Eating Disorder in a Hemodialysis Patient: Case Report

Renal replacement therapy may encourage eating disorders in some patients. Hemodialysis requires patients to attend dialysis sessions three times per week, during which time they are weighed pre- and posttreatment, so the importance of limiting "fluid weight" gains to prevent fluid overload and elevated blood pressure are constantly reinforced by the dialysis team. Patients must also follow rigorous therapeutic dietary modifications to prevent the buildup of urea and harmful waste products between treatments. This is a case report of a 30-year-old man receiving renal replacement therapy who had anorexia nervosa of the bulimic subtype.     

尿毒症患者营养评估及相关因素分析

目的 :　了解终末期肾病 (ESRD)患者透析前和维持性血液透析时的营养状态及其相关因素。方法 :　用主观综合营养评估法 (SGA)评估 46例透析前 ESRD患者和 78例维持性血透患者的营养状况及血浆白蛋白 (ALB)等其它营养指标 ,分析了影响透析前后营养状况的有关因素。结果 :　根据 SGA分级透析前组总营养不良的发生率为 65 .2 3 % ,维持性血透组为 5 8.97% ;残肾功能与透析前营养不良的相关性不明显 ,透析组 SGA分级三组之间 ALB、Pre-ALB、Chol、SCr、n PCR、年龄、糖尿病肾病比例、心血管疾病、肝硬化、感染等合并症和并发症发生率有显著性差异 ,而透析时间、KT/ V各组间无显著性差异。结论 :　ESRD患者在透析前和维持性透析时有较高的营养不良的发生率 ,老龄、糖尿病、伴心血管疾病、感染等并发症患者容易出现营养不良     

Impact of Hyponatremia after Renal Transplantation on Decline of Renal Function,Graft Loss and Patient Survival: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders observed in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Hyponatremia is associated with increased falls, fractures, prolonged hospitalisation and mortality. The clinical importance of hyponatremia in the renal transplant field is not well established, so the aim of this study was to determine the relationships between hyponatremia and mortality as main outcome and renal function decline and graft loss as secondary outcome among a prospective cohort of renal transplant recipients. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 1315 patients between 1 May 2008 and 31 December 2014. Hyponatremia was defined as sodium concentration below 136 mmol/L at 6 months after transplantation. The main endpoint was mortality. A secondary composite endpoint was also defined as: rapid decline in renal function (≥5 mL/min/1.73 m² drop of the eGFR/year), graft loss or mortality. Results: Mean sodium was 140 ± 3.08 mmol/L. 97 patients displayed hyponatremia with a mean of 132.9 ± 3.05 mmol/L. Hyponatremia at 6 months after transplantation was associated neither with mortality (HR: 1.02; p = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.47–2.19), nor with the composite outcome defined as rapid decline in renal function, graft loss or mortality (logrank test p = 0.9). Conclusions: Hyponatremia 6 months after transplantation is not associated with mortality in kidney allograft patients.     

杭州市终末期肾病血液透析患者疾病经济负担研究

通过杭州市7所综合性医院终末期肾病血液透析的直接、间接医疗费用的测算,患者家庭疾病经济负担的调查,比较了享有不同医疗保险患者肾透析的利用及医疗费用。结果表明,城镇职工医疗保险制度在减轻疾病经济负担方面发挥了重要作用。尽管如此,血液透析患者的家庭经济负担仍显过重。因此需要进一步完善杭州市现行的对肾透析服务的医疗保险支付和补偿制度,减轻患者疾病经济负担。     

Micronutrients and Renal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Micronutrients are essential in maintaining normal human physiology. Data regarding the association between micronutrients and renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are lacking. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study enrolled 261 patients with CKD stages 1–5 and 30 subjects with normal renal function. Baseline serum zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), chromium, manganese, and copper, and laboratory tests were performed at enrolment. The primary endpoint was the presence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring long-term renal replacement therapy. Results: The median follow-up periods of renal and non-renal survivals were 67.78 and 29.03 months, respectively. Multiple linear regression showed that Zn and Se (β ± SE: 24.298 ± 8.616, p = 0.005; 60.316 ± 21.875, p = 0.006, respectively) levels were positively correlated with renal function. Time to ESRD was significantly longer for those with Zn levels ≥1287.24 ng/g and Se levels ≥189.28 ng/g (both p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis identified a higher Zn level as an independently negative predictor of ESRD after adjusting for renal function (hazard ratio, 0.450, p = 0.019). Conclusion: Serum Se and Zn concentrations are positively associated with renal function and better renal outcomes. A higher Zn concentration could independently predict better renal survival.     

Cardiovascular Response to Intravenous Glucose Injection during Hemodialysis with Assessment of Entropy Alterations

Background: The quality of autonomic blood pressure (BP) control can be assessed by the entropy of serial BP data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis (HD) and glucose infusion (GI) on amplitude aware permutation entropy (AAPE) of hemodynamic variables during HD in chronic kidney disease patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Twenty-one patients without DM (NDO) and ten with DM were studied. Thirty minutes after the start of HD, a 40% glucose solution was administered. Hemodynamic data were extracted from continuous recordings using the Portapres^® system. Results: AAPE decreased during HD in all patients and all hemodynamic signals with the exception of AAPE of mean and diastolic BP in DM patients. GI led to an increase in AAPE for cardiac output in all patients, while AAPE for heart rate and ejection time increased only in DM studies, and AAPE for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, as well as total peripheral resistance, increased only in NDO patients. Conclusions: The reduction in entropy during HD indicates impaired autonomic control in response to external perturbations. This state is partially reversed by the infusion of glucose with differences in central and peripheral responsiveness in DM and NDO patients.     

Occupational Deprivation or Occupational Adaptation of Mexican Americans on Renal Dialysis

The aim of this study was to explore the occupational changes and perceptions experienced by Mexican Americans with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and their families living with dialysis. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 17 Mexican Americans with ESRD and 17 family members. The participants with ESRD described altered or lost activity patterns, capacities and freedoms. With a heightened awareness of death, the family members made altered occupational choices, which were consistent with their cultural values. Changes in the physical body, adhering to the dialysis regimen and environmental restrictions created barriers to occupational participation. These findings suggest that living with dialysis facilitate occupational deprivation among individuals with ESRD and adaption among the family members within cultural alignments. This phenomenon could affect the design of occupational therapy intervention and call for research on the role of occupation therapy services with this population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Effect of Nutritional Interventions on Long-Term Patient Survival in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of malnutrition and subsequent related mortality when starting dialysis. However, there have been few clinical studies on the effect of nutritional interventions on long-term patient survival. A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2016. A total of 186 patients with non-dialysis ESKD started the nutritional education program (NEP), and 169 completed it. A total of 128 patients participated in a NEP over 6 months (personalized diet, education and oral supplementation, if needed). The control group (n = 45) underwent no specific nutritional intervention. The hospitalization rate was significantly lower for the patients with NEP (13.7%) compared with the control patients (26.7%) (p = 0.004). The mortality odds ratio for the patients who did not receive NEP was 2.883 (95% CI 0.993–8.3365, p = 0.051). The multivariate analysis showed an independent association between mortality and age (OR, 1.103; 95% CI 1.041–1.169; p = 0.001) and between mortality and the female sex (OR, 3.332; 95% CI 1.054–10.535; p = 0.040) but not between mortality and those with NEP (p = 0.051). Individualized nutrition education has long-term positive effects on nutritional status, reduces hospital admissions and increases survival among patients with advanced CKD who are starting dialysis programs.     

终末期肾病维持性血液透析患者cTnT、BNP水平检测及其预后分析

目的探讨终末期肾病维持性血液透析患者血清肌钙蛋白(cTnT)、B型钠尿肽(BNP)水平检测与其预后的关系,为患者的临床诊治提供理论依据。方法选取2018年1月-2019年1月在上海曲阳医院就诊的维持性血液透析患者41例为观察组,选取非透析终末期肾病患者41例为对照组。记录两组患者cTnT、BNP超声心动图异常变化情况,比较两组患者死亡发生率及临床资料,分析探讨维持性血液透析患者cTnT、BNP水平检测及其预后的关系。结果观察组患者的收缩压、血肌酐/尿素氮水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。cTnT阴性组患者的超声心动图检测异常发生率(23.52%)明显低于cTnT阳性组患者(58.33%),差异有统计学意义,BNP阴性组患者的超声心动图检测异常发生率(27.78%)明显低于BNP阳性组患者(60.87%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。cTnT阴性组患者的死亡率(11.76%)明显低于cTnT阳性组患者(41.67%),BNP阴性组患者的死亡率(16.67%)明显低于BNP阳性组患者(47.83%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现,cTnT、BNP水平与患者的预后呈正相关。结论 cTnT、BNP水平与患者的预后呈正相关,上述两种指标的检测能有效改善终末期肾病维持性血液透析患者的预后,降低其病死率,值得临床中用于患者生存的评估。     

终末期肾病患者血清氨基酸水平的变化

目的用高效毛细管电泳法分析终末期肾病（ESRD）患者与正常人血清游离氨基酸水平的变化，并探讨氨基酸与患者血白蛋白、血红蛋白和转铁蛋白的相互关系。方法选择ESRD（内生肌酐清除率〈0．25ml／s）尚未开始透析的患者共40例，除外活动性肝脏疾病、急性感染、慢性特异性感染和肿瘤患者；健康对照者24例。常规检测血白蛋白、转铁蛋白、血红蛋白和肌酐的水平，用高效毛细管电泳仪检测血清氨基酸水平。结果与正常人相比，ESRD患者血清非必需氨基酸中酪氨酸浓度显著降低，而半胱氨酸、脯氨酸浓度显著升高（P〈0．05）；缬氨酸／甘氨酸、丝氨酸／甘氨酸比值显著降低（P〈0．05）；血清必需氨基酸中色氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸浓度显著降低（P〈0．05）。甘氨酸与红细胞压积、丝氨酸／甘氨酸比值与红细胞压积和血红蛋白值呈显著正相关，半胱氨酸、缬氨酸和缬氨酸／甘氨酸比值与白蛋白（ALB）呈显著正相关。进一步将ALB按ALB〉30g／L、20g／L≤ALB≤30g／L、ALB〈20g／L分层分析，结果显示3组间缬氨酸浓度差异具有显著性（P=0．029）。酪氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸与转铁蛋白呈显著正相关（P=0．007，P=0．046，P=0．008，P=0．009）。结论ESRD患者血清游离氨基酸代谢与正常人相比，差异具有显著性；必需氨基酸普遍下降；非必需氨基酸高低不一。部分氨基酸的代谢可能影响患者白蛋白、血红蛋白和转铁蛋白的合成。     

Predictors of Chain Acquisition among Independent Dialysis Facilities

Objective. To determine the predictors of chain acquisition among independent dialysis providers. Data Sources. Retrospective facility‐level data combined from CMS Cost Reports, Medical Evidence Forms, Annual Facility Surveys, and claims for 1996–2003. Study Design. Independent dialysis facilities' probability of acquisition by a dialysis chain (overall and by chain size) was estimated using a discrete time hazard rate model, controlling for financial and clinical performance, practice patterns, market factors, and other facility characteristics. Data Collection. The sample includes all U.S. freestanding dialysis facilities that report not being chain affiliated for at least 1 year between 1997 and 2003. Principal Findings. Above‐average costs and better quality outcomes are significant determinants of dialysis chain acquisition. Facilities in larger markets were more likely to be acquired by a chain. Furthermore, small dialysis chains have different acquisition strategies than large chains. Conclusions. Dialysis chains appear to employ a mix of turn‐around and cream‐skimming strategies. Poor financial health is a predictor of chain acquisition as in other health care sectors, but the increased likelihood of chain acquisition among higher quality facilities is unique to the dialysis industry. Significant differences among predictors of acquisition by small and large chains reinforce the importance of using a richer classification for chain status.     

Development of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOLTM) Instrument

This paper describes the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL^TM) Instrument (dialysis version), a self-report measure that includes a 36-item health survey as the generic core, supplemented with multi-item scales targeted at particular concerns of individuals with kidney disease and on dialysis (symptom/problems, effects of kidney disease on daily life, burden of kidney disease, cognitive function, work status, sexual function, quality of social interaction, sleep). Also included were multi-item measures of social support, dialysis staff encouragement and patient satisfaction, and a single-item overall rating of health. The KDQOL^TM was administered to 165 individuals with kidney disease (52% female; 48% male; 47% White; 27% African-American; 11% Hispanic; 8% Asian; 4% Native American; and 3% other ethnicities), sampled from nine different outpatient dialysis centres located in Southern California, the Northwest, and the Midwest. The average age of the sample was 53 years (range from 22 to 87), and 10% were 75 years or older. Internal consistency reliability estimates for the 19 multi-item scales exceeded 0.75 for every measure except one. The mean scores for individuals in this sample on the 36-item health scales were lower than the general population by one-quarter (emotional well-being) to a full standard deviation (physical function, role limitations due to physical health, general health), but similar to scores for dialysis patients in other studies. Correlations of the KDQOL^TM scales with number of hospital days in the last 6 months were statistically significant (p<0.05) for 14 of the 19 scales and number of medications currently being taken for nine of the scales. Results of this study provide support for the reliability and validity of the KDQOL^TM.Development of the KDQOL measure was supported in part by a subgrant from the University of Arizona to RAND and an unrestricted research grant from Amgen to RAND. The measures weee developed for use in the Enhancing the Role of Pharmacists in the Care of Chronic Dialysis Patients Through the Use of Computer-modeled Algorithms for Epogen Dosing research project sponsored by Amgen through a grant to the University of Arizona (S. J. Coons, PI). A copy of the measures can be obtained from RAND free of charge.     

Racial differences in the incidence of end‐stage renal disease

Objective: To examine trends in the incidence of treated end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and variations between blacks and whites.

Design: Retrospective record reviews of all new patients ≥ 15 years starting chronic dialysis during 1980–1988 at the Piedmont Dialysis Center, Forsyth County, North Carolina.

Results: The cumulative nine‐year incidence rate for hypertensive ESRD was 570 per million, and for diabetic ESRD 497 per million. Among men, hypertensive ESRD accounted for the largest proportion of cases (39.2% and 28.4%, blacks and whites respectively), while diabetic ESRD contributed 33.9% of black female cases and 24.4% of white female cases. Compared to whites, blacks were at significantly increased risk, with an adjusted risk odds ratio (OR) of 4.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–6.0) for all causes combined, 6.0 (CI 3.9–9.0) for hypertensive renal disease, 6.0 (CI 3.8–9.3) for renal disease due to insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, and 12.2 (CI 6.9–21.7) due to non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The greatest risk among blacks was seen in the 55–64 year age group, with ORs of 9.1 for all causes combined and 30.6 for hypertensive renal disease. The OR for renal disease due to NIDDM for black versus white women was 20.0 (CI 9.5–41.7). Compared to 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, increased incidence rates were seen in each year after 1984.

Conclusion: These findings show even greater excess risk of ESRD among blacks than previously reported. The majority of the excess risk is seen for ESRD due to hypertention and diabetes, especially NIDDM. The reasons for the increased risk among blacks, and for the increasing incidence rates of ESRD are not known.     

Projecting Long-Term Care Costs for Home and Community-Based Services in China from 2005 to 2050

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to estimate and project the trend in long-term care (LTC) costs for home and community-based services as a percentage of gross domestic product in China between 2005 and 2050.DesignLongitudinal.Setting and ParticipantsWe used 61,249 observations from 37,702 adults age ≥65 years from waves 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys.MethodsLTC costs for home and community-based services consisted of the monetary value of time spent on LTC and the direct LTC cost. We used the age-sex-residence-specific weights provided by the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys to estimate the LTC costs from 2005 to 2018. We used a component-based model to project LTC costs, in which the 2-part model was used to estimate the average LTC costs and the multi-state Markov model approach was used to project the future population by age, sex, and disability state.ResultsThe percentage of older adults with disabilities was projected to increase from 6.1% in 2005 to 7.5% in 2020 and 9.6% in 2050. The total LTC cost for home and community-based services were projected to increase from 0.3% of gross domestic product in 2005 to 0.7% in 2020 and to 6.4% in 2050.Conclusions and ImplicationsPolicymakers in China should take urgent actions to delay the onset of disabilities among older adults, which would curb the increasing LTC costs and maintain the sustainability of the LTC policies.