儿童食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗

目的　探讨儿童食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的预防和治疗措施。　方法　 1988年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年 5月收治食管腐蚀伤儿童 32例 ,早期采用食管扩张 3例 ,食管腔内置管 8例 ;后期采用结肠代食管 14例 ,胃代食管 5例 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复 2例。　结果　全组手术治愈 31例 ,死亡 1例 ;术后发生并发症 9例 ,其中吻合口瘘 6例 ,吻合口狭窄 2例 ,颈部瘘 1例 ,均治愈。 2 8例随访 1～ 12年 ,均恢复进普通饮食 ;3例失访。　结论　早期食管腔内置管对预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄有明显疗效 ,结肠代食管术是后期食管重建的主要手段 ,主动脉弓以下瘢痕食管可切除用胃重建 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复术是治疗颈部局限性食管狭窄的理想方法     

食管腐蚀伤外科治疗中的几个问题探讨

本文报告我科外科治疗之食管腐蚀伤８４例，９１．７％为碱性腐蚀伤。２３例采用食管腔内置管预防狭窄，优良效果２０例，占８４．７％；结肠代食管３６例，死亡３例（８．３％），胃代食管和局部成形１１例均治愈，其他手术１７例。本文对食管腔内置管、狭窄瘢痕是否切除及食管重建进行了讨论，并介绍了颈阔肌皮瓣修复吻合口狭窄的体会。     

皮瓣和肌皮瓣在食管外科中的应用

食管切除后常用胃或结肠来进行重建,但对于一些病变位置过高、合并胃或结肠病变、胃或结肠已做过手术、局限性严重食管狭窄患者,可选择其他方法重建或修复。能用于修复及重建食管皮瓣、肌皮瓣有十余种,根据血供来源分为游离皮瓣及带蒂肌皮瓣。游离皮瓣需血管吻合,一旦出现血管阻塞,易发生皮瓣坏死,以选择带蒂肌皮瓣修复及重建食管为宜。胸大肌皮瓣及背阔肌皮瓣尽管血运丰富,但肌皮瓣臃肿,且难以形成管状重建全周食管。颈阔肌皮瓣面积大,多源性血液供应,单侧可用于修复颈段食管缺损,双侧能重建全周颈段食管,手术操作简便,疗效可靠,长期随访皮瓣无溃疡及毛发生长,且能耐受放疗,值得推广应用。     

食管破裂诊断及外科手术方式的选择——附36例临床分析

目的探讨食管破裂的诊断与手术方式。方法 1980-01—2012-06间共收治36例食管破裂与穿孔患者。保守治疗2例,手术治疗34例。单纯食管破裂修补术、食管破裂修补加肋间肌瓣、膈肌瓣、带蒂大网膜覆盖破裂口8例;破裂食管切除、Ⅰ期食管胃胸内或颈部吻合术3例;纵膈引流、胸腔引流或食管"T"管引流加空肠造瘘6例;食管旷置或颈部食管造瘘,加纵膈、胸腔引流及空肠造瘘,Ⅱ期消化道重建2例,其中1例为经胸骨后管状胃与颈部食管吻合;颈部食管旁切开引流术及食管支架置入术各1例。贲门失弛缓症、食管癌、食管癌术后吻合口狭窄扩张或支架置入时破裂5例:姑息性食管癌切除、吻合口狭窄部切除再游离胃行颈部吻合术4例,食管破裂修补术加破裂食管对侧Heller手术1例。合并多发性肋骨骨折肺深部裂伤、脾破裂胃破裂、车祸胸部贯通伤伴胸壁皮肤Ⅱ度烧伤各1例:行肺裂伤修补,胸腹联合切口行脾切除胃破裂修补术加胃空肠造瘘,1例伤后6d,确诊食管破裂,行食管破裂修补及肋间肌瓣加固。1例食管异物40 d,致食管-主动脉瘘(AEF),左心转流下阻断主动脉,修补主动脉破口,切除胸段食管行颈部食管胃吻合,获成功。食管胸中段化学性烧伤致穿孔1例,I期行胸段食管切除食管胃颈部吻合术。食管破裂修补术后再瘘3例:行胸腔廓清、上下胸腔引流及空肠造瘘。结果治愈27例,其中3例并吻合口狭窄,经扩张后好转。死亡9例。结论选择合理方式治疗食管破裂至关重要。要综合考虑食管破裂的原因、部位、时间、大小、原发疾病、并发症、纵隔及胸腔感染情况。     

Platysma myocutaneous flap interposition in surgical management of large acquired post-traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula: A case report

INTRODUCTIONAcquired post-traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an uncommon entity requiring early diagnosis. Among the many strategies in surgical management, we report a case successfully treated with a single-stage tracheal resection and esophageal repair with platysma myocutaneous interposition flap.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 24-year-old man had a motor vehicle accident with head injury and cerebral contusion who required mechanical ventilation support. Three weeks later, he developed hypersecretion, and recurrent episodes of aspiration pneumonia. The chest computed tomography, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and bronchoscopy revealed a large TEF diameter of 3 cm at 4.5 cm from carina. Single-stage tracheal resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis and esophageal repair with platysma myocutaneous interposition flap was performed. A contrast esophagography was done on post-operative day 7 and revealed no leakage. He was discharged on post-operative day 10. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy at 1 month revealed patient esophageal lumen. At present he is doing well without any evidence of complications such as esophageal stricture or fistula.DISCUSSIONThere are many choices of myocutaneous muscle flaps in trachea and esophageal closure or reinforcement. The platysma myocutaneous flap interposition is simple with the advantage of reduced bulkiness. Concern on the vascular supply is that flap should be elevated with the deep adipofascial tissue under the platysma to ensure that the flap survival is not threatened.CONCLUSIONThe treatment of acquired TEF with platysma myocutaneous flap is an alternative procedure for a large uncomplicated TEF as it is effective, technically ease, minimal donor site defect and yields good surgical results.     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

Prevention of stricture with intraluminal stenting through laparotomy after corrosive esophageal burns.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to present our experience in preventing esophageal stricture formation using modified intraluminal stenting in patients with caustic burns. METHODS: Between April 1976 and June 2005, 33 of 162 patients with corrosive esophageal burns were included in this study. Endoscopy was performed to define the degree of injury in all the patients but one. Among the 33 patients, 31 underwent modified esophageal intraluminal stenting through laparotomy 2-3 weeks after ingestion of corrosive agent and the remaining 2 patients underwent immediately after experiencing esophageal perforation. RESULTS: There was no death in this series. A 1-year-old child had aspiratory pneumonia because of poor compliance. The stent was removed without requiring anesthesia after it had been in situ for 4-6 months in the 33 patients. All the patients had a normal intake of food after removal of the stents, and stricture was not found on barium swallow. However, five patients had esophageal stenosis from 2 to 3 months during follow-up. One of them responded to esophageal bougienage, the remaining four patients required esophageal reconstruction and had a normal diet postoperatively. Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring in five patients showed that there was no gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSION: The modified esophageal intraluminal stent is able to prevent the formation of caustic esophageal stricture.     

结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄100例

目的 总结结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的临床经验及疗效。方法回顾分析100例应用结肠或胃重建食管烧伤后食管瘢痕狭窄的临床资料。74例未切除瘢痕段食管，结肠经胸骨后隧道上提至颈部或咽部吻合；26例经胸切除瘢痕段食管，行食管胃胸内吻合23例，颈部吻合3例。结果结肠重建食管死亡5例（6．8％），术后发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（18．9％），吻合口狭窄5例（6．8％）。26例胃重建食管者无死亡，术后发生吻合口狭窄2例，脓胸1例。结论食管烧伤后高位的广泛狭窄可旷置瘢痕段食管采用结肠重建，中下段病变能在主动脉弓下吻合者可切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建，提高外科技术可明显降低结肠重建食管的并发症。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣设计及其临床应用

总结了1978～1991年间,因面颊、下唇部肿瘤或颞颌关节强直共69例,采用颈阔肌肌皮瓣分别以三种术式进行修复。①常规术式:主要用于修复患侧的颊部缺损。②颈阔肌-胸锁乳突肌复合术式:主要用于舌再造及修复口底缺损。③颈阔肌折叠术式:主要用于再造“下颌关节囊”治疗真性颞颌关节强直。全部病例均获满意疗效。应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复面颊缺损是行之有效的手术方法。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣设计及其临床应用

总结了１９７８～１９９１年间，因面颊、下唇部肿瘤或颞颌关节强直共６９例，采用颈阔肌肌皮瓣分别以三种术式进行修复。①常规术式：主要用于修复患侧的颊部缺损。②颈阔肌－胸锁乳突肌复合术式：主要用于舌再造及修复口底缺损。③颈阔肌折叠术式：主要用于再造“下颌关节囊”治疗真性颞颌关节强直。全部病例均获满意疗效。应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复面颊缺损是行之有效的手术方法     

食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的介绍食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的手术方法,并评价其疗效。方法食管腐蚀伤后3周内入院33例,除1例发生食管穿孔外均经食管镜检查诊断为度或度烧伤,所有患者均采用食管腔内置管方法预防瘢痕狭窄,4～6个月后拔管。结果本组无手术死亡,拔管后患者均恢复正常进食,食管X线钡餐检查无狭窄。随访1～60个月,随访期间28例进食无梗阻,5例拔管后2～3个月发生食管狭窄,其中1例经食管扩张治愈,另4例施行食管重建手术,术后进普通食物无梗阻。结论食管腔内置管能预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄,加用异烟肼能增强其疗效。     

颈阔肌皮瓣在颈段食管外科中的应用

应用颈阔肌皮瓣重建颈段食管全周性缺损和修复颈部食管狭窄７例。结果肌瓣全部成活；无术后死亡。除１例因进食呛咳需部分鼻饲饮食外，余６例完全恢复吞咽功能。文中对手术方法、优点及体会进行了讨论。     

颈部高压电烧伤的修复

目的 探讨颈部高压电烧伤的修复方法. 方法 1985年以来笔者单位共收治37例颈部高压电烧伤患者,清创后采用背阔肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合胸大肌肌皮瓣移植修复创面. 结果 除3例皮瓣边缘部分坏死(坏死带宽1～2 cm)外,其余皮瓣成活,移植局部外观、功能恢复满意. 结论颈部高压电烧伤后,早期彻底清创并采用带蒂肌皮瓣及联合皮瓣修复是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法.     

A simple technique of oblique anastomosis can prevent stricture formation in primary repair of esophageal atresia

BackgroundAnastomotic stricture is an important problem after esophageal atresia (EA) repair. This study evaluates a technique of oblique esophageal anastomosis without use of a flap in order to prevent stricture formation.MethodsMedical records of 16 patients (14 with EA type III and 2 with EA type IV Ladd-Gross classification) who underwent primary repair of EA at birth without anastomotic tension were reviewed, evaluating long-term follow-up results. All patients were studied with esophageal contrast study, pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance, and endoscopy. The incidence of complications and their management were analysed.ResultsContrast esophagogram and esophagoscopy always showed regular patency of the suture line.ConclusionsOur technique of oblique anastomosis is simple, safe, and effective in preventing stricture formation even in the long-term follow-up.     

Platysma myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction.

Fourteen patients were treated for intraoral epidermoid carcinoma with a single stage reconstructive technic employing a myocutaneous flap based upon the platysma muscle. This flap carries on its distal tip a portion of isolated cervical skin to be used for intraoral replacement of the resected tissue. The flap has proved to be highly reliable and has significant benefits over many other technics commonly employed for head and neck reconstruction.     

胃浆肌瓣包套的食管胃吻合术

目的 探讨预防食管,贲门癌手术后吻合口瘘和狭窄,返流性食管炎发生的方法。方法 对２７３例贲门癌,食管下段癌患者,随机分为治疗组１４５例,对照组１２８例,并分别采用胃浆肌瓣包套的食管胃吻合术及传统的食管胃二层同心圆吻合术。结果 治疗组无吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄,返流性食管炎１０例。     

Complete mechanical cervical anastomosis using a narrow gastric tube after esophagectomy for cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Fibrous stenosis of the esophagogastric cervical anastomosis remains a significant complication occurring in up to one-third of cases. Trying to reduce the incidence of this complication, we describe our technique of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis using endoscopic linear stapler which seems to reduce the incidence of fibrous stricture formation after resection of esophageal cancer. METHODS: Between March 2000 and June 2003, 26 patients (15 males and 11 females) underwent esophagectomy using tubulized stomach for reconstruction. Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis using linear endoscopic stapler was performed in all cases. The occurrence of post-operative anastomotic leak and development of anastomotic stricture were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: All patients survived esophagectomy and were available for post-operative follow-up. Anastomotic leak developed in one case. No patient developed fibrous stenosis that required dilatation therapy. CONCLUSION: Complete mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis, using endoscopic linear stapler is effective and safe, even when a narrow gastric tube is used as esophageal substitute. This technique seems superior to other techniques to reduce the incidence of post-operative anastomotic complications.     

Esophageal replacement with colon interposition in children.

During a 21-year period, 39 colon interposition operations were performed on 37 children at the UCLA Medical Center and the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The average age at the time of operation was 5.8 years. The indications for operation were esophageal atresia in 23 patients and other benign strictures in 14 patients. The duration of patient follow-up ranged from 6 months to 21 years (mean: 9.7 years). The most common complications were esophagocolonic anastomotic leak (12), esophagocolonic anastomotic stricture (14), pneumonia, and pneumothorax. Fourteen of the 25 patients with retrosternal colon interposition had complications (56%), whereas 10 of 14 patients with left thoracic colon interposition had complications (71%). One patient died (mortality: 3%) after left thoracic interposition because of severe respiratory distress associated with other malformations. Each of the 18 patients with isoperistaltic colon interposition showed rapid transit and emptying, provided that obstruction or extensive dilatation did not occur; reverse colon segments were more dilated and emptied more slowly. The 25 patients with retrosternal colon segments had less colonic distension with better emptying than did the 14 patients with left thoracic interposition. Thirty-two of the 36 children increased their weight percentile after colon interposition. Within 2 years after cervical anastomotic stricture or leak, 78% of these children were asymptomatic and gaining weight. Thirty-one of the 37 patients (84%) had excellent results with colon interposition, with a mean follow-up of 9.7 years. Most of the major postoperative complications occurred within the first few weeks and were corrected during the first few months after operation. Preservation of the esophagus should be the surgeon's first priority; however, prolonged attempts to elongate the esophagus for anastomosis in certain patients with long-gap esophageal atresia have been more hazardous in our experience than has colon interposition.     

颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管狭窄的疗效观察

目的 探讨颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管狭窄的疗效。方法 回顾分析1990年4月至2001年7月，采用单侧颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管狭窄23例的近期及远期效果。结果 全组无手术死亡。肌皮瓣全部成活，3例发生吻合口瘘，更换敷料后愈合，术后随访6-136个月，2例术后4个月和6个月发生吻合口狭窄，分别经扩张和再次手术修复治愈；所有病人均能正常经口进普食。纤维食管镜检查示肌皮瓣无糜烂，溃疡及癌变。结论 颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管狭窄，具有创伤小，转移就近，方便，能一期完成手术，并发症少，远期疗效好等优点，临床上值得推广应用。     

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Myocutaneous Flap for Corrosive Pharyngoesophageal Strictures

Background Strictures at the pharyngoesophageal junction represent a subgroup of corrosive esophageal strictures requiring a specialized management approach. Non-dilatable cricopharyngeal strictures need surgical intervention. We report the use of the sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap (SCMMIF) for reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in patients with corrosive strictures. Methods A SCMMIF was used in four patients with cricopharyngeal strictures. The surgical technique is described. All patients had complete dilatation of the stenosed cricopharyngeal segment as seen on postoperative endoscopy and contrast studies. One patient was managed successfully for a short midesophageal stricture by serial endoscopic dilatations. Another patient underwent an esophagocoloplasty subsequently for bypass of the long distal esophageal stricture The last two patients await esophagocoloplasty. Conclusions This is the first report on the use of sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap for corrosive cricopharyngeal strictures. The flap is simple to construct, is effective and can be performed in a short time, and yields good cosmetic results.