2 8、35天小鼠外周血CD+ 4 、CD+ 8T淋巴细胞的百分率。结果　免疫小鼠CD+ 4 、CD+ 8细胞增加 ,CD+ 4 /CD+ 8细胞比值与正常组比较无明显差异。结论　旋毛虫成虫可溶性抗原免疫小鼠未出现免疫抑制现象     

Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): downregulation of specific cytokine secretion (IL-9 and IL-10) correlates with poor mastocytosis and chronic survival of adult worms

Mice were infected either with Trichinella spiralis (day 0). Heligmosomoides polygyrus (day – 14) or concurrently with both species and were killed in groups, together with naïve control mice, on 2 occasions (day 8 and 15 post infection with T. spiralis, corresponding to days 22 and 29 p.i. with H. polygyrus). The expulsion of T. spiralis was slowed significantly in concurrently infected mice and this was associated with a reduced mastocytosis and lower serum mucosal mast cell protease levels. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes from all three experimental groups secreted IL-3 and IL-4 in copious amounts when stimulated in vitro by Concanavalin A (Con-A), but the secretion of high levels of IL-9 and IL-10 was essentially confined to mice infected with T. spiralis alone. It is suggested that adult H. polygyrus selectively modulate cytokine secretion by Th2 cells within the MLN during infection and that this is brought about as a direct consequence of the mechanism employed by H. polygyrus to depress mucosal inflammatory responses in order to facilitate its own survival.     

Trichinella spiralis antigens prime mixed Th1/Th2 response but do not induce de novo generation of Foxp3+ T cells in vitro

Many parasitic helminth infections induce Th2-type immune responses and engage the regulatory network. In this study, we specifically investigated the influence of antigens derived from different life stages of the helminth Trichinella spiralis on the polarization of naive CD4(+) T cells by dendritic cells. Results obtained from C57BL/6 mice showed that T. spiralis derived antigens have the capacity to induce bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to acquire an incompletely mature phenotype that promotes a significant proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells and a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile with the predominance of Th2 cytokines. Increased production of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13 accompanied increased IFN-γ. Furthermore, dendritic cells pulsed with T. spiralis antigens did not induce an increase in the population of Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells. Although other helminth antigens have demonstrated the capacity to induce de novo generation of Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells, here our in vitro studies provide no evidence that T. spiralis antigens have this capacity.     

环孢素A对感染旋毛虫小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的观察环孢素A(CsA)对感染旋毛虫小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法小鼠腹腔注射环孢素A感染旋毛虫后,分别采用ELISA和流式细胞仪检测小鼠不同时期外周血中IL-2含量、CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞的百分率。结果(1)单纯感染旋毛虫小鼠感染后1~5周IL-2的含量较正常组明显增加;注射CsA组小鼠感染后1周IL-2的含量较单纯感染组明显降低,感染后2~4周IL-2的含量与单纯感染组相比无明显差异,但仍高于正常组。(2)单纯感染旋毛虫小鼠感染后1~4周,CD4+T淋巴细胞较正常组明显减少,CD8+T淋巴细胞明显增多,CD4+/CD8+比值明显下降;注射CsA组小鼠CD4+T淋巴细胞细胞较单纯感染组明显减少,而CD8+T淋巴细胞无明显变化。结论CsA对感染旋毛虫小鼠具有一定的免疫调节作用。     

旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期排泄分泌产物iTRAQ法蛋白质组学分析

目的探究旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期排泄分泌产物(ESP)中的差异蛋白,分析两者免疫抑制差异的原因和参与包囊形成的潜在功能蛋白。方法收集旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫ESP,采用二喹啉甲酸检测法测定旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫ESP蛋白浓度,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测蛋白质量,对经过超滤管酶解法酶解后的ESP多肽段采用同位素相对定量和绝对定量标记技术(iTRAQ)标记,混合标记后的样品进行液相分离高pH反相色谱和液相串联质谱检测。检测完成后,搜索UniProt数据库中的旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)和伪旋毛虫(Trichinella pseiudospiralis)数据库,在可信蛋白(得分80以上)的基础上筛选同源蛋白,比较同源蛋白的差异表达情况。利用QuickGO对差异蛋白进行标准化描述。选取9个差异明显的重要蛋白进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,采用△△Ct法验证基因表达水平。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析结果经iTRAQ标记鉴定出旋毛虫可信蛋白492个,伪旋毛虫535个,可用于定量分析的旋毛虫蛋白193个,伪旋毛虫蛋白164个。旋毛虫/伪旋毛虫同源比对结果显示,表达蛋白上调162个,下调31个。GO分析结果显示,分子功能主要富集在离子结合功能、肽酶活性、氧化还原酶活性和核酸酶活性,分别为45、18、12和8个。在生物过程中,涉及最多的是小分子代谢过程(15个),碳水化合物代谢过程(12个),生物合成过程(12个),DNA代谢过程过程(8个)。差异蛋白涉及的细胞组成成分主要为细胞质和含蛋白质的复合物。KECG分析显示,与硫胺素代谢,鞘糖脂生物合成,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成相关的蛋白大部分上调。plancitoxin-1(E5SXW8)、胰蛋白酶(E5SPA7)、胱抑素(E5S387)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(E5SJH4)、5’-核苷酸酶(E5S554)、烯醇酶(E5SQX1)、L-天冬酰胺酶(E5SBA6)蛋白表达和基因转录水平在旋毛虫肌幼虫时期均高于伪旋毛虫(P<0.05);热休克蛋白β-1 (E5RZQ6)、组蛋白H2B (E5S7K8)蛋白表达和基因表达水平在旋毛虫肌幼虫时期低于伪旋毛虫(P<0.05)。结论旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期ESP差异蛋白生物信息学分析提示丝氨酸蛋白酶、胱抑素、plancitoxin-1和14-3-3蛋白等可食能与包嚢形成和免疫调节相关。     

Changes in the immune response of BALB/c mice coinfected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trichinella spiralis

The influence of Heligmosomoides polygyrus on infection with Trichinella spiralis was studied in BALB/c mice. Mice coinfected with T. spiralis and previously given H. polygyrus harboured both nematode species till day 34. The number of T. spiralis muscle larvae was greater in mice coinfected with H. polygyrus/T. spiralis or T. spiralis/H. polygyrus than after infection with T. spiralis alone. Infection with H. polygyrus did not enhance eosinophil and IL-5 levels induced by T. spiralis. Additionally, the production of IgG1 specific to L1 T. spiralis was inhibited by co-infection. Changes in the levels of IFN-gamma and IgG2a implicated a disturbance in Th2 cell activation during protective response and resulted in the greater number of T. spiralis muscle larvae in coinfected mice.     

感染旋毛虫小鼠免疫能力的性别差异研究

目的 研究感染旋毛虫早期雌雄小鼠免疫能力的性别差异。方法 不同剂量的旋毛虫感染雌雄小鼠7 d后,测定脏器指数和白细胞组成比例,脾脏和胸腺组织进行HE染色分析,ELISA法测定血清中IL-2、IL-4、IL-10的含量,流式细胞仪检测脾脏免疫调节性T细胞比例。结果 与感染旋毛虫的雌性小鼠相比,感染旋毛虫雄性小鼠的胸腺指数明显增大(t=4.595, P<0.05);淋巴细胞百分比明显下降而单核细胞和粒细胞百分比明显上升(t=2.604, P<0.05);胸腺组织变化不明显而脾脏组织变化明显;免疫调节性T细胞比例上升,但无统计学意义。血清中细胞因子的变化也存在雌雄差异,与正常小鼠相比,感染旋毛虫的雌性小鼠IL-2含量上升而雄性小鼠下降(F=5.664,P<0.05);IL-4、IL-10含量均上升(F=10.461,P<0.05;F=1.170,P>0.05),且雄性高于雌性。结论 感染旋毛虫7 d后,雄性小鼠的免疫应答强于雌性小鼠。     

旋毛虫感染小鼠膈肌虫荷与血清及肉汁抗体水平的研究

目的观察旋毛虫感染小鼠膈肌虫荷(larvae per gram diaphragm,lpgd)与血清及肉汁抗体水平的关系。方法将32只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成4组(每组8只),每只分别感染50(A组)、100(B组)、300(C组)、500条(D组)旋毛虫幼虫,感染后42d剖杀,收集血清及肉汁,观察膈肌虫荷并用旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原ELISA检测血清及肉汁抗体。另将50只小鼠随机分成5组(每组10只),每组分别感染旋毛虫(T1)、乡土旋毛虫(T2)、布氏旋毛虫(T3)、伪旋毛虫(T4)及纳氏旋毛虫(T7),每只感染500条幼虫,感染后42d剖杀,观察感染不同种旋毛虫小鼠的膈肌虫荷与血清及肉汁抗体水平。结果感染旋毛虫的A、B、C、D4组小鼠的膈肌虫荷与血清及肉汁抗体水平均无相关性(P>0.05),但与感染剂量呈正相关(P<0.05),每组小鼠的血清与肉汁抗体水平也均具有相关性(P<0.05)。5种旋毛虫感染小鼠的膈肌虫荷与血清及肉汁抗体水平相比均无相关性(P>0.05),但血清与肉汁抗体水平相比均具有相关性(P<0.05)。旋毛虫感染小鼠的血清及肉汁抗体水平明显高于其他4种旋毛虫(乡土旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫及纳氏旋毛虫)感染小鼠的血清和肉汁抗体水平(P<0.05)。结论旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原可用于其他4种旋毛虫(乡土旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫、纳氏旋毛虫)感染小鼠血清及肉汁中抗旋毛虫抗体的检测。     

旋毛虫抗原基因Ts21的原核表达与重组蛋白鉴定

目的 原核表达旋毛虫相对分子质量（Mr）21 000抗原基因（Ts21）并对重组蛋白进行纯化和抗原性鉴定。 方法 将旋毛虫抗原基因Ts21亚克隆入原核表达载体pMAL-c2X，构建重组表达质粒pMAL-c2X-Ts21，经酶切鉴定正确后转化大肠埃希菌TB1，以异丙基-β-D硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达。亲和层析法纯化表达产物。应用十二烷基磺酸钠?鄄聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）和蛋白质印迹（Western blotting）分析鉴定重组蛋白的抗原性。将重组蛋白免疫小鼠制备免疫血清，ELISA检测抗体滴度，免疫荧光检测（IFA）确定Ts21蛋白在肌幼虫体内的分布。 结果 SDS-PAGE结果显示，表达产物为Mr 63 500的重组融合蛋白，IPTG诱导4 h后表达量最大，薄层凝胶光密度扫描显示表达的融合蛋白占菌体蛋白总量的18.2%。Western blotting结果显示该重组蛋白可被旋毛虫、纳氏旋毛虫感染小鼠血清及旋毛虫病患者血清识别，但不能被乡土旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫及伪旋毛虫感染小鼠血清识别；与钩虫病、囊尾蚴病、日本血吸虫病患者血清无交叉反应，但与并殖吸虫病、华支睾吸虫病及棘球蚴病患者血清有交叉反应。重组蛋白免疫小鼠可产生高滴度的血清抗体，IFA显示Ts21蛋白主要分布于肌幼虫体壁。 结论 成功制备了旋毛虫Ts21基因的重组蛋白，该蛋白具有较好的抗原性。