正常胎儿不同孕周房室腔及大血管参数的超声心动图检测

目的测定不同孕周胎儿房室腔正常值范围、大血管径线及血流速度,评价各孕周房室腔大小及血流速度与孕周的动态变化规律。方法 4139例中晚期孕妇根据不同孕周分为三组,A组:孕18~22周(91例);B组:孕23~28周(3315例);C组:孕29~40周(733例)。超声心动图扫查胎儿心脏,测量各相关参数,分析各参数与孕周的关系。结果各组间胎儿心脏房室腔、大血管径线正常值及胎儿心脏血流速度正常值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。主动脉、主肺动脉、右肺动脉、左肺动脉、动脉导管内径、动脉导管长度、左房长径、左房横径、右房长径、左房横径、左室长径、左室横径、右室长径、右室横径、卵圆孔内径、室间隔厚度、左室壁厚度、右室壁厚度、动脉导管收缩期流速与孕周均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论正常胎儿心脏发育各心腔及大血管的径线与孕周呈正相关,这可为胎儿心脏发育异常及胎儿先天性心脏病的超声诊断提供正常对照。     

国人正常妊娠系列孕周胎儿大血管径线的超声测量

目的评价国人正常妊娠系列孕周(16～40周)正常胎儿大血管径线的变化规律.方法选择常规产科超声检查、系统胎儿心脏超声检查以及产后随访无异常的胎儿757例,按孕周分为12组,超声分别测量升主动脉(AsAo)、主动脉弓(ArAo)、主动脉峡部(IsAo)、肺动脉(PA)和动脉导管(DA)径线大小(分别测量3次取平均值),并将各测量值与孕周行直线回归相关分析.结果同一分组中PA与AsAo径线比较,除16～18周外,其余差异均有非常显著性(P＜0.01),PA内径大于AsAo内径;IsAo与AsAo、ArAo径线比较差异均有非常显著性(P＜0.01),IsAo内径小于AsAo、ArAo内径.对各径线测值与孕周行直线回归分析显示,各径线测值均随孕周增加而增大,且与孕周呈显著相关性,AsAo、ArAo、IsAo、PA、DA与孕周相关系数分别为r=0.779、r=0.706、r=0.664、r=0.804、r=0.636,P均＜0.01;PA与AsAo内径比值(PA/AsAo)与孕周行相关分析显示,r=0.032,P＞0.05.结论胎儿大血管各部位径线与孕周呈明显相关性,胎儿心脏发育以右心占优势,IsAo内径较主动脉各部位内径均小.     

孕20～40周正常胎儿心脏各径线超声心动图测值

目的测量孕20～40周正常胎儿心脏左心房、右心房、左心室、右心室、主动脉、肺动脉各径线参数,评价其动态变化规律。方法以二维超声对854例正常胎儿心脏各径线进行测量,得出各项参数,按孕周分为五组:20～24周;25～28周;29～32周;33～36周;37～40周。计算每组中各项参数的平均值;每组之间及各参数与孕周均进行相关分析比较。结果胎儿心脏各径线参数均与孕周直线关系较密切(左心室、右心室、左心房、右心房、主动脉内径、肺动脉内径的相关系数r值分别为0.69、0.68、0.70、0.68、0.73、0.72),同时进行相关系数的显著性检验,得出均P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论胎儿心脏各径线大小与孕周呈明显相关,据此可评价胎儿心脏发育情况,胎儿心脏发育以右心占优势;掌握此孕周范围胎儿心脏各径线正常值,对于更准确的识别胎儿先心病具有很大帮助。     

超声心动图对正常胎儿心脏结构的定量分析

目的对孕20～40周正常胎儿心脏结构及血流参数进行定量分析,评价其动态变化规律。方法测量2458例胎儿各房室内径、大血管内径及各瓣口血流速度。对其中854例正常胎儿心脏按不同孕周分为5组进行分析。结果在所观察的胎儿心脏各项参数中,其中各房室内径和主、肺动脉内径均与孕周呈直线相关(r值分别为0.69、0.68、0.70、0.68、0.73和0.72),而二尖瓣血流速度(E峰、A峰)、三尖瓣血流速度(E峰、A峰)、肺动脉瓣峰值血流速度和动脉导管血流速度(S峰、D峰)与孕周的相关关系较差(r值分别为0.33、0.06、0.35、0.04、0.22、0.23和0.09);并进行相关系数的显著性检验,均P<0.05。结论胎儿心脏发育以右心占优势;心脏各径线大小与孕周呈明显相关,据此可评价胎儿心脏发育情况,更好地对异常胎心进行筛查。     

11~14周正常胎儿心脏超声检查

目的对妊娠11^＋0～14^＋6周正常胎儿心脏结构进行观察，获得该孕周内正常胎儿心脏的生理参数。方法对100位孕妇在妊娠11^＋0～14^＋6周进行常规经腹超声检查，同时观察胎儿心脏各切面结构并进行测量。结果胎儿心脏各切面显示率不同，四腔心显示率最高，其次是动脉交叉，而动脉导管的显示率最低。妊娠13周以后胎儿心脏结构超声可清晰显示。胎儿心脏周长、面积及各心室内径的增加与孕周有相关性，而心脏周长与胸廓周长比值，心脏面积与胸廓面积比值，左右心房比值以及房室率均相对衡定，与孕周之间无明显相关性。结论由于在妊娠13周以后胎儿心脏结构能够清晰显示，因此，可以将胎儿超声心动图检查时间提前至妊娠中期的早期。主要筛查与四腔心切面相关的严重的胎儿先天性心脏畸形，有利于胎儿严重先天性心脏畸形的早期诊断。     

超声测定正常胎儿心脏房室瓣环、腔室径及其与胎龄的相关性

目的建立不同孕周时超声测定胎儿心脏各腔室径的正常值,探讨心脏测值随孕周变化的规律。方法将胎龄为16～40周的552胎正常胎儿按照胎龄分为13组,应用高分辨二维超声心动图测量其房室瓣环径、二、三尖瓣距离(M-TD)及心脏各腔室径,计算正常均值,对各测定值与胎龄绘制散点图进行相关和回归分析,选择最优化方程。结果胎儿期心脏结构各测定值随胎龄增加而增大,与孕周呈显著正相关(P均<0.01);M-TD与胎龄呈线性相关,二、三尖瓣环径及其他心脏各腔室测值与胎龄之间呈非线性相关,曲线拟合显示二次多项式方程拟合度最优。结论正常胎儿心脏房室瓣环径、M-TD以及其他房室腔各测值随胎龄而增大,与孕周呈显著正相关。     

Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征心脏结构和功能的超声心动图研究

目的了解不同孕周Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征的心脏各房室大小及心功能变化。方法应用彩色多普勒超声心动图探测67例不同胎龄Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征的心脏各房室内径和心功能的相关参数值，并与同龄正常胎儿进行对照。结果Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征的心脏从妊娠中期(25周)开始增大，以右心房增大最早出现，此后随着孕周的增加而加重，继之右心室及左心房室增大；29周起左、右心的舒张功能受累，若合并心包、胸(腹)腔积液时更为明显，33周时左右心收缩功能开始受累；胎儿卵圆孔从25周起增大，而增大的卵圆孔与继发性房间隔缺损难以鉴别。结论超声心动图对Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征的筛查和监测较为敏感，为临床的早期干预提供可靠的依据。     

胎儿左心室流出道占位并梗阻狭窄产前超声表现1例

孕妇,26岁.孕1产0,孕38周,既往体健,无家族遗传病史,在外地发现胎儿心脏异常来我院会诊.我院胎儿超声心动图检查显示:胎儿心脏位置正常,位于左侧胸腔,心尖指向左前方.心房正位,心室右襻,房室连接一致.主动脉及肺动脉起源和位置正常,各房室腔径线测值正常.于左室流出道内可见9.4 mm×6.1 mm×7.4 mm中等回声实质性团块(图1),边界清晰,内回声均质,团块基底部与室间隔上段相连接,由于团块影响左室流出道内径变窄,彩色多普勒示左室流出道内可见花色血流信号(图2).超声提示:胎儿心脏占位(位于左室流出道内并梗阻狭窄,考虑横纹肌瘤可能).引产后病理解剖,标本肉眼观左心室室间隔上段见一结节状肿块,大小约7.0 mm×6.0mm×6.9 mm,突向左室流出道,边界清晰,无包膜、表面光滑.     

胎儿肥厚型心肌病超声表现1例

孕妇,32岁.孕40周来诊,超声检查见:胎儿常规(BPD、FL、AC、HC)测值与孕周相符,胎心率增快,四腔心基本对称,心室壁增厚,以室间隔为著,厚约11.30 mm.CDFI:胎儿四腔心血流信号未见明显异常.脐绕颈1周,脐血流S/D7.94.超声提示:(1)宫内足孕单活胎,头位;(2)脐绕颈1周;(3)胎儿心室壁肥厚,肥厚型心肌病可能;(4)S/D增高,提示胎儿宫内窘迫出生后1 d心脏超声检查见:主动脉不宽,主肺动脉内径正常.     

胎儿实时三维(四维)超声心动图的初步临床应用

目的 以胎儿四腔心容积为基础,通过后处理,与二维超声比较,探讨胎儿四维超声心动图在显示正常胎儿心脏和先天性心脏畸形胎儿中的临床应用。方法 对108例孕妇行胎儿心脏四维超声检查,其中84例心脏正常、24例先天心脏畸形。显示胎儿四腔心切面后启动四维容积扫查获得心脏灰阶容积和彩色多普勒血流容积,将图像储存后进行后处理。获取容积与后处理由同一医师完成。利用上述容积显示如下结构：四腔心（4C）、左心室流出道（LVOT）、右心室流出道（RVOT）、三血管气管（3VT）、二尖瓣（MV）、三尖瓣（TV）、主动脉（AO）、肺动脉（MPA）、主动脉弓（ARCH）、动脉导管（DA）。比较正常胎儿孕周≥28周和<28周胎儿在不同四腔心初始位置下对同一结构显示率的差异。所有四维超声心动图的诊断结果与二维超声比较,其中11例先天心脏畸形经产后解剖或生后超声心动图证实。结果 108例胎儿均获得心脏四维容积数据（100%）。每个对象扫查时间（7.53±2.37）min,5 s/容积。四腔心与房室瓣显示率100%。除主动脉弓外,心脏正常胎儿孕周≥28周对上述心脏结构的显示率高于＜28周胎儿（P＜0.05）;除三血管气管切面外,心脏初始位置为心尖四腔心时对上述切面的显示率高于横位四腔心和心底四腔心（P＜0.05）。孕周与胎心初始位置对显示率有显著影响,孕周大、初始位置为心尖四腔心切面获取成功率较高。先天性心脏畸形胎儿24例,四维超声心动图在显示瓣膜、瓣环及心脏间隔上显示出优势。结论 以四腔心为基础切面能够快速获取胎儿心脏容积,并能较为完整地评价胎儿心脏结构。胎儿四维超声心动图在显示复杂胎儿心脏异常中起到一定的作用。     

时间-空间相关成像技术对正常胎儿心脏大动脉空间角度的定量研究

目的 应用时间-空间相关成像(spatiotemporal image correlation,STIC)技术建立不同孕周胎儿心脏大动脉空间角度的正常参考值范围.方法 运用STIC采集352例孕20～38周正常胎儿的心脏三维数据,通过正交三平面模式测量标准四腔观与左室长轴观之间、左室长轴观与主肺动脉干观之间以及动脉导管弓观与主动脉弓观之间的角度.应用相关回归分析评价上述角度与孕周的相关性.结果 正常胎儿标准四腔观与左室长轴观的角度与孕周不相关(r=0.04,P=0.51),95%正常参考值范围为34.5°～56.7°.左室长轴观与主肺动脉干观之间以及动脉导管弓长轴观与主动脉弓长轴观之间的角度与孕周相关(r分别为-0.53、0.57,P＜0.001),回归方程分别为:Y=154-4.24X+0.05X2,Y=-20.8+2.65X-0.37X2.结论 STIC能定量测量20～38周胎儿心脏大动脉之间的角度并建立正常参考值范围,为产前筛查大动脉空间关系异常的先天性心脏病提供有价值的参考标准.

Abstract：

Objective To establish the reference ranges of the spatial angles among cardiac chambers and great vessels in second and third trimester fetuses measured by spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC).Methods Volume images of 352 normal fetuses from 20 to 38 weeks of gestation were recruited in the study.An off-line analysis of acquired volume datasets was carried out with multiplanar mode.Parameters measured included angles between:(1) the 4-chamber view and the left ventricular long axis view; (2) the left ventricular long axis view and main pulmonary artery; and (3) the ductal arch and aortic arch.The relationships between above-mentioned angles and gestational age were assessed by correlation and regression analysis.Results The angle between the 4-chamber view and the left ventricular long axis view (range:55.7° - 35.7°,mean:45.7° ± 5.12°) was uncorrelated with gestational age (r = 0.03,P = 0.51).In contrast,the angle between the left ventricular long axis view and main pulmonary artery,and the angle between the ductal arch and aortic arch were correlated with gestational age (P ＜ 0.001),and the correlation coefficient was - 0.53 and 0.57 respectively.The best-fit exponential curve regression equations of the angle between the left ventricular long axis view and main pulmonary artery was:Y = 154- 4.24X +0.05X2 ,and the angle between the ductal arch and aortic arch was:Y = - 20.8 + 2.65X - 0.37X2.Conclusions The angles among cardiac chambers and great arteries of fetuses from 20 to 38 weeks of gestation can be quantitatively measured by STIC.The reference ranges provide a reliable quantitative standard to estimate the spatial relationships of the cardiac large arteries of fetuses,which may be clinically useful in prenatal screening congenital heart disease.     

Changes in fetal cardiac geometry with gestation: implications for 3- and 4-dimensional fetal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: Three- and 4-dimensional fetal echocardiography can be performed using novel algorithms. However, these algorithms assume that the spatial relationships among cardiac chambers and great vessels are constant throughout gestation. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in fetal cardiac geometry occur during gestation. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing 3- and 4-dimensional volume data sets from healthy fetuses obtained between 12 and 41 weeks of gestation. Volume data sets were examined using commercially available software. Parameters measured included angles between: (1) the ductal arch and fetal thoracic aorta; (2) the ductal arch and aortic arch; and (3) the left outflow tract and main pulmonary artery, as seen in the short axis of the heart. The mean angle from the left outflow tract to the short axis was calculated. Nonparametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-five fetuses were included in the study. The angle between the ductal arch and the fetal thoracic aorta decreased with gestational age (Spearman rho coefficient: -0.39; P < .001). In contrast, the angle between the ductal arch and aortic arch, and the mean angle between the left outflow tract and the short axis of the heart increased with gestational age (Spearman rho coefficients: 0.45 and 0.40, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Changes in fetal cardiac geometry were shown with advancing gestational age. (2) Proposed algorithms for the examination of the fetal heart with 3-dimensional ultrasonography may need to be adapted to optimize visualization of the standard planes before 26 weeks of gestation.     

A diffusion-weighted template for gestational age-related apparent diffusion coefficient values in the developing fetal brain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the normal fetal brain obtained with diffusion-weighted images (DWI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a template for normal brain development throughout gestation. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 46 fetuses without suspicion of brain pathology undergoing a total of 66 ultrasound examinations between 17 and 37 weeks of gestation. At T2-weighted MRI, four left and four right brain regions were delineated on transverse slices of the native DWI using a b-value of 0 s/mm2 (b0 images). We examined native b-value images and calculated ADC(avg), ADC(low) and ADC(high) in the basal ganglia, cerebellar hemisphere, frontal parenchyma and occipital parenchyma. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between gestational age and b0 values as well as the calculated ADC values. RESULTS: Delineations were successful in all fetuses for all regions except for the cerebellar hemispheres in four fetuses. There was a negative correlation between gestational age and b0 values in all examined anatomical regions (P<0.002). For ADC(avg), there were no significant changes in the basal ganglia with increasing gestational age, a positive correlation in the frontal (P<0.0001) and occipital (P=0.03) parenchyma and a negative correlation in the cerebellar hemispheres (P=0.01). For ADC(low), there was a negative correlation between gestational age and the cerebellum (P=0.0002) and basal ganglia (P=0.047), but no correlation for the frontal or occipital parenchyma. For ADC(high), there was a positive correlation with gestational age for the frontal parenchyma (P=0.004), occipital parenchyma (P=0.02) and basal ganglia (P=0.03) but there was no correlation for the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: DWI b0 values decreased in the left and right basal ganglia, cerebellar hemisphere, frontal parenchyma and occipital parenchyma between 17 and 37 weeks of gestation and ADC(avg) values increased in two out of four cerebral regions. It remains to be determined to what extent these observations differ in fetuses with suspicion of brain anomalies and whether such measurements will be useful and more predictive of outcome compared with standard MRI sequences.     

正常胎儿主肺动脉多普勒参数与孕周的关系

目的探讨正常胎儿妊娠中、晚期主肺动脉多普勒参数与孕周的关系。 方法将孕龄为21~40周的正常胎儿300例按照孕龄分为10组,分别为21~22^＋6周、23~24^＋6周、25~26^＋6周、27~28^＋6周、29~30^＋6、31~32^＋6周、33~34^＋6周、35~36^＋6周、37~38^＋6周和39~40^＋6周,每组30例。采用彩色超声仪测量收集正常胎儿主肺动脉多普勒参数：收缩期加速度时间（AT）、射血时间（ET）、收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张期末流速（EDV）、平均流速（MV）、搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）。建立不同孕周主肺动脉多普勒参数的正常参考值,对各参数值和孕周进行相关和回归分析。 结果300例胎儿均获得满意的主肺动脉流速曲线,AT、AT/ET、PSV、EDV和MV与孕周呈线性正相关（r=0.866、0.848、0.457、0.242、0.506,P均<0.05）;PI与孕周呈线性负相关（r=-0.170,P<0.05）;ET、RI与孕周无相关性（r=0.195、-0.197,P均>0.05）。 结论正常胎儿主肺动脉多普勒参数与孕周有一定的相关性,AT、AT/ET与胎儿孕周相关性最好。     

不同孕周胎儿心脏结构及其心功能的相关参数的分析

[目的]探讨不同孕周胎儿心脏结构及其心功能的相关参数.[方法]应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测不同孕周孕妇216例,比较不同孕周胎儿心腔径线、瓣膜口峰值血流速度、射血分数和Tei指数.[结果]胎儿时期心脏各腔室大小随着孕周的增长而增大,右室大于左室,结构上右室占优势;各瓣口峰值血流速度随胎龄增加而升高,二尖瓣小于三尖瓣,主...     

定量组织多普勒速度图评价不同孕周正常胎儿心脏室壁运动

目的探讨超声定量组织多普勒速度成像技术(QTVI)评价正常胎儿心室壁运动的临床价值。方法运用彩色组织多普勒速度成像图对100例孕18~40周正常胎儿心脏进行检测,在心尖四腔图切面,对左右心室壁及室间隔的9个观察点的速度曲线进行分析,测量收缩期运动速度Vs,舒张早期运动速度Ve,舒张晚期运动速度Va,并进行分析和统计学处理。结果正常胎儿心室壁运动速度的变化趋势为基底部>中部>心尖部,左心室、间隔收缩期运动速度相近,右心室收缩期运动速度略高于左心室及间隔,在舒张晚期间隔与左心室的速度相近,但低于右心室。室壁运动速度随孕周增加亦增加。结论组织多普勒速度成像技术用于评价胎儿室壁运动是可行的,它安全、准确、可靠。     

组织多普勒心肌速度梯度评价胎儿心室动力学

目的 应用组织多普勒(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)心肌运动速度梯度(myocardial velocity gradient,MVG)评价胎儿左、右心室心肌动力学.方法 对孕龄22～40周的30例正常胎儿取横位四腔心切面进行组织多普勒成像,采集3个心动周期的动态图像,获得心肌速度分布图.测量左、右心室游离壁基底段心内膜和心外膜收缩期及舒张期峰值速度及心肌厚度,计算MVG.分析左、右心室心肌收缩期及舒张期心内膜、心外膜速度及MVG与孕周的关系.结果 剔除图像质量较差的3例后,共有27例胎儿纳入分析.收缩期及舒张期左、右心室心内膜运动峰值速度均高于心外膜运动峰值速度(P<0.01).收缩期及舒张期左室游离壁、右室游离壁心肌运动速度与孕周呈正相关,而左室游离壁、右室游离壁MVG与孕周呈负相关.结论 TDI技术测量MVG能够用于评价胎儿心室心肌动力学,可以了解胎儿心室壁运动速度在中、晚孕期的生理变化特点及规律,有助于更加准确可靠地评估胎儿心功能的相应变化.     

正常胎儿超声心动图研究

[目的]利用超声心动图研究正常胎儿在妊娠期间的心功能变化[方法]应用Acuson　128XP/10超声诊断系统测定120例正常胎儿(按孕周分为六个组:16-20周;20+1-24周;24+1-28周;28+1-32周;32+1-36周;36+1-40周)的各项心功能参数:主动脉、肺动脉的峰值血流速度(PFV),每搏输出量(SV),心输出量(CO),心室射血力(F),左、右心室的短轴缩短率(FS)和射血分数(EF)。[结果]①主、肺动脉PFV、SV、CO、F随孕周增加而增加,与孕周呈直线相关(P<0,05);②左、右室FS和EF不随孕周增加而增加,在整个妊娠期保持相对恒定(P>0.05);③主动脉PFV大于肺动脉(P<0.05);左心室SV、CO小于右心室(P<0.05);左心室F、FS、EF与右心室相似(P>0.05)。[结论]①正常胎儿具有相对健全的泵功能,且右心功能占优势。②超声心动图是检测胎儿心功能的一种可行和可靠的无创性研究手段。