原发性输尿管癌的临床特点及诊治要点

目的 探讨原发性输尿管癌的临床特点及诊治要点.方法 回顾性分析2000年2月至2016年2月本院行手术治疗的41例输尿管癌患者的临床资料及诊疗经过.结果 所有患者中有28例行根治性肾输尿管全切除术,13例患者行保肾手术,肿瘤组织分期为:pTis、pTa、pT1共有24例,pT2有11例、pT3有6例;病理分级结果为:低度恶性潜能尿路上皮乳头状瘤3例,低级别尿路上皮癌18例及高级别尿路上皮癌20例.出现肿瘤复发及转移的患者共15例,共有7例患者死于输尿管癌的多发转移.结论 输尿管癌具有恶性程度高,易复发,易远处转移等特点,诊断主要依靠影像学及细胞病理学检查,根治性肾输尿管全切术是治疗的金标准,保肾手术可选择性应用,中晚期输尿管癌的治疗需要采取综合治疗以提高生存率.     

Impact of nephron-sparing surgery on quality of life in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of nephron-sparing surgery on postoperative quality of life (QOL) in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma, compared with radical nephrectomy. METHODS: From 1986 to 1996, a total of 66 patients with localized small renal cell carcinoma <4 cm in diameter and a functioning contralateral renal unit underwent radical nephrectomy (n = 51) or nephron-sparing surgery (n = 15). Of these, 50 patients evaluated various dimensions of QOL using standardized self-rating questionnaires, EORTC QLQ-C30. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in 5-year overall survival between the nephron-sparing surgery group and the radical nephrectomy group. With regard to postoperative QOL, patients who underwent nephron-sparing surgery showed a significantly higher score on physical function than patients treated with radical nephrectomy (p<0.05). Nephron-sparing surgery was additionally superior to radical nephrectomy in terms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain and constipation. CONCLUSION: Selected patients with localized, small, unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney will benefit from nephron-sparing surgery.     

Imperative organerhaltende Nierentumorchirugie bei Einzelniere bzw. bilateralen Tumoren

Renal cell carcinoma is the most lethal amongst urological malignancies. Only surgical excision of the tumor offers the chance of curative therapy for patients with localized disease. Nephron-sparing surgery is mandatory for patients with renal tumors in both kidneys or in a solitary kidney in order to preserve renal function (imperative indication). Evaluation of patients with renal tumors in both kidneys or in a solitary kidney must weigh the surgical and oncological risks of nephron-sparing surgery against the morbidity of radical nephrectomy followed by hemodialysis and possibly renal transplantation. Herein we report our oncological and functional long-term results of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with an imperative indication and review the literature.     

Percutaneous management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

Conservative (nephron-sparing) surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract generally has entailed variations of partial nephrectomy or open pyelotomy with excision and fulguration of tumor. We report on a patient in whom percutaneous technology was used successfully to manage transitional cell carcinoma of the lower infundibulum after other treatment options had been exhausted.     

The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Multifocal Renal Cell Carcinoma

Surgical excision remains the reference standard for treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Laparoscopic and robotic minimally invasive extirpative approaches are being increasingly employed in current urologic practice. Multiple tumors in the same kidney present a unique set of challenges for minimally invasive surgeons. As such, we review recent literature regarding minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery in patients with synchronous, ipsilateral, multifocal renal tumors. As the experience with these complex operations grows, perioperative, short-term functional and oncologic outcomes appear comparable to traditional open nephron-sparing surgery. Data on surgical approaches to patients with synchronous, ipsilateral, multifocal RCC are emerging. Short-term results suggest minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery is safe, feasible, and should be considered as a potential treatment option for patients who present with multiple tumors in the same renal unit.     

Solitary abdominal wall metastasis from a urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Few cases of abdominal wall metastasis from a urothelial carcinoma were reported in the literature, and those were mostly attributed to iatrogenic implantation after laparoscopic surgery or a percutaneous nephrostomy. An 85-year-old man presented with an infraumbilical mass 6 months after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBt) for a T4 urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Abdominal sonography disclosed a 1.6 cm × 1.5 cm subcutaneous hypoechoic lesion. Wide excision of the mass was performed, and skin flaps were used for skin coverage. A combination of the patient's clinical history, tumor morphology, and immunostaining results were compatible with the pathologic characteristic of his previous bladder urothelial carcinoma. We present this rare case of solitary abdominal wall mass metastasis from a urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.     

Ureteroscopic approach to upper-tract urothelial tumors

Transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract has traditionally been managed by nephroureterectomy, whereas nephron-sparing surgery has been reserved for those few patients with solitary kidneys or bilateral lesions. However, with the introduction of improved diagnostic and therapeutic technology, including smaller ureteroscopes and working instruments, and the concomitant ease of surveillance, ureteroscopic treatment of upper-tract urothelial tumors has become a reasonable alternative to open operative intervention in patients requiring conservative management. Furthermore, as preoperative grading and staging have improved, ureteroscopic treatment of upper-tract urothelial tumors is assuming an increasingly important role in the management of some patients who might have otherwise been treated with a nephroureterectomy. The technique of ureteroscopic resection is described in detail.     

Robot-assisted nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma without intraoperative reposition or redocking

The gold standard for treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma remains nephroureterectomy with the ipsilateral bladder cuff excision. With the introduction of robot system, robot-assisted surgery has become popular in the management of urological malignancies. We report a single institute experience of robot-assisted nephroureterectomy (RANU) for the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UC) without re-docking the robot system or reposition of the patient. The perioperative and oncologic outcomes are discussed.     

腹腔镜保留肾单位手术的现状及展望

随着对小肾癌认识的深入,其手术治疗已不再是单一的。肾脏根治性切除,保留。肾单位的肿瘤切除术的临床疗效与肾脏根治性切除术基本相同。腹腔镜手术作为现代高科技和临床医学结合的产物,具有创伤小、恢复快的优点,目前许多水平较高的医疗中心已将腹腔镜技术应用于保留肾单位手术。虽然腹腔镜保留肾单位手术的广泛应用还面临设备条件限制及操作技术要求高等困难,但其仍反映了小肾癌手术治疗的一个发展方向。     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

Behavior of urothelial carcinoma with respect to anatomical location

PURPOSE: Urothelial carcinoma is a disease of the entire urothelium. Recent molecular insights suggest that the biology of some upper urinary tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma differ. These differences may affect tumor phenotype. Observational studies conflict as to the significance of anatomical location on the behavior of urothelial carcinoma. We compared the biological outcome in a large series of urothelial carcinoma with respect to anatomical location. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed urothelial carcinoma in 425 patients treated at 4 centers according to stage and anatomical location, including the bladder in 275, the ureter in 67 and the renal pelvis in 79. Relapse surveillance was performed for a median of 46 months (range 2 to 216). A separate invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma population was also included to pathologically balance upper and lower tract urothelial carcinoma cases to allow behavioral comparisons. RESULTS: As a whole, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma is more invasive and worse differentiated than bladder cancer (chi-square test p<0.0001 and 0.015, respectively). In pathologically matched cohorts recurrence to less aggressive disease, progression to more advanced disease and death occurred in 37%, 40% and 44% of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma, and in 41%, 44% and 43% of those with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor stage and grade (Cox p=0.0001 and 0.012, respectively) but not location were associated with behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Urothelial carcinoma behaves identically in the upper and lower urinary tracts when stage and grade are considered. The majority of tumors relapse within 5 years of excision. The current move to minimally invasive/nephron sparing techniques for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract appears safe. Care could be analogous to that for bladder urothelial carcinoma.     

Conservative Nephron-Sparing Treatment of Upper-Tract Tumors

While radical nephroureterectomy represents the gold standard for managing upper-tract urothelial carcinoma, nephron-sparing approaches have increasingly been utilized in the elective setting. Such considerations are accentuated by contemporary studies highlighting sequelae related to chronic kidney disease following nephrectomy. Kidney sparing treatments including segmental ureteral resection and endoscopic ablation may therefore be appropriate in select patients with small, solitary, low-grade upper-tract tumors. Bladder and ipsilateral upper-tract recurrences are frequent after nephron-sparing treatments for UTUC, thereby underscoring the need to maintain strict radiographic and endoscopic surveillance protocols in patients amenable to this rigorous compliance program.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.