Neuroprotective effect of small interfering RNA targeted to caspase-3 on rat retinal ganglion cell loss induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury

Purpose: To investigate neuroprotective effects of siRNA targeted to caspase-3 against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat eyes. Methods: Retinal ischemia was induced in Wistar rats by increasing the intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg for 120 min. To examine the effect of siRNA on rat caspase-3, siRNA was injected into the vitreous cavity 24 h prior to induction of retinal ischemia. Eyes were removed at 2, 7 or 14 days later, and then analyzed for the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retinal thickness and the amount of apoptosis of the retinal neural cells (as demonstrated by the TUNEL assay). The amount of caspase-3 mRNA was analyzed by rt-PCR. Differences between groups were evaluated by an unpaired t test. Results: The numbers of RGCs in the saline and non-silencing siRNA controls were reduced significantly at 2 and 7 days after the I/R injury. RGCs were significantly retained in eyes pretreated with siRNA targeted to caspase-3 as compared to the control eyes at 2 days after the I/R injury. Inner retinal thickness in the control eyes was significantly thinner as compared to the treated eyes at 2 and 7 days after the I/R injury. After siRNA treatment, the amount of caspase-3 mRNA was significantly lower when compared to the saline control group. Conclusions: The injection of siRNA targeted to caspase-3 into the vitreous cavity of rat eyes may block caspase-3, and may thus be able to prevent retinal cell death associated with ischemic injury. As inhibition of the apoptosis pathway may provide a neuroprotective effect, examination of new strategies for treating these disorders needs to be undertaken.     

Protective effect of ischemic preconditioning on retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

BACKGROUND: A short period of ischemia can induce remarkable tissue resistance to the deleterious effects of subsequent ischemia and reperfusion. We performed a study to investigate the effect of ischemic preconditioning on retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: Ten Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups of five animals (10 eyes): one group underwent 5 minutes of ischemic preconditioning (achieved by clamping the common carotid arteries at the time of vertebral artery cauterization), and the other did not (control group). In both groups, the vertebral arteries were occluded bilaterally with an electric needle coagulator under an operating microscope. Forty-eight hours later the rats were reanesthesized, and both common carotid arteries were clamped to interrupt blood flow.The duration of ischemia was 30 minutes. The clamp was then removed to enable reperfusion for 4 hours. The animals were killed by decapitation, and retinal sections were evaluated under light and electron microscopy.The signs of ischemia-reperfusion injury (cellular degeneration, vacuolization between retinal layers, increase in retinal thickness due to edema, mononuclear cell infiltration and apoptotic cell count) were recorded. RESULTS: Light microscopy of retinal sections from rats in the ischemic preconditioning group showed a well-preserved retinal structure. The mean thickness values (and standard deviation [SD]) for the inner nuclear layer (104.0 microm [2.54 microm] vs. 49.0 microm [ 10.83 microm]) and inner plexiform layer (134.8 microm [10.13 microm] vs. 88.5 microm [17.46 microm]) were significantly higher in the control group than in the preconditioning group (p = 0.009), indicating increased retinal thickness in the former group due to tissue edema resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury.The mean mononuclear cell count (6.67 [SD 1.97] vs. 2.5 [SD 1.0]) and apoptotic cell count (18.2 [SD 5.7] vs. 5.3 [SD 1.0]) were significantly higher in the control group than in the preconditioning group (p = 0.002), indicating an inhibitory effect of ischemic preconditioning on leukocyte infiltration and apoptotic cell death. INTERPRETATION: Ischemic preconditioning attenuated ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat retina.     

Neuroprotective Effects of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Retina

Purpose: It has been reported that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) provides neuroprotection in models in which neuronal cell death is induced. This research was designed to investigate the effects of G-CSF on neurodegeneration of the inner retinal layer in a rat model of ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury. Materials and Methods: Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 45 min in the left eyes of the rats. A sham operation was carried out on the right eyes. G-CSF (100 μg/kg/day in 0.3 ml saline) or the same volume of saline was intraperitoneally injected just before the operation and continued for 4 consecutive days (a total of 5 consecutive days). Morphological examinations, including the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, were performed 7 days after I/R induction. The expression of phosphorylated AKT in the retina was examined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results: Cell loss in the ganglion cell layer was more significantly reduced in the I/R-induced eyes of the G-CSF-injected rats than in the I/R-induced eyes of the saline-injected rats (20.3 vs. 6.6%). The inner retinal thickness ratios, such as the inner plexiform layer to the inner limiting membrane/outer nuclear layer and the inner nuclear layer/outer nuclear layer, were significantly better preserved in the I/R-induced eyes of the G-CSF-injected rats than in the I/R-induced eyes of the saline-injected rats. TUNEL assays showed fewer apoptotic cells in the retinal sections of the I/R-induced eyes of the G-CSF-injected rats. The phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT/AKT) was upregulated in the retinas of the I/R-induced eyes of the G-CSF-injected rats. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that systemic injection of G-CSF can protect retinal ganglion cells and inner retinal layers from I/R injury. The effects could be associated with the activation of AKT.     

Diosmin protects rat retina from ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract Objective: Diosmin, a natural flavone glycoside, possesses antioxidant activity and has been used to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the administration of diosmin has a protective effect against I/R injury induced using the high intraocular pressure (IOP) model in rat retina, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanisms involved. Methods: Retinal I/R injury was induced in the rats by elevating the IOP to 110?mmHg for 60?min. Diosmin (100?mg/kg) or vehicle solution was administered intragastrically 30?min before the onset of ischemia and then daily after I/R injury until the animals were sacrificed. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the retinal tissues were determined 24?h after I/R injury. At 7 days post-I/R injury, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded, and the density of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was estimated by counting retrograde tracer-labeled cells in whole-mounted retinas. Retinal histological changes were also examined and quantified using light microscopy. Results: Diosmin significantly decreased the MDA levels and increased the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the retina of rats compared with the ischemia group (P<0.05), and suppressed the I/R-induced reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG (P<0.05). The thickness of the entire retina, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and outer retinal layer and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer were significantly less after I/R injury (P<0.05), and diosmin remarkably ameliorated these changes on retinal morphology. Diosmin also attenuated the I/R-induced loss of RGCs of the rat retina (P<0.05). Conclusion: Diosmin protected the retina from I/R injury, possibly via a mechanism involving the regulation of oxidative parameters.     

大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤后脑源性神经生长因子对细胞凋亡及caspase-2和caspase-3表达的影响

目的:探讨caspase-2和caspase-3在大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中的表达与细胞凋亡的关系及脑源性神经生长因子对其的影响及对视网膜的保护作用。方法:实验于2007-02/2007-07在青岛大学医学院附属医院中心实验室完成。前房加压法制作大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤模型,28只大鼠随机分为正常组和手术组,其中手术组大鼠左眼为缺血再灌注组,右眼为治疗组(BDNF玻璃体腔注射),手术组又按照再灌注后不同时间段分为1,6,12,24,48,72h组。光学显微镜观察并计数视网膜神经节细胞的数量。应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测视网膜神经节细胞凋亡、免疫组织化学法(SABC)和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测视网膜组织中caspase-2和caspase-3的表达情况。结果:正常视网膜未见凋亡细胞表达,缺血后6～24h可见大量凋亡细胞表达,48h开始下降。凋亡细胞在缺血后24h达到高峰,caspase-2缺血6h后逐渐增加,24h达高峰,然后在48至72h下降。caspase-3表达改变与caspase-2改变基本一致。BDNF治疗组各观察指标表达变化规律与缺血组基本一致,但能明显抑制凋亡细胞的表达,同时使caspase-2和caspase-3的表达降低。结论:视网膜缺血再灌注损伤诱导了神经节细胞的凋亡;BDNF可抑制caspase-2和caspase-3的表达,减少神经节细胞凋亡,对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤有治疗作用。     

Interleukin-6 in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

PURPOSE: To study the role of interleukin (IL)-6 after retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. METHODS: Intraocular pressure of adult male Lewis albino rats was raised to create retinal ischemia for 1 hour. Retinal reperfusion was reestablished, and the animals were killed at various time points after the injury. Their eyes were enucleated and processed for immunohistochemistry to detect IL-6 and ED-1 (a marker of microglial/phagocytic cells), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of IL-6 protein, and semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for IL-6 mRNA. The neuroprotective effect of IL-6 was evaluated by giving intravitreal injections of 150 or 300 ng rat recombinant IL-6 to eyes immediately after I/R injury and counting cresyl violet-stained retinal ganglion cell layer cells (RGCLCs) and fluorochrome-labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) on flat preparations of retinas at 7 days. RESULTS: IL-6-positive cells appeared after I/R injury in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL). Their numbers were significantly higher 18 hours after the injury, and most of these cells were also ED-1 positive. ELISA showed noticeable increases in endogenous retinal IL-6 protein levels 8 hours after I/R injury. Semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR showed significant increases in endogenous retinal IL-6 mRNA levels between 2 and 18 hours. Exogenously added IL-6 prevented between 50% and 70% of RGC loss after I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 is upregulated after retinal I/R injury, and its expression by microglia/phagocytic cells may protect RGC layer neurons from I/R injury. Exogenously added IL-6 protects the inner retina after I/R injury.     

Retinal ischemia and reperfusion causes capillary degeneration: similarities to diabetes

PURPOSE: Retinal neurons and vasculature interact with each other under normal conditions, and occlusion of the retinal vasculature can result in damage to retinal neurons. Whether damage to the neural retina will damage the vasculature, however, is less clear. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between vascular and nonvascular cells of the retina. The response of the retinal vasculature to an injury (ischemia and reperfusion; I/R) that is known to cause neuronal degeneration was studied. METHODS: I/R injury to the retinas was induced in Lewis rats and C57BL/6J mice by elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), and reperfusion was established immediately afterward. Some rats were pretreated with aminoguanidine (AMG, 50 mg/Kg BW in drinking water) before the procedure. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by Western blot analysis, and levels of TNF-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 mRNA were measured by qPCR at 2 and 7 days after the procedure. Also at 2 and 7 days after the I/R injury, apoptosis of retinal neural cells (demonstrated by TUNEL assay), density of cells in the ganglion cell layer, and thickness of retinas were quantitated, and the number of TUNEL-positive capillary cells and degenerated capillaries were assessed. Retinal neurodegeneration and capillary degeneration were also examined in C57BL/6J mice 2, 5, 8, and 14 days after I/R injury. RESULTS: As expected, loss of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer was apparent 2 days after I/R injury in the rat and mouse models. In contrast, the retinal vasculature had essentially no pathology at this time in either model. Surprisingly, the number of degenerated capillaries increased greatly by 7 to 8 days after the injury. Administration of aminoguanidine significantly inhibited the I/R-induced capillary degeneration as well as neurodegeneration in the rat model. Retinal I/R caused increased PARP activity (detected by poly(ADP-ribosy)lated proteins), as well as upregulation of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and ICAM-1 levels in rats, consistent with an inflammatory process. CONCLUSIONS: Capillary degeneration is an unrecognized component of acutely elevated IOP and develops only after neurodegeneration is severe. Thus, this finding raises the possibility that damage to the neural retina contributes to capillary degeneration. Aminoguanidine, a nonspecific inhibitor of iNOS, inhibited I/R-induced degeneration of both neuronal and vascular cells of the retina. The model of retinal ischemia and reperfusion will be a useful tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal damage and vascular damage in glaucoma and other diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.     

Protective effects of catalase on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury causes profound tissue damage, especially retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The aims of the study were to investigate whether catalase (CAT) has a neuroprotective effect on RGC after I/R injury in rats, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanism. Wistar female rats were randonmized into four groups: normal control group (Control group), retinal I/R with vehicle group (I/R with vehicle group), retinal I/R with AAV-CAT group (I/R with AAV-CAT group), and normal retina with AAV-CAT group (normal with AAV-CAT group). One eye of each rat was pretreated with recombinant adeno-associated virus containing catalase gene (I/R with AAV-CAT group or normal with AAV-CAT group) and recombinant adeno-associated virus containing GFP gene (I/R with vehicle group) by intravitreal injection 21 days before initiation of I/R injury. Retinal I/R injury was induced by elevating intraocular pressure to 100 mmHg for 1 h. The number of RGC and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness were measured by fluorogold retrograde labeling and hematoxylin and eosin staining at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 5d after injury. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the number of RGC, IPL thickness, malondialdehyde(MDA), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), CAT activity and nitrotyrosine were measured by fluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis at 5 days after injury. Electroretinographic (ERG) evaluation was also used. Pretreatment of AAV-CAT significantly decreased the levels of H₂O₂, MDA, 8-OHdG and nitrotyrosine, increased the catalase activity, and prevented the reduction of a- and b- waves in the I/R with AAV-CAT group compare with the I/R with vehicle group (p < 0.01). Catalase attenuated the I/R-induced damage of RGC and IPL and retinal function. Therefore, catalase can protect the rat retina from I/R-induced injury by enhancing the antioxidative ability and reducing oxidative stress, which suggests that catalase may be relevant for the neuroprotection of inner retina from I/R-related diseases.     

Aprotinin reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in the retina of guinea pigs

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was investigate the role of aprotinin on retinal lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of guinea pigs. METHODS: Three groups of seven pigmented guinea pigs each were formed: a control (group 1), ischemia/saline (group 2) and ischemia/aprotinin (group 3). One eye of each animal was selected for histopathological evaluation and the other for biochemical assay. Bilateral pressure-induced retinal ischemia was instigated for 90 min and was followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Animals in the ischemia/aprotinin and ischemia/saline groups received either 20,000 KIU/kg of aprotinin or saline, repeated four times at 6-hour intervals, with the first dose administered 5 min prior to the ischemic insult. The animals were killed at 24 hours of reperfusion. Retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the thickness of the inner plexiform layers were measured. RESULTS: The level of MDA in group 1 was significantly (p<0.001) lower than the other groups. The mean MDA level in group 2 was significantly (p<0.01) higher than in group 3. The inner plexiform layer in group 1 was significantly (p<0.001) thinner than in the other groups. The mean thickness of the inner plexiform layer in group 2 was significantly (p<0.01) higher than in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that intraperitoneally administrated aprotinin has a protective effect against I/R injury in the retina of guinea pig as evidenced by reduced retinal MDA level and retinal thickness.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用

目的探讨玻璃体腔注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF)对实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用.方法采用升高眼内压的方法,制作实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型.将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、缺血组及治疗组.再灌注开始时,缺血组大鼠玻璃体腔内注入平衡盐溶液,治疗组注入bFGF 2 μg.观察再灌注后不同时间段各组鼠视网膜组织学及超微结构变化,光镜下计数视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells, RGCs),应用图像分析系统测量视网膜内层厚度.结果视网膜缺血再灌注早期,治疗组大鼠视网膜水肿较缺血组轻,各时间段治疗组大鼠视网膜内层厚度均较缺血组厚,治疗组大鼠RGCs数目多于缺血组.再灌注后168 h,缺血组大鼠神经纤维层厚度及RGCs数目明显低于正常组,而治疗组大鼠神经纤维层厚度及RGCs数目与正常组比较,差异无显著意义(P<0.05).再灌注后24 h,缺血组大鼠RGCs核膜肿胀,线粒体嵴模糊不清,可见凋亡小体,神经纤维中微管模糊、减少甚至消失;而治疗组仅部分核膜轻度肿胀,胞浆内细胞器丰富,线粒体及微管结构较清楚.结论大鼠玻璃体腔注射bFGF对实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤具有治疗作用.     

Effect of trimetazidine on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ), an antioxidant agent, on the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat retina histopathologically. METHODS: The retinal I/R model was carried out by the 4-vessel occlusion method on Wistar albino rats. Twenty-one rats were divided into 7 groups, each comprising 3 rats. The animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 underwent 30 min of ischemia + 4 h of reperfusion and were treated by the administration of saline, TMZ before reperfusion and TMZ before ischemia, respectively. The animals in groups 4, 5 and 6 underwent 90 min of ischemia + 4 h of reperfusion and were treated in the same way as those in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The 7th group was sham operated. RESULTS: Thirty and 90 min of ischemia followed by 4 h of reperfusion induced retinal injury in the rat retina. Histopathologically, the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers were the most affected parts. TMZ was able to reduce almost all retinal I/R damage when administered before ischemia. A cytoprotective effect of TMZ was partly observed in those animals which were treated before reperfusion. CONCLUSION: TMZ seemed to have a protective effect against retinal I/R injury in rats.     

The protective effects of melatonin,vitamin E and octreotide on retinal edema during ischemia-reperfusion in the guinea pig retina

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that free radical damage is a component of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to determine whether melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide can protect retina from this injury. METHODS: The right eyes of 50 male guinea pigs weighing 500-600 g were used. The animals were randomly assigned to group 1 (control), group 2 (I/R), group 3 (melatonin + I/R), group 4 (vitamin E + I/R) and group 5 (octreotide + I/R). Groups 3, 4 and 5 received four subcutaneous injections at six-hour intervals for total dosage of 10 mg/kg melatonin, 150 mg/kg vitamin E and 22 microg/kg octreotide respectively. The first dose of each substance was administered 5 minutes before retinal ischemia. Retinal ischemia was induced for 1.5 hours, then followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Infections of all three substances were repeated at 6, 12 and 18 hours during reperfusion. The animals were killed at 24 hours of reperfusion. Sagittal sections of 4 microm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for light microscopic evaluation. The average thickness (edema) of the inner plexiform layer for each eye was measured in sagittal sections near the optic nerve and expressed in microns. RESULTS: The efficacy of each compound had the following relationships: melatonin>vitamin E>octreotide in preventing retinal damage by ischemia-reperfusion. The mean thickness of the inner plexiform layer was 13.3 +/- 0.8 microm, 25.9 +/- 2. 0 microm, 20.0 +/- 0. 7 microm, 21.6 +/- 0.7 microm, 23.9 +/- 0.8 microm respectively in the control, I/R, I/R plus melatonin, I/R plus vitamin E and I/R plus octreotide groups. The thickness of the inner plexiform layer in group 1 (control) was significantly less than the other groups (p<0.001). The inner plexiform layer was thicker in the I/R group than with I/R plus melatonin, I/R plus vitamin E and I/R plus octreotide (all p < 0.01). The inner plexiform layer was thicker in the I/R plus octreotide group than the I/R plus vitamin E and I.R plus melatonin groups both (p < 0.05). Compared to the I/R plus melatonin group, the inner plexiform layer was significantly thicker in the I/R plus vitamin E group (p < 0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a protective effect of melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide on the retina during retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

缺血后适应对视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

背景研究证明,缺血后适应（IPC）对多种组织器官的缺血缺氧损伤均有一定的抵抗作用,但其对视网膜缺血缺氧的作用仍受到关注。目的探讨IPC对大鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤（RIRI）后视网膜结构和功能的保护作用。方法将36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠以随机数字表法分为正常对照组、伪手术组、缺血-再灌注组、IPC组。利用前房灌注生理盐水升高眼压至100mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）维持60min的方法制备RIRI大鼠模型,实施IPC处理鼠亚分为再灌注后即刻、1min、10min组（即IPCⅠ组、IPCⅡ组、IPCⅢ组）,分别于实验后1d、7d行大鼠视网膜电图（ERG）检测,然后用过量麻醉法处死大鼠并制备视网膜切片,行苏木精-伊红染色,对各组大鼠视网膜厚度的变化和视网膜形态进行观察。采用SPSS13．0统计学软件的单因素方差分析对各组大鼠ERG各波振幅恢复率和视网膜厚度值的差异进行比较。结果实验后1d,与正常对照组大鼠比较,伪手术组大鼠视网膜结构接近正常,而缺血-再灌注组及IPCⅠ组、IPCⅡ组、IPCⅢ组大鼠视网膜均出现水肿,可见空泡变性,主要在内丛状层（IPL）及内核层（INL）。缺血-再灌注组及IPCⅠ组、IPCⅡ组、IPCⅢ组大鼠视网膜全层、INL、IPL及视网膜外层厚度值均明显高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。再灌注后7d,缺血-再灌注组大鼠视网膜全层厚度值明显低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,尤以INL、IPL显著。IPCⅠ组、IPCⅡ组、IPCⅢ组大鼠视网膜全层、INL、IPL及视网膜外层厚度值均明显高于缺血-再灌注组,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。再灌注后7d,缺血-再灌注组、IPC各组大鼠ERG a波、b波和OPs振幅恢复率明显低于伪手术组和正常对照组大鼠,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）;而IPCⅠ组、IPCⅡ组、IPCⅢ组大鼠ERG a波、b波和OPs振幅恢复率明显高于缺血-再灌注组,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0,05）。结论IPC对RIRI具有保护作用,在大鼠模型中,这种保护作用在再灌注后即刻至1min时最强。     

The effect of thalidomide on vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background To evaluate the effects of thalidomide treatment on the temporal course of TNF-α, VEGF production and the histopathological changes in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injured guinea pigs retina. Methods Control, ischemia, and thalidomide/ischemia groups including seven animals each were formed. Retinal ischemia was induced in male guinea pigs by cannulating anterior chambers and lifting the bottle to a height of 205 cm for 90 min in the ischemia and thalidomide/ischemia groups. The thalidomide/ischemia group received thalidomide (300 mg/kg/day) via nasogastric tube 24 h before ischemia and during 7 days of reperfusion. Guinea pigs were sacrificed for histopathological examination to evaluate the mean thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration, and biochemical analysis of retinal VEGF and TNF-α levels by ELISA. Results The mean retinal VEGF and TNF-α levels of the control, ischemia, and thalidomide/ischemia groups were 10.22 ± 2.58 and 270.41 ± 69.77 pg/ml; 35.80 ± 5.97 and 629.93 ± 146.41 pg/ml; 19.01 ± 3.01 and 340.93 ± 158.26 pg/ml, respectively. The retinal VEGF levels were significantly higher in I/R injured groups. The thalidomide/ischemia group retinal VEGF level was significantly lower versus the ischemia group. The retinal TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in the ischemia group, but no difference was observed between the thalidomide/ischemia and control groups. Also, the retinal TNF-α level was significantly lower in the thalidomide/ischemia group versus the ischemia group. The mean thickness of IPL and PMNL infiltration showed no difference between the control and thalidomide/ischemia groups. However, there was a significant difference between the control and ischemia groups. Conclusion Thalidomide treatment decreases PMNL infiltration, retinal edema, VEGF, and TNF-α synthesis following I/R injury to the guinea pig retina. This study supported by Firot University Research Fund.     

腺病毒载体介导的色素上皮衍生因子对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察重组腺病毒介导的色素上皮衍生因子(Ad-PEDF)对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:选用健康大鼠96只,随机分为正常组、缺血再灌注组、缺血再灌注+Ad-CMV组,缺血再灌注+Ad-PEDF组,以前房加压的方法制备大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注模型,缺血再灌注+Ad-CMV组,缺血再灌注+Ad-PEDF组分别玻璃体腔注射Ad-CMV或Ad-PEDF1μL(滴度3.8×109/PFU),每组按照时间点12,24,72,168h,为4亚组,光学显微镜观察视网膜组织切片情况,并测量视网膜内层厚度及神经节细胞层神经节细胞数量。以TUNEL方法观察大鼠视网膜神经节细胞凋亡情况。结果:Ad-PEDF组视网膜内层厚度均超过缺血组及缺血+Ad-CMV组,Ad-PEDF组神经节细胞数目多于缺血组及Ad-CMV组,Ad-PEDF组视网膜神经节细胞凋亡细胞少于缺血组及Ad-CMV组,凋亡程度减轻,上述差异均具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:腺病毒介导的色素上皮衍生因子玻璃体腔注射能够恢复大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤所致的视网膜内层厚度降低,神经节细胞密度减少,具有保护作用。     

Protective Effects of Vitamin E Forms (Alpha-tocopherol, Gamma-tocopherol and d-alpha-tocopherol Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate) on Retinal Edema During Ischemia–reperfusion Injury in the Guinea Pig Retina

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that free radical damage is a component of retinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to determine whether alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) can protect the retina from this injury. Methods: The right eyes of 40 male guinea pigs weighing 500–600 g were used. The animals were randomly assigned to group 1 (control), group 2 (I/R), group 3 (I/R plus alpha-tocopherol), group 4 (I/R plus gamma-tocopherol) and group 5 (I/R plus TPGS). Groups 3, 4 and 5 received four subcutaneous injections at six-hour intervals for total dosage of 800 IU/kg alpha-tocopherol, 1000 IU/kg gamma-tocopherol and 750 IU/kg TPGS, respectively. The first dose of each substance was administered 5 minutes before retinal ischemia. Retinal ischemia was induced for 90 minutes, then followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Injections of three substances were repeated at 6, 12 and 18 hours during reperfusion. The animals were killed at 24 hours of reperfusion. Sagittal sections of 4 μm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for light microscopic evaluation. The average thickness (edema) of the inner plexiform layer for each eye was measured in sagittal sections near the optic nerve and expressed in microns. Results: All the three substances showed statistically significant protection against the formation of retinal edema during ischemia–reperfusion injury. The mean thickness of the inner plexiform layer were 15.0, 25.44, 19.81, 21.38 and 20.88 μm in control, I/R, I/R plus alpha-tocopherol, I/R plus gamma-tocopherol and I/R plus TPGS groups, respectively. The results showed that the thickness of the inner plexiform layer in group 1 (control) was significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.001). The inner plexiform layer was thicker in the I/R group than with I/R plus alpha-tocopherol (p<0.001), I/R plus gamma-tocopherol (p<0.001) and I/R plus TPGS (p<0.01). The inner plexiform layer was not thicker in the I/R plus TPGS group than in the I/R plus alpha-tocopherol and I/R plus gamma-tocopherol groups. Compared to the I/R plus alpha-tocopherol group, the inner plexiform layer was significantly thicker in the I/R plus gamma-tocopherol group (p<0.01). Conclusions: The results from these experiments indicate that vitamin E forms have protective effects on the retina during retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury, but, the effects of alpha-tocopherol and TPGS appear to be much greater than that of gamma-tocopherol.     

大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注后细胞间粘附分子-1的表达

目的　探讨大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注后不同时间视网膜细胞间粘附分子 1(inter cellularadhesionmolecule 1,ICAM 1)表达和白细胞浸润的变化。方法　选择健康成年Wistar大鼠 70只 ,随机分成 7组 :正常组和再灌注 0、2、6、12、2 4、4 8h组 ,每组 10只。用眼内灌注法建立视网膜缺血再灌注动物模型。制作大鼠视网膜冰冻及石蜡切片 ,分别作免疫组化SP染色和常规HE染色 ,并对SP染色结果作计算机图像分析。结果　ICAM 1在正常视网膜血管内皮细胞胞膜微量表达 ,缺血 6 0min后 ,ICAM 1表达上调 ,至再灌注2 4h达高峰 ,在再灌注 4 8h仍维持较高水平。再灌注 6h ,视网膜开始有白细胞浸润 ,随再灌注时间延长而增多 ,再灌注 2 4、4 8h组 ,视网膜中发现较多浸润的白细胞。结论　视网膜缺血再灌注早期 ,视网膜血管内皮细胞ICAM 1表达上调 ,继而 ,视网膜中白细胞浸润增多 ,这一过程是视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的重要机制之一。     

川芎嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注视网膜SOD,MD和NO水平及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :观察川芎嗪对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注后视网膜超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutase ,SOD)、丙二醛 (malondialdehyde ,MDA)、一氧化氮 (nitricoxide ,NO)水平及视网膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法 :采用大鼠视网膜压力缺血再灌注模型 ,分光光度法测定SOD、MDA和NO ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA断裂。结果 :视网膜缺血 6 0min再灌注后SOD水平下降 ,而MDA和NO水平则升高 ;视网膜缺血 6 0min再灌注 12h ,提取DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见凋亡样DNA断裂 (ApoptoticDNAfragmentation)。川芎嗪能显著对抗视网膜缺血再灌注时视网膜SOD水平的下降、MDA和NO水平的升高 ;同时能阻断大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注 12h后视网膜细胞DNA凋亡样断裂。结论 :川芎嗪可能通过抑制自由基的产生和提高抗氧化能力来对抗大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡     

蛇毒神经生长因子对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护研究

目的 探讨玻璃体腔内注射蛇毒神经生长因子,对实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤是否具有神经保护作用.方法 采用升高大鼠眼内压的方法,制作实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤模型.实验组和对照组分别注入蛇毒神经生长因子和平衡盐溶液,应用图像分析系统计数视网膜神经节细胞和测量视网膜内层厚度,透射电镜观察视网膜超微结构.结果 视网膜缺血再灌注开始,实验组大鼠视网膜水肿、视网膜内层厚度变薄和视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)数目减少较对照组轻,并且实验组于再灌注24h后RGCs数目逐渐增多,48h后视网膜内层厚度逐渐增加.再灌注后168h,对照组大鼠视网膜内层厚度及RGCs数目明显低于实验组,差异显著有统计学意义(P＜0.05);电镜观察对照组再灌注后24 h出现膜盘排列紊乱、变形,神经纤维层内大量的线粒体肿胀、空泡化和RGCs核染色质浓缩、边集,出现凋亡小体,胞浆内细胞器空泡化且大量减少.而实验组膜盘排列尚整齐,RGCs轻度肿胀,胞浆内细胞器较丰富,神经纤维层中的线粒体轻度肿胀,微管结构较清楚.结论 通过向大鼠玻璃体腔内注射蛇毒神经生长因子可以减轻视网膜内层的损伤,对实验性视网膜缺血再灌注损伤有神经保护作用.     

小鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注后核因子-κB的激活

目的 研究小鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注所致视网膜神经细胞凋亡中,核因子-κB的表达。方法 通过升高小鼠眼内压造成视网膜缺血,用计算机图像分析方法测量视网膜再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的比例和视网膜厚度的改变。免疫组化标记核因子-κB p65亚单位,并与原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）做双重荧光标记,分析核因子-κB的表达与细胞凋亡之间的时相关系。结果 视网膜缺血-再灌注后最初24h,视网膜内层厚度增加,至168h,厚度显著减少。再灌注后6h,神经节细胞和内核细胞层中p65的免疫表达增强,至24h达到高峰,这一过程与TUNEL标记的时相一致。结论 视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤后,核因子-κB的激活对于视网膜神经细胞的凋亡有重要作用,对于其起促进凋亡还是抑制凋亡的作用,则有待于进一步研究。