无张力阴道尿道悬吊术治疗老年女性尿失禁六例临床分析

目的 探讨无张力阴道尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)治疗老年女性尿失禁的临床意义和疗效。方法 采用SPRAC吊带系统对6例单纯性压力性尿失禁老年女性进行TVT治疗，分析其疗效及并发症。结果 6例TVT手术均在硬膜外麻醉下完成，平均手术时间31．6min，术中平均出血36．2ml，5例手术后24h内自行排尿，1例合并肥胖和阴道前壁膨出患者留置尿管1周后自行排尿。术后随访10～28个月，5例尿失禁治愈，1例手术后3个月再次发生尿失禁，2例术后伴不同程度的尿频、尿急，1例自觉耻骨后轻度不适。结论 TVT易操作、创伤小、疗效好，对绝经后老年女性合并肥胖和阴道前壁膨出的压力性尿失禁患者治疗有明显疗效。     

Tension-free vaginal tape for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in geriatric patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in geriatric patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-one women, aged 65-80 (mean 72.3) years, underwent a TVT procedure for genuine SUI from 2001 to 2004. A urodynamic test together with uroflowmetry were performed. The patients' SUI bother score was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: The mean operative time was 25 (range 14-29) min and mean hospitalization time was 1.2 (range 1-2) days. Bladder perforation occurred in 3 cases (5.8%) and was managed conservatively. Pre- and postoperative maximum flow rate were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The patients' SUI bother score estimated by the VAS was statistically significantly improved (p < 0.0001). After a mean follow-up of 35.6 (range 14-60) months, 49 patients (96%) had no SUI, while 2 patients (3.9%) had persistent SUI. Also, during the follow-up 5 patients (9.8%) were diagnosed with de novo urgency due to detrusor overactivity and 1 patient (1.9%) had persistent dysuria that was resolved with urethrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: SUI in elderly women can be safely treated with the TVT procedure in the vast majority of the patients. However, bladder perforation during surgery and de novo urgency postoperatively should be taken into account.     

Experience with Tension‐free Vaginal Tape (TVT)‐SECUR for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

Objectives: Tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT)‐SECUR is a technique specifically designed to place a short suburethral mesh sling for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The aim of the technique is to decrease surgical morbidity. We report our experience of applying this technique on 10 patients. Methods: From June 2007 to July 2007, 10 female patients with SUI underwent TVT‐SECUR placement operation. The sling was inserted in a suprapubic direction over the inner surface of pubic bone (U‐shaped technique). Nine of the patients underwent videourodynamic study (VUDS). The maximal bladder neck decent distance (MBND) by abdominal straining was determined. We identified intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) as a valsalva leak point pressure lower than 60 cm H₂O and hypermobility as MBND more than 2 cm. Results: Two patients had pure ISD, three had hypermobility, and four had both ISD and hypermobility. All patients remained continent for first month after surgery. SUI recurred in five of nine patients at an average of 2.5 months. The recurrence appeared in all three groups of patients. The recurrent SUI was so severe that three patients required repeat surgery using percutaneous prolene tape sling. After surgery, no further SUI was noted in the three patients. During surgery the TVT‐SECUR sling was found to have firmly adhered to perivesical tissue rather than to the pubic bone. Conclusion: Our experience shows that the current design of the TVT‐SECUR results in unpredictable outcomes. Some placed slings may migrate away from the inner surface of the pubic bone. To act as a reliable “hammock”, the sling must be securely fixed on immobile structures independent from the bladder/urethra.     

Value of Maximum Urethral Closure Pressure in Predicting the Outcome of Tension‐Free Vaginal Tape and Transobturator Tape Procedure

Objectives: The short‐term results for the tension‐free vaginal tape procedure (TVT) and the transobturator tape procedure (TOT) for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were compared using the preoperative maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP). Methods: A total of 278 patients treated for SUI was considered: 165 who underwent TVT and 113 who underwent TOT retrospectively. The MUCP in a preoperative urodynamic study before and 3 months after surgery were evaluated. Results: At 3 months after TVT, 159 patients (96.4%) were cured and four patients failed. The mean MUCP of the patients who failed was 22.5 ± 5.3 cmH₂O, which was significantly lower than that among the cured patients (P < 0.007). At 3 months after TOT, 100 patients (88.5%) were cured and seven patients failed. The mean MUCP of the patients who failed was 27 ± 6.3 cmH₂O, which was significantly lower than that among the cured patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean MUCP among the patients who were cured after TOT was significantly higher than that among the patients who were cured after TVT (P < 0.01). A further analysis using a ROC curve indicated that the MUCP value in the successful patients after TVT was ≧ 24 cmH₂O and that in the failures after TOT was ≦ 30 cmH₂O with selection sensitivity at 80%. Conclusion: These results suggest that the failure cases after TVT or TOT are often found in SUI with a low MUCP and that TVT might be superior to TOT in SUI with a MUCP ≦ 30 cmH₂O.     

Patient Reported Goal Achievement Following the Midurethral Sling Procedure for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

Objectives: Patient perspective is very important for evaluating surgical outcomes. We investigated patient reported goal achievement, overall satisfaction and objective outcome following the midurethral sling (MUS) procedure for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: The study prospectively enrolled 88 SUI patients who underwent the MUS procedure between August 2006 and December 2006. Patient examination included medical history, physical examination and an urodynamic study prior to surgery. Before surgery, patients were shown a list and asked to nominate one goal which they most wanted to achieve with surgery (i.e., the target goal). The goals were classified as: symptom‐related, daily life‐related, personal relationship‐ and emotion‐related, and others. Before and after the surgery, patients completed a Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom‐Short Form questionnaire. At 1 year postoperatively, patients were assessed in terms of achievement of the target goal, overall satisfaction and cure rate. Results: At the 1‐year follow‐up, overall target goals were achieved in 90.1% of patients, 82 (93.2%) patients were satisfied with the treatment, and 82 (93.2%) patients were cured. For most patients, the target goals were symptom‐related (47 patients, 53.4%). The patients whose goal achievement was less than overall goal achievement were significantly less satisfied than those who fully achieved their goal, and goal achievement was also related to objective cure. Conclusion: Achievement of patient goals was high and could be a good measure of surgical success following MUS for female SUI.     

Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Incontinence Surgery

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is said to effect up to 80 % of all women who complain of some type of urinary leakage. As education about the diagnosis and treatment of SUI becomes more widespread, there is a need for understanding the efficacy and potential complications of the therapies used to treat this condition. It is widely accepted that the gold standard for treatment of SUI is mid-urethral sling (MUS). One significant complication of the MUS procedure is subsequent bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). We review the incidence and etiology of BOO following MUS and hope this document can be used as a guide for identifying patients who may be affected by postsurgical BOO. Additionally, we discuss modalities for achieving a timely and accurate diagnosis and highlight recent evidence regarding the various applications of urodynamic studies, when concerned for BOO. Lastly, various managements of this complication are discussed. This chapter serves as a comprehensive overview of BOO after incontinence procedures, highlighting the recent research contributions, which have enhanced our understanding of this potential complication when treating SUI.     

Simultaneous Treatment of Female Urethral Diverticulum and Stress Urinary Incontinence with Urethral Diverticulectomy and Suburethral Synthetic Mesh Sling

Objectives: Pubovaginal fascial sling along with urethral diverticulectomy has been advised as the most appropriate anti‐incontinence procedure for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with concomitant urethral diverticula (UD). We believe that suburethral synthetic mesh tape sling can also be safely used in some patients with concomitant SUI and UD. Herein, we present our experience for simultaneous treatment of UD and SUI with urethral diverticulectomy and suburethral synthetic mesh tape sling. Methods: From 2003 to 2008, there are three patients with UD and SUI in our institution. They received transvaginal urethral diverticulectomy and suburethral synthetic mesh tape sling simultaneously. Videourodynamics was done before and three months after the surgery. Results: Preoperative pelvis magnetic resonance imaging and videourodynamic study showed UD over distal urethra and SUI in all three patients. Urinalysis disclosed mild pyuria in two of the patients, and they both received intravenous antibiotics treatment to eradicate the infection prior to the surgery. They all underwent urethral diverticulectomy with suburethral synthetic mesh tape sling. The postoperative videourodynamic study showed no recurrence of UD and SUI. With a mean follow up of 33.3 months, there was no infection or exposure of synthetic mesh tape. Conclusions: In patients with UD and SUI, suburethral sling using synthetic mesh can be as effective and safe as facial sling in selected patients.     

经闭孔阴道无张力吊带术治疗老年女性压力性尿失禁的近期疗效观察

目的 观察经闭孔阴道无张力吊带术(TVT-O)治疗老年女性Ⅰ、Ⅱ型压力性尿失禁患者近期疗效.方法 选取已行TVT-O手术治疗半年至3年的老年女性Ⅰ、Ⅱ型压力性尿失禁患者73例,术前年龄60～72岁,平均(64.0±6.5)岁,采用尿失禁相关生活质量问卷(ⅡQ-7)、生活质量和尿生殖系统症状总表(UDI-6)进行电话问卷调查,比较患者术前、术后日常生活与下尿路症状的差异.结果 73例患者随访资料完整,术前患者做家务、活动、娱乐、外出、社交及情绪明显受到尿失禁症状影响,ⅡQ-7评分为9～25分,平均(17.0±6.7)分;下尿路症状尿急、尿频、运动、漏尿量、排尿困难及尿痛评分为8～21分,平均(14.0±4.7)分.轻度尿频8.2％(6例),尿垫使用率为97.3％(71例).11例患者诉排尿有耻骨上区不适.术后患者自评生活质量明显改善,ⅡQ-7评分2～13分,平均(6.4±3.2)分,下尿路症状评分1～9分,平均(5.4±3.2)分.轻度尿频1.4％(1例).39例(53.4％)患者尿失禁症状完全消失,尿垫使用率46.6％(34例).18例(24.7％)患者诉术后排尿有轻度耻骨上区不适.结论 TVT-O术是治疗老年女性Ⅰ、Ⅱ型压力性尿失禁患者较理想的选择.     

Challenge of One‐incision Midurethral Sling for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Current Results

As a result of the understanding of the pathogenesis of stress urinary incontinence in females, a tension‐free vaginal tape procedure has been introduced based on integral theory and is now widely used because of its minimal invasiveness and high success rate. Modifications over the last 10 years include changes to mesh type, technique and route of insertion of sling materials. Long‐term efficacy and quality of life data of the different midurethral sling (MUS) procedures are available. However, complications, such as bladder and urethral injury, persistent groin pain, vascular and nerve injury, and voiding difficulty can occur. Recently, one‐incision MUS procedures without tape outlets have been developed to reduce surgical invasiveness and lower the risk of complications. However, few studies have reported the outcomes following one‐incision MUS procedures. The present report reviews studies of one‐incision MUS procedures to determine whether this technique can be used in the place of older techniques. It appears that while one‐incision MUS procedures may be associated with lower complication rates, success rates may also be lower, although the latest results are promising. It takes a long time for the surgeon to become an expert in performing the technique. Proper sling tension and correct surgical plane are very important. At the moment it seems that the one‐incision sling cannot replace older slings. We need to wait for and review the long‐term prospective results of the new and minimally invasive one‐incision sling for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.     

TVT and TOT: a comparison between these two techniques based on our clinical experience

AIM OF THE STUDY: A retrospective evaluation and a comparison of results from two minimally invasive surgery techniques that we adopted for the treatment of SUI. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this study we evaluated 113 selected patients who underwent SUI minimally invasive surgery from 1-1-2000 to 31-12-2007. 87 patients underwent epidural anesthesia. 26 local anesthesia. In Group A (TVT) 61 patients were enrolled, mean age 57.6 (±22). 43 patients (70%) were on menopause. In Group B (TOT out-in) 52 patients were enrolled (for 34 of them we used the Obtape? sling while for 18 the Obtryx? one), their mean age was 58.5 (±20.5) and 39 patients (75%) were on menopause. Patients from both groups did not undergo any past previous urogynecological surgery and suffered from stress urinary incontinence with cervico-urethral hypermobility butno other associated pathology. The pre-operative work-up included an evaluation of patients based on ICS guidelines. RESULTS. Group A (TVT) - mean follow-up 66.3 months, dry patients 53/61 (86.8%). Bladder perforations resolved by catheterization 3/61 (5%). Transient voiding dysfunction 14/61 (22.8%). "De novo" urgency 8/61 (13%). One patient on self-catheterization due to persistent urinary retention underwent a single-side section of the sling with spontaneous micturition and complete continence recovery. Group B (TOT out-in) - mean follow-up 35.5 months, dry patients 43/52 (82%). 4 patients (7.6%) complained oftransient voiding dysfunction, 5 patients (9.5%) for "de novo" urgency, 1 patient underwent a sling removal due to vaginal erosion 4 months after surgery (Obtape?).     

不同路径手术治疗老年女性压力性尿失禁的对比研究

目的 评价经耻骨后间隙、经闭孔的2种路径尿道中段悬吊术在治疗老年女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的安全性和临床效果.方法 选择2003年6月至2005年6月单纯性SUI患者52例,采用经耻骨后间隙的阴道尿道中段网片悬吊术(IVS);2005年10月至2008年10月单纯性SUI患者112例,采用自制聚丙烯网片及穿刺锥行改良闭孔尿道中段悬吊术(改良TVT-O);对2组患者治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果 IVS组手术治愈率80.8%(42/52),好转率13.5%(7/52);改良TVT-O组手术治愈率84.8%(95/112),好转率11.6%(13/112),2组患者术后1个月随访均有无效病例,其中IVS组3例,改良TVT-O组4例.对7例无效病例,均再次行前路悬吊术.术后6个月、12个月随访结果提示患者均恢复良好.2组患者各有1例术后控制排尿效果良好,但出现了网片侵蚀,予拆除网片后重新行前路悬吊术,疗效良好.仅在IVS组有3例术中常规行膀胱镜检查时发现有膀胱损伤.2组患者手术治疗后控制排尿效果比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).改良TVT-O组在手术时间、出血量、治疗费用均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 改良TVT-O、IVS 2种手术方法简单、操作安全,均为高效、微创的控尿手术,但改良TVT-O手术时间短、价格更低廉,易为患者接受.     

The Bladder Neck Sling: What Role Remains?

A decade ago, bladder neck slings were recognized as the gold standard technique for a majority of patients. Today, tension-free vaginal tape is widely accepted as the standard approach for index surgery in female stress urinary incontinence. Recently published articles have demonstrated a decrease in the use of bladder neck slings and a significant increase in the use of mid urethral synthetic slings. Currently, bladder neck sling procedures appear to confer a cure rate similar to open retropubic colposuspension and mid urethral sling procedures, but the long-term adverse event profiles are still unclear. Although, bladder neck slings remain in the armamentarium of pelvic surgeons, they are reserved mainly for pediatric patients and for complex patients at high risk for urethral damage, with recurrent urinary incontinence and with low-pressure urethras, as well as for the patients who may refuse having synthetic slings. This article reviews the role of bladder neck slings in the era of the midurethral slings.     

Management of Recurrent Stress Urinary Incontinence After Failed Mid-Urethral Sling Placement

Purpose of Review

Our objective is to review the current literature on recurrent stress urinary incontinence after mid-urethral sling placement, focusing on evidence-based management considerations for this complex clinical problem.

Recent Findings

Conservative, minimally invasive surgical therapies are currently available for management of persistent or recurrent SUI after a previous mid-urethral sling (MUS).

Summary

Our review of the literature does not show a clear benefit of one approach over others and emphasizes that the ideal management for these complex patients should be determined using an individualized approach with a detailed discussion of patient symptoms, past surgical history, and goals. For symptomatic patients who are surgical candidates and desire intervention, trans-urethral bulking agents, repeat retropubic (RP) MUS, or salvage autologous pubovaginal (PV) sling appear to be the most well-described management strategies.

     

Management of Complications Related to Mesh Use Within the Female Pelvis

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common indication for surgery throughout the world. Since the introduction of the tension-free vaginal tape in 1998, using mesh for vaginal prolapse repairs has become commonplace. Early studies did not show sufficiently high levels of evidence of advantages provided by mesh repairs but instead revealed fairly high erosion rates. Despite the initial research, use of pelvic organ prolapse surgery with mesh is increasing. It is imperative to have a good understanding of the mesh available on the market, appropriate use in patients, and the serious risks of complications.     

Secondary Transobturator Tape Procedure after Combined Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair

A 66‐year‐old female who underwent a partial urethrectomy complained of severe incontinence due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Bone anchor surgical technique was performed, but in 3 years, serious pelvic organ prolapse had occurred. Consequently, anterior and posterior tension‐free vaginal mesh operation was planned. Preoperative urodynamic examination predicted postoperative stress incontinence, and concurrent transobturator tape (TOT) surgery was performed. After 3 months, stress incontinence reoccurred, and secondary TOT was performed. Relapse was probably caused by dislocation of the first TOT towards the bladder neck. Thus, the secondary TOT was placed distal to the initial tape towards the external urethral meatus, and proper tension was applied. After the operation, stress incontinence was cured. Thus, a second TOT procedure, with proper positioning and tensioning, can effectively cure stress incontinence that occurs after an initial TOT procedure.     

Severe Thigh Abscess Two Years after Transobturator Sling Operation

Objectives: Tension‐free vaginal tape has gained large popularity owing to the ease of the procedure and its effectiveness. These procedures were initially thought to rarely involve any significant morbid complications. The transobturator tape (TOT) procedure reproduces the natural suspension similar to the tension‐free vaginal tape with a reduction in potential bladder, bowel, and vascular complications by the retropubic approach. However, the TOT procedure is not risk‐free when improperly performed. We report a rare case of abscess formation after TOT. Methods: A 45‐year‐old woman was admitted to the orthopedic department with the chief complaint of right side thigh pain and swelling. Pelvis MRI showed abscess formation and inflammatory changes extending into the soft tissues and muscles between the right gracilis and adductor femoris. During incision and open drainage, the remnant mesh could not be located. On urologic consult, the pelvic examination located the remnant mesh to the right upper vaginal wall. Our patient underwent excision of the mesh material. Results: She had significant improvement of the leg pain and was discharged home in good condition on postoperative day 7. Ultimately, the treatment for this complication was the removal of the mesh. Conclusion: Treatment for thigh abscess after TOT was the removal of the mesh. All patients should be counseled about this potential complication.     

Efficacy of Synthetic Suburethral Slings in Female Urinary Stress Incontinence with Overactive Bladder

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of synthetic suburethral slings in female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients with overactive bladder (OAB). Methods: From May 2002 to April 2005, a total of 295 women with SUI underwent suburethral sling procedure. Of the 295 women, only those who were followed up for at least 12 months were included in the study, yielding 236 patients. The patients were divided into three groups: pure SUI; SUI with OAB dry; and SUI with OAB wet. Telephone questionnaires by were used to evaluate the postoperative improvement of SUI and storage symptoms. Results: There were significant differences in preoperative symptom score, quality of life (QoL) score, and preoperative voided volume among the three groups. There were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of the cure rate for the stress component (group 1, 88.6%; group 2, 86.2%; group 3, 86.7%; P = 0.943). Eighty percent of group 1 patients improved in frequency, but two patients (2.3%) complained of de novo urgency. In group 2, 81.5 and 82.7% improved in frequency and urgency, respectively, but one patient (1.7%) complained of de novo urge incontinence. In group 3, 76.9 and 84.4% improved in frequency and urge incontinence, respectively. Conclusion: Suburethral slings are simple, safe and highly effective in treating SUI with OAB.     

The autologous pubovaginal fascial sling: An update in 2019

The contemporary management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has seen renewed interest in the use of autologous fascia for the formation of a retropubic suburethral sling. Traditionally, it has been used in only the most severe of incontinence cases, such as those women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency, or in patients requiring concomitant reconstructive procedures. In the current climate surrounding transvaginal mesh, many doctors and patients are shying away from the less morbid synthetic midurethral sling. International literature has demonstrated that the fascial sling is a safe and efficacious procedure for all patients with SUI, adequately treating both urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency. This paper will discuss the indications, technique, and outcomes of autologous fascial slings. We will explore the use of fascial slings following failed synthetic slings and also the troubleshooting of commonly encountered issues intra‐ and postoperatively.     

Is there still a place for the pubovaginal sling at the bladder neck in the era of the midurethral sling?

Perhaps the most significant advance in the modern-day surgical management of stress urinary incontinence is the introduction of the tension-free midurethral sling procedures. Based on a theory of anatomy and function, which emphasizes the importance of the midurethra in maintaining continence during stress, these minimally invasive procedures are being used widely in the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence. As surgeons continue to experience excellent early results, a major concern is defining the role of the traditional pubovaginal sling placed at the bladder neck. In addition to the obvious indications to consider a more traditional sling procedure (markedly atrophic vaginal wall or situations that may promote sling erosion), are there other clinical scenarios in which there still is a role for the traditional pubovaginal sling? Several clinical conditions that warrant consideration of a traditional sling procedure are presented in this review. Based on the mechanism of action and clinical data demonstrating decreased efficacy of midurethral sling procedures, we propose that a traditional pubovaginal sling be considered in the following clinical conditions: lack of urethral mobility, mixed urinary incontinence, concomitant urethral reconstruction, and after a failed sling procedure. In the absence of randomized control trials, we present evidence that makes a case for consideration of the traditional sling procedure in these complex clinical conditions.     

中老年女性盆腔器官脱垂患者尿动力学检查106例临床分析

目的探讨女性盆腔脏器脱垂（pelvic organ prolapse,POP）的尿动力学特点,了解盆腔脏器脱垂与压力性尿失禁（stress urinary incontinence,SUI）的关系。方法对2006年1月至2009年12月在本院就诊的106例女性盆腔脏器脱垂患者,采用盆腔脏器脱垂评估分类法（pelvic organ prolapse quantitative examination,POP-Q）评估,并进行尿动力学检查,测定尿动力学参数,对结果进行统计学分析。结果 106例盆腔脏器脱垂患者中,合并SUI 76例（Ⅰ型SUI 36例,Ⅱ型24例,Ⅲ型16例）（71.7%,76/106）,混合性尿失禁10例（9.4%,10/106）。结论盆腔脏器脱垂与SUI密切相关。尿动力学检查在女性盆腔脏器脱垂的诊断治疗方面具有重要指导意义。