Transurethral drainage for prostatic abscess in a patient with metastatic testicular cancer undergoing systemic chemotherapy

We report a case of prostatic abscess in a 22-year-old man with metastatic testicular cancer being treated by BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) chemotherapy. This abscess was successfully treated by surgical drainage with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) under the guidance of transrectal ultrasound, allowing the patient to continue be receiving BEP without significant interruption. Drainage TURP is suggested to be a useful strategy for prostate abscess, when prompt control of symptoms caused by prostatic abscess is required.     

良性前列腺增生术后前列腺癌

目的 :提高对前列腺增生术后前列腺癌的认识。　方法 :回顾总结 1 2例 (年龄 6 3～ 82岁 )前列腺增生术后前列腺癌患者的临床资料。前列腺增生术后 1 0个月～ 1 4年 ,平均 5 .6年 ,发现前列腺癌。患者因排尿困难、血尿、疼痛而再次就诊。发现前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)异常 1 1例 ,前列腺结节 8例。B期 3例、C期 3例、D期 6例。 1 2例均行睾丸切除术 ,其中 1 0例加用雄激素受体阻断剂 ,3例行经尿道前列腺切除术 (TURP)。　结果 :随访 4个月～ 8年 ,平均 4 .5年。死亡 3例 ,病变稳定 6例 ,2例病变进展。　结论 :前列腺增生手术不能预防前列腺癌的发生 ,血清PSA和直肠指检是前列腺增生术后前列腺癌诊断的主要方法     

Delayed diagnosis of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation after laser TURP

Laser transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is becoming widely used for surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Yet, one drawback to laser vaporization is the lack of a prostatic tissue sample for pathologic evaluation. We report the case of a 57-year-old man who presented with urinary obstruction, a normal digital rectal examination and a prostate-specific antigen level of 0.44 ng/mL. The patient then underwent transrectal ultrasonography to determine the size of his prostate (60 g). On the basis of these normal findings, laser TURP was performed. The patient's symptoms did not improve after the procedure, and cystoscopy confirmed continued prostatic obstruction. The patient subsequently underwent bipolar TURP, and the pathologic examination of the prostate chips revealed highly aggressive prostate adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. We discuss the potential drawbacks of laser TURP in the diagnosis of clinically undetectable prostate cancer.     

良性前列腺增生TURP术后病理诊断前列腺癌27例分析

目的探讨前列腺增生症病人经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）术后病理检出前列腺癌的临床特点及治疗措施。方法对三家医院于2003年1月～2006年12月经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）327例进行回顾性分析,对比术后病理诊断为前列腺癌的患者与前列腺增生的患者的前列腺抗原及前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）。结果327例患者中PSA在4～10ng/ml间者共112例,PSA在10～20ng/ml之间者共15例。术后病理诊断为前列腺癌的27例,其中有21例患者的PSAD值高于0.15。结论经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）是早期发现前列腺癌的重要手段;前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）有助于更好地鉴别前列腺增生症和前列腺癌。     

诊断性前列腺电切术对血清PSA异常患者的应用研究

目的:探讨诊断性前列腺电切(TURP)在前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常患者中的应用价值及意义,为临床处理前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常的患者提供一种新的手段。方法:收集符合入组标准的患者71例,总结病理为前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分及预后。对所有患者进行术后随访,检测其TURP术后6个月、1年的PSA值及IPSS评分,分析术后血清PSA值、IPSS的变化,评估TURP在前列腺增生伴血清PSA异常患者中的诊疗效果。结果:①40例前列腺穿刺活检阴性而血清PSA持续异常的患者中,2例术后病理示前列腺腺癌(2/40),Gleason评分为6分,另1例电切后病理示前列腺增生组织,但术后血清PSA持续异常(18μg/L),行2次活检,病理诊断为前列腺癌,Gleason评分6分,3例均行前列腺根治性切除术,术后随访恢复好。31例拒绝活检患者中术后病理示前列腺腺癌9例(9/31)。Gleason评分7⁹分,平均8分,1例行前列腺根治性切除术,8例行内分泌治疗。②59例病理诊断为良性前列腺增生(BPH),其中血清PSA恢复正常者56例,显著降低者3例,IPSS评分有明显改善53例,6例尿道狭窄经过尿扩处理后评分亦有改善。结论:诊断性TURP可提高前列腺癌的早期检出率,改善患者的下尿路症状,且有利于患者血清PSA持续正常化。对血清PSA异常(>4μg/L),伴有下尿路梗阻状态、前列腺穿刺活检阴性的患者可考虑行诊断性TURP。     

Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in prostatic abscess

OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical presentation of prostatic abscess and to assess the usefulness of ultrasound-guided needle aspiration as a treatment option for this condition. METHODS: Between October 1984 and November 1997, prostatic abscess was diagnosed in 31 patients. The average age was 60 years (range 29 to 79). Prostate ultrasound was performed using either a hypogastric or transrectal approach. Initial therapy included ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in 24 (77.4%), transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) in 5 (16.1%), or conservative management with antibiotic therapy. During follow-up, ultrasound examinations and urine cultures were performed on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: Past medical history most often included previous urinary infection (15 patients, 48%) and bladder outlet obstruction (13 patients, 42%). Sixty-one percent of patients presented with irritative voiding symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration resolved 83.3% of cases; 2 patients needed a second procedure. Three patients required TURP for drainage and 2 to remove an obstruction after abscess resolution. CONCLUSIONS: A high degree of suspicion is needed to diagnose prostatic abscess clinically. Transrectal ultrasound is necessary for the differential diagnosis. Transrectal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration is a technically simple and effective therapeutic procedure with no morbidity and, in case of failure, may be repeated or a drainage TURP may be undertaken.     

Holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate. Are histological findings comparable?

PURPOSE: We investigated if an adequate histological diagnosis can be made from tissue after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and whether it is comparable to transurethral prostate resection (TURP) tissue findings in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 40 HoLEP and 40 age matched TURP tissue specimens from patients who underwent 1 of the 2 procedures between January 2001 and August 2002. Each histological specimen was reviewed by a single pathologist. Preoperative prostate ultrasound volume, total serum prostatic specific antigen and postoperative tissue weight were evaluated. Microscopic histological diagnosis was assessed by standard histological techniques and immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS: Patients were comparable in terms of age and preoperative total serum prostate specific antigen. Tissue remaining following the procedure was estimated to be 36.3% of preoperative ultrasound volume after HoLEP and 52.8% after TURP (p <0.001). Incidental adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN of the prostate were diagnosed in a comparable percent of specimens in the 2 groups. Tissue thermal artifacts induced by the laser were mostly due to coagulation. Thus, the alterations were similar to those after TURP. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue quality is altered after HoLEP and TURP. General prostatic architecture was maintained in the majority of HoLEP histological specimens. A moderately higher percent of prostatic tissue obtained by the Ho laser is lost by vaporization and coagulation. Nevertheless, these differences do not seem to alter pathologist ability to detect incidental prostate cancer and PIN.     

Post-brachytherapy transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with localized prostate cancer

PURPOSE: We assessed the rate and results of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in patients previously treated with brachytherapy as monotherapy for localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 1998 to May 2003, 600 patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with brachytherapy at our institution. Brachytherapy was performed as monotherapy with curative intent for clinically localized prostate cancer without adjuvant treatment in patients with clinical stages T1c (68.4%) or T2a (31.6%) disease. -Iodine and palladium implants were used in 583 and 7 patients, respectively. A real-time interactive implantation technique was used in all but the first 17 patients, who were treated using a preplanned technique. RESULTS: Of the 600 patients 19 (3.1%) underwent TURP after brachytherapy. Among the patients with acute urinary retention the median interval between prostate brachytherapy and urinary retention was 2 months (range 0.5 to 32). No TURP was done within 6 months after implant. The median interval between prostate brachytherapy and TURP was 7 months (range 6 to 41) and median prostate specific antigen (PSA) before TURP was 0.5 ng/ml (range 0.04 to 3.4). In the 19 patients the median weight of resected prostatic tissue was 8 gm (range 2 to 19) and 1 to 11 seeds were removed (median 5). The perioperative and postoperative courses were uneventful. There was no TURP related incontinence. With a median followup of 28 months after brachytherapy (range 7 to 48) no patient had clinical or biochemical evidence of disease progression, and for the group of 19 patients who underwent TURP median serum PSA at the end of followup was 0.38 ng/ml (range 0.03 to 3.4). CONCLUSIONS: After brachytherapy as monotherapy, TURP can be done safely if indicated. In our experience the resection of prostatic tissue along with a limited number of seeds at least 6 months after implantation did not impair PSA based biological and clinical results of brachy-therapy.     

Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral electrocautery resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial in 200 patients

PURPOSE: Transurethral electrocautery resection (TURP) is generally regarded as the gold standard surgical treatment for bladder outflow obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia despite its rather high morbidity. The high powered holmium:YAG laser can be used endoscopically to enucleate obstructing prostatic tissue in a relatively bloodless manner. The technique of transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) was compared to standard TURP for the surgical management of prostate adenomas in a randomized, prospective clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 urodynamically obstructed patients with a prostate of less than 100 gm on transrectal ultrasound were randomized to HoLEP or TURP. All patients were assessed preoperatively, and 1, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patient baseline characteristics, perioperative data and postoperative outcome were compared. All complications were noted. RESULTS: HoLEP was significantly superior to TURP in terms of catheter time, hospital stay and hemoglobin loss but operative time was longer. HoLEP and TURP resulted in a significant improvement in American Urological Association symptom scores, peak urinary flow rates and post-void residual urine volumes with symptoms scores and residual volume significantly better in the holmium group. Effects on continence and potency were similar in the 2 groups but adverse events were less frequent in the holmium group. CONCLUSIONS: HoLEP and TURP are highly effective procedures for removing obstructing prostatic adenomas. HoLEP resulted in significantly better micturition parameters and less perioperative morbidity.     

前列腺电切术后MRS的随访研究

目的:采用MRS随访前列腺电切术后特征代谢物变化。方法:收集10例前列腺电切术后患者,其中5例前列腺增生,5例前列腺癌,应用MRS分析代谢物不同。结果:前列腺增生可有明显枸橼酸盐峰增高,前列腺癌有明显胆碱峰增高,两者特征代谢物有明显差异。结论:MRS能特异、便捷的了解前列腺电切术后的前列腺疾病复发,进展情况。     

经尿道前列腺电切术治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻的疗效观察

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）联合内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2007年5月～2012年5月采用TURP联合内分泌治疗拟或单纯内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻患者32例,其中13例行单纯行内分泌治疗,19例行TURP联合内分泌治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后血清前列腺特异抗原（PsA）、剩余尿量、最大尿流率、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）及5年生存率。结果：术后3个月,TURP＋内分泌治疗组血PSA、剩余尿量及IPSS分别由术前的（35．7±12．1）ng／ml、（145．0±65．8）ml、（21．4±5．1）分降至（4．9±1．9）ng／ml、（27．0±15．2）ml、（8．7±2．6）分（P〈0．05）,最大尿流率由（4．3±1．6）ml／S增至（11．7±3．7）ml／s（P〈0．05）;治疗12个月后差异仍有显著性（P〈0．05）。单纯内分泌组术后3个月血PSA由（31．4±10．7）ng／ml降至（5．6±2．2）ng／ml,两组比较,血PSA差异无统计学意义;剩余尿量、最大尿流率及IPSS差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。内分泌组5年生存率为50％,TURP＋内分泌组为51．5％,总体生存率差异两组无统计学意义（P=0．919）。结论：TURP＋内分泌治疗能够显著缓解晚期前列腺癌患者膀胱出口梗阻症状,提高患者生活质量,且不影响生存率,是一种安全有效的治疗方式。     

Outcome of radical prostatectomy for incidental carcinoma of the prostate

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate a contemporary series of patients with incidental prostate cancer detected by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1998 and 2004, 1931 patients had TURP for obstructive voiding symptoms and suspected BPH. Incidental prostate cancer was found in 104 (5.4%); 26 of these patients had a RP. The pathological staging and treatment of these patients were reviewed retrospectively and the follow‐up results obtained.

RESULTS

Of the 26 patients who had RP, 17 had T1a and nine had T1b carcinoma of the prostate. After RP, six (35%) in the T1a group had no residual tumour (pT0) and 11 (65%) had pT2 cancer; the respective incidence in those with T1b was two and seven, with no pT3 disease in either group. The preoperative Gleason grading did not correspond well with that after RP; 30% of the patients had upgraded Gleason scores and 42% showed either downgrading or no residual tumour, with 81% having Gleason scores of <7. After a median follow‐up of 47 months, one patient is receiving hormonal therapy because of biochemical relapse.

Conclusion

Subsequent to stringent PSA testing and prostate biopsy when indicated, the rate of incidental prostate cancer is low. Furthermore, substantially many patients will harbour either no residual cancer or tumours with favourable characteristics in their RP specimens. However, there is currently no possibility to reliably predict the absence of aggressive prostate cancer after TURP, and thus safely recommend observation instead of further therapy. Therefore, patients with incidental prostate cancer need to be counselled individually. The decision ‘treatment or no treatment’ should be determined by the patients’ age and life‐expectancy, tumour aggressiveness in the TURP specimen and the prostate‐specific antigen level after TURP.     

良性前列腺增生再次经尿道前列腺切除术116例临床分析

目的分析良性前列腺增生(BPH)再次经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)的原因,并总结临床诊治体会。方法1990年12月-2006年5月,我院收治因BPH行TURP术患者116例。对本组二次住院TURP治疗的临床资料及二次出院后的随诊资料进行回顾分析。结果116例中,初次手术时因高龄高危而选择姑息通道手术者71例(61.2%),前列腺体积大于60mL者83例(71.5%),术中切穿包膜或静脉窦而中止手术者5例(0.4%)。再入院原因,单纯排尿困难46例(39.7%),反复血尿10例(8.6%),排尿困难合并血尿52例(44.8%),排尿困难和(或)血尿同时合并下尿路感染8例(6.9%)。二次入院后经B超及电切镜检查,皆证实有前列腺组织残留或同时合并腺体再增生,再次行TURP治疗。切除残留腺体、再增生腺体。再次手术出院后随访108例,疗效满意94例(87.0%)。结论BPH再次TURP主要由于高龄高危患者、前列腺体积较大、组织残留较多或再增生以及在此病理基础上的继发出血、下尿路感染。再次TURP手术疗效良好。     

Decreased prostatic arachidonic acid in human prostatic carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To measure prostatic and blood fatty acid composition in a large group of patients undergoing prostatectomy for benign or malignant prostate disease, as there is evidence linking arachidonic acid metabolism and prostate cancer through its role as an eicosanoid precursor, and earlier studies showed lower prostatic arachidonic acid content in a few patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prostatic phospholipid fatty acid composition was determined in prostate tissue from 173 patients undergoing prostate surgery, i.e. radical prostatectomy, cystoprostatectomy or transurethral resection (TURP). Blood fatty acid composition was determined in 99 of these patients and in 85 undergoing prostatic needle biopsy. RESULTS: There was a significantly lower percentage of arachidonic acid in malignant than in benign portions of the prostate (15.2% vs 17%) in all patients assessed. The changes were greatest in those undergoing TURP for known prostate cancer (13.4% vs 17.2%), these patients having the greatest proportion of malignancy in the specimens. There were no consistent changes in blood fatty acid composition. CONCLUSION: This is the first prospective study of arachidonic acids levels involving many consecutive patients undergoing prostate surgery for either benign or malignant disease. The lower prostatic arachidonic acid level is probably a result of the increased use of arachidonic acid for producing prostaglandins and/or leukotrienes. Further understanding of the cause and/or consequence of this finding might lead to a better understanding of prostate cancer.     

Transurethral resection of the prostate as catheter-free day-care surgery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) as catheter-free day-care surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 64 patients (mean age 62.4 years) with a mean (range) American Urological Association symptom score of 21.4 (9-31) and prostate volume (by ultrasonography) of 32.8 (17-50) mL, and with no significant comorbidity. The patients were admitted on the morning of the surgery and, under brief spinal anaesthesia, underwent standard TURP. After surgery the urethral catheter was removed as soon as the effluent was clear. The patients were discharged after they could pass urine freely and with a good stream. RESULTS: The mean duration of catheterization after TURP was 7.15 h; 59 patients (92%) had their catheter removed within 10 h (mean duration 6.42 h). There were no major complications during or after TURP. After removing the catheter, no patients required its reinsertion for failure to void or for clot retention. The mean hospital stay after TURP was 10.7 h and 98% of patients were discharged within 23 h of surgery. CONCLUSION: TURP can be conducted safely in a day surgery setting in patients with mild to moderate benign prostatic enlargement and no coexisting medical illness.     

表浅膀胱癌合并前列腺增生经尿道同期电切术的临床观察

目的探讨同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术治疗表浅膀胱癌合并前列腺增生的可行性及疗效。方法65例表浅膀胱癌并前列腺增生患者，31例同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术（A组）；34例单纯行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（B组）。比较两组膀胱癌复发率、复发时间、复发肿瘤升级率及前列腺部尿道种植率。结果所有患者均获随访，平均18.9（12-38）个月。复发时间A组平均15.8月，B组平均13.7月。A、B组术后复发率、复发肿瘤升级率及前列腺尿道种植率分别为35.5%vs 41.2%，27.3%vs 21.4%，3.2%vs 2.9%，组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤加前列腺电切术治疗表浅膀胱癌合并前列腺增生是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，不增加前列腺窝种植的风险，对膀胱癌术后复发无影响。     

Neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate. A case report

We report one case of neuroendocrine tumour of the prostate in a 74 years old patient. The clinical symptomatology was dominated by pollakuria, dysuria. Digital rectal examination showed a bulky prostate, hard and irregular. The rate of PSA was high (23 ng/mL). The endorectal ultrasonography revealed a pelvic heterogeneous mass depending of prostate. The biopsy showed an adenocarcinoma of prostate. The patient underwent a transuretral resection of the prostate (TURP) and pulpectomy. Histology and immunohistochemistry through antibody anti NES and antibody antisynaptophysin of shavings of resection revealed a neuroendocrine tumour of the prostate. Twelve months after, the lung X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography and bone scintigram was normal. The rate of PSA was 2.1 ng/mL.     

The association of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression and subsequent prostate cancer risk in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia following transurethral resection of the prostate

BACKGROUND: Prior data showed prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether PSCA mRNA expression in resected BPH samples was associated with the subsequent presence of cancer following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: PSCA in situ hybridization was performed on the TURP-resected tissues from 288 patients, who were histopathologically confirmed BPH without cancer. All these patients were continuously followed for 9-70 months postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictive performance of PSCA mRNA for subsequent cancer onset following TURP. RESULTS: PSCA mRNA was detected in 93/288 (32.3%) of the resected BPH specimens, with a mean positive-labeling cells of 23.8%, in which 22 patients (23.7%) were identified as having PCa on follow-up. Of 195 patients with negative expression for PSCA mRNA 2 (1.0%) were subsequently found with PCa. PSCA mRNA expression levels were directly proportional to higher Gleason score and clinical T stage. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses demonstrated that only PSCA mRNA expression was predictive of the subsequent cancer development after TURP, however, PSA velocity was an univariately significant but not multivariately significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study identifies PSCA mRNA in BPH as a significant predictor of cancer development after TURP, suggesting that PSCA may be used to identify patients who are at high risk for subsequent cancer onset following TURP for BPH and the PSCA test may be useful when applied for repeat biopsies.     

TURP加综合方法治疗前列腺癌

目的探讨提高对前列腺癌的治疗效果及根治性TURP在前列腺癌中的应用。方法采用TURP及综合方法治疗前列腺癌患者38例。结果全部病例均一次成功，32例随访6～18个月。尿路梗阻症状明显改善或消失。结论TURP加综合治疗能明显提高前列腺癌患者生存质量。     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检诊断早期前列腺癌漏诊原因的分析

目的:分析经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的漏诊原因,减少漏诊率,提高诊断率。方法:80例疑似前列腺癌的良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者行TRUS引导下穿刺活检,结果均为阴性,均行前列腺电切术(TURP),术后标本行病理检查。结果:25例术后病理报告为前列腺癌,漏诊率31.25%(25/80)。其中10例行经会阴前列腺癌根治术、8例行手术去势、7例行药物去势。结论:TRUS引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌存在一定的漏诊,多次或多点穿刺活检可以减少漏诊率。