股骨下端复杂骨折内固定方法的选择

目的 为使股骨下端复杂骨折达到最佳治疗效果。探讨如何根据不同骨折类型选择不同内固定器材。方法 应用AO股骨髁支持钢板15例，动力髁部螺钉11例，股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉6例分别治疗此类骨折共32例，全部病例进行临床随访评定效果。结果 32例经6-36个月（平均11.5个月）随访，骨折均获得愈合，平均愈合时间为5个月，术后功能恢复，总优良率达87.5%。结论 动力髁部螺钉，股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉在治疗33-A，B、C1型骨折中优于股骨髁支持钢板，股骨髁支持钢板适用于所有33-A、B、C各型骨折，特别在治疗33-C2、3型骨折中优于动力髁部螺钉和股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉。     

逆行交锁髓内钉与钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折的疗效比较

目的:评价逆行交锁髓内钉与钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折的疗效.方法:回顾分析应用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部骨折31例,钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折45例的恢复情况.结果:经过6～18个月的随访,逆行交锁髓内钉治疗组骨折愈合率100%,骨折平均愈合时间4个月,感染率为3.2%.钢板治疗组骨折愈合率91.1%,感染率11.1%,2例钢板外露,骨折平均愈合时间5.5个月.结论:逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部骨折,操作简单,固定坚强,对骨折局部血供破坏小,是一种疗效满意的方法.治疗结果优于钢板,但其应用有一定局限性.     

逆行交锁髓钉与钢板治疗股骨髁骨折疗效比较

目的评价逆行交锁髓内钉与解剖型钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折的疗效。方法65例股骨髁部骨折随机分为A和B两组,A组采用逆行交锁髓内钉,B组采用解剖型钢板治疗。结果经过9~20个月的随访,逆行交锁髓内钉治疗组骨折愈合率100%,骨折平均愈合时间4.5个月。钢板治疗组骨折愈合率94.2%,骨折平均愈合时间6.4个月。两组并发症包括骨不连、膝关节僵硬和感染,并发症的发生率为22%,其中关节僵硬发生率为14%。结论逆行交锁髓内钉和解剖型钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折,操作简单,固定坚强,是一种疗效满意的方法。髓内钉愈合率高于钢板,但膝关节僵硬发生率高。     

逆行交锁髓内钉及钉板系统治疗股骨下段骨折对膝关节功能的干扰

目的：评价不同内固定方法治疗股骨下段骨折对膝关节功能的干扰。方法：174例股骨下段骨折分别采用动力髁螺钉、股骨远端解剖锁定钢板、逆行交锁髓内钉固定进行治疗。结果：随访156例,平均随访时间15.8个月（6～18个月）,其膝关节功能评分逆行交锁髓内钉高于其他两种方式。结论：股骨下段骨折不同内固定方法临床均能获得较好的治疗效果,但对膝关节的功能干扰,逆行交锁髓内钉优于其他方法。     

股骨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折

目的探讨股骨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折的方法和疗效。方法应用股骨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折47例:C1型19例,C2型22例,C3型6例。结果47例随防6～48个月,平均20个月,骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间18周。根据Neer膝关节功能评分标准:优23例,良14例,可8例,差2例,优良率77.72%。结论股骨逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁部C1、C2型骨折较理想手术方法,但对C3型骨折疗效欠满意。     

三种内固定方法治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的 评价AO角钢板、动力髁螺钉和逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性研究1995年1月至2006年1月手术内固定治疗且获得完整随访的92例股骨远端骨折患者,其中男39例,女53例;年龄31～68岁,平均53.6岁.根据内固定方式分为三组:AO角钢板固定组(n=22)、动力髁螺钉固定组(n=29)、逆行交锁髓内钉固定组(n=41).比较三组患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间,并采用Kolment疗效标准评价结果.结果 随访时间12～36个月,平均18个月.除1例在骨折局部应用骨水泥患者在4个月内末愈合外,其余所有患者均在4个月内骨折愈合;1例逆行交锁髓内钉病例在术后6个月时发牛再骨折.三组患者在骨折愈合时间方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在手术时间、出血量和功能评价方面逆行交锁髓内钉组均明显优于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 逆行交锁髓内钉定位准确、固定牢靠,相对钢板固定具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、易复位、骨折愈合率高、关节及肌肉功能恢复快等优点,对治疗股骨远端骨折有明显优势.     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折

目的：对应用髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁C型骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法：应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折14例。采用AO分类，其中C1型骨折6例，C2型5例，C3型3例。结果：随访时间6－24个月，无近晚期并发症，骨愈合良好，骨折平均愈合时间为16周。结果：优4例，良8例，可1例，差1例，总优良率为85．7％。结论：采用逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁C型骨折的理想方法。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折

目的对应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉(GSH)治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折15例，采用AO分类法：A型12例，C型3例。均采用切开复位内固定。结果随访时间为6～24个月，所有骨折均获骨性愈合，平均愈合时间6个月。按Kolmert功能评分标准．优8例，良5例，可2例，优良率为86．7％。结论采用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折的有效方法。     

逆行交锁髓内钉与股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗股骨髁上骨折的疗效比较

目的比较逆行交锁髓内钉与股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗股骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法 168例股骨髁上骨折采用逆行交锁髓内钉固定治疗62例(髓内钉组),股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗106例(钢板组),对两组临床资料和术后功能恢复情况进行比较。结果 168例获平均随访24.6个月,骨折均愈合。钢板组与髓内钉组比较,平均切口较长,术中出血量较多,但手术时间较短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组Bristol评分优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论逆行交锁髓内钉与股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗股骨髁上骨折临床疗效均满意,但交锁髓内钉固定手术切口小、出血量少。     

逆行交锁髓内钉及钉板系统治疗股骨下段骨折对膝关节功能干扰的比较

目的比较不同内固定方法治疗股骨下段骨折对膝关节功能的影响。方法156例股骨下段骨折分别采用钉板系统（动力髁螺钉、股骨远端解剖锁定钢板）固定（68例）和逆行交锁髓内钉固定（88例）,对两组的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果156例均获随访,时间6～18个月,膝关节功能评分：逆行带锁髓内钉组优良率94.2%,钉板系统优良率85.3%。结论交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨下段骨折对膝关节的功能干扰较小。     

Stress fractures in the gapped area of a two implant construct: a case report

The concomitant occurrence of femoral shaft and hip fractures are not rare. The ideal management of ipsilateral intertrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures is still controversial and needs to be addressed. Cephalomedullary nail fixations of both the fractures have been described with excellent results. Similar results have been published with two implant constructs treating both of these injuries separately. We report the case of a stress fracture, in the gapped area above the proximal interlocking screw of a retrograde femoral nail placed for a segmental femur fracture and a trochanteric fracture treated with a sliding hip plate screw construct, 9?months after initial injury. The gapped area of a two implant construct is of concern and biomechanical studies have shown that the proximal end of the nail and the interlocking screws may act as a stress riser in the femur. A stress fracture in the gapped area of a two implant construct has not been described earlier, although a cadaveric study had shown that the area of the proximal screw hole of the retrograde nail is a common site for a fracture, on loading. Kissing or overlapping instrumentation increases the load to failure and creates a biomechanically stable construct.     

股骨远端骨折手术治疗体会

目的探讨不同的手术策略治疗股骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法对100例股骨远端骨折患者,分别使用股骨远端解剖钢板、动力髁钢板、逆行股骨髁上交锁髓内钉、L形髁钢板进行治疗。比较治疗的优良率。结果股骨远端解剖钢板治疗优良率89.47%。逆行股骨髁上交锁髓内钉优良率90.48%。L形髁钢板优良率68.97%。动力髁钢板优良率93.55%。总优良85例(85.00%)。结论四种方式均有较好的效果,应根据不同骨折类型选择正确的固定方式和固定材料。     

锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折的若干问题探讨附八例病例回顾

目的 探讨锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折存在的问题。方法 从2007年3月至2010年6月收治的股骨远端新鲜骨折或骨不连患者数据库中选取8例典型患者进行回顾性分析,其中 6例为新鲜骨折,2例为骨不连伴内置物失效。男7例,女1例;年龄37 ～63岁,平均48.5岁。原始骨折按AO分型：32-A1型2例,33-A1型1例,33-A3型1例,33-C2型4例;均为闭合性骨折。6例新鲜骨折患者中,5例采用闭合复位+微创内固定系统(LISS)经皮插入治疗,1例采用开放复位围关节解剖锁定钢板固定;2例骨不连伴内置物失效的患者采用原外侧手术入路切开,取出失效的螺钉和钢板,更换为LISS固定。结果 8例患者术后获平均22.1个月（12 ～ 30个月）随访。锁定钢板固定术后并发症：肥大型骨不连2例,萎缩型骨不连1例,骨折延迟愈合1例,股骨外翻畸形、骨不连1例,深部感染1例。受伤至骨折愈合时间平均为22个月（4 ～ 49个月）。末次随访时膝关节主动活动度为40°～125°,平均81.3°。结论 使用锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折时,应充分理解骨折部立和类型,严格掌握锁定钢板固定的原则和指征,否则易出现骨折延迟愈合和骨不连等并发症。     

Retrograde intramedullary nailing for the treatment of femoral medial condyle fracture nonunion

An unicondylar fracture of the femur is uncommon and of the medial condyle more so. Open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures is most commonly performed with screws or plate and screws. Secure bone fixation is compromised by osteoporosis in elderly patients; additional measures may be required. We report the case of an elderly osteoporotic patient with a medial condyle fracture nonunion treated successfully through retrograde intramedullary nailing. A 78-year-old osteoporotic woman suffered medial condyle fracture of the femur 9 months before visiting our hospital. She had been treated conservatively, and the fracture demonstrated a complete nonunion with gross instability. The edge fragments appeared sclerotic, and the nonunion site was accompanied by a bony defect. Although fixation by a plate and screw is the standard method for the treatment of such fracture, we judged that stability would be difficult to achieve with this method due to the accompanying bony defect and osteoporosis. Thus, we performed open reduction and fixation by retrograde intramedullary nailing with the use of “condyle screw and nut” system, followed by bone grafting. Bony union was successfully obtained. The stability and range of motion of the knee were recovered, and the patient regained the ability to walk. We suggest the unique application of retrograde intramedullary nailing with condyle screw and nut for the treatment of specific, complex cases of femoral medial condyle fracture.     

Comparative study of intertrochanteric fracture fixation using proximal femoral nail with and without distal interlocking screws

BACKGROUNDIntertrochanteric (IT) fracture is one of the most common fractures seen in an orthopaedic practice. Proximal femoral nailing (PFN) is a common modality of fixing IT femur fracture. We retrospectively studied whether a PFN with two proximal lag screws can be done without distal interlocking screws in the 31-A1 and 31-A2 fracture patterns according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) guidelines for IT femur fractures.AIMTo compare the outcomes of IT fractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and 31-A2) treated by PFN with and without distal interlocking screws.METHODSWe carried out a retrospective study of 140 patients in a tertiary care centre who had AO/OTA type 31-A1 and 31-A2 IT fractures. We divided the patients into two groups, in which one of the groups received distal interlocking screws (group 1) and the other group did not (group 2). The subjects were followed up for a mean period of 14 mo and assessed for radiological union time, fracture site collapse, mechanical stability of implant, and complications associated with the PFN with distal interlocking and without distal interlocking. Then, the results were compared.RESULTSPFN without distal interlocking screws has several advantages and gives better results over PFN with distal interlocking screws in the AO/OTA 31-A2 fracture pattern. However, similar results were observed in both groups with the fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A1. In patients with fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A2 treated by PFN without distal interlocking screws, there were minimal proximal lock-related complications and no risk of distal interlock-related complications. The operative time, IITV radiation time and time to radiological union were reduced. These patients also had better rotational alignment of the proximal femur, and the anatomy of the proximal femur was well maintained. It was also noted that in the cases where distal interlocking was performed, there was a gradual decrease in neck shaft angle, which led to varus collapse and failure of bone-implant construct in 21.40%.CONCLUSIONIn fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A2, PFN without distal interlocking had better results and less complications than PFN with distal interlocking.     

Interlocking intramedullary nailing for ipsilateral fractures of the femoral shaft and distal part of the femur.

A review of the data on 684 fractures of the femur that had been treated with intramedullary nailing led to the identification of twenty-three patients who had had a fracture of the shaft of the femur with an accompanying ipsilateral supracondylar fracture (twelve patients, group I) or a concomitant ipsilateral intercondylar fracture (eleven patients, group II). The group-I fractures had been treated with interlocking nailing without supplemental fixation. In group II, ten fractures were stabilized with interlocking nailing and supplemental screw fixation and one, with interlocking nailing and a supplemental plate and screws. The average time to union for all fractures was nineteen weeks (range, twelve to thirty-six weeks), and the average duration of clinical and radiographic follow-up was thirty months (range, nine to fifty-nine months). In group I, alignment of the femur was within 5 degrees of normal in ten of the twelve fractures. In group II, seven intra-articular fractures healed in anatomical alignment, three had slight articular displacement (1.0 to 3.0 millimeters), and one had displacement of more than 3.0 millimeters. The average range of motion of the knee at the most recent follow-up was 0 to 120 degrees in group I and 0 to 115 degrees in group II. Two patients (both in group II) needed a reoperation for a previously unrecognized fracture of a femoral condyle in the coronal plane; post-traumatic arthritis developed in both. No patient in either group had loss of fixation or failure of the implant. We concluded that ipsilateral diaphyseal, supracondylar, and intercondylar fractures of the femur can be adequately stabilized with interlocking nailing and supplemental intercondylar screw fixation. The presence of a fracture in the coronal plane of a femoral condyle (AO type-B3 and type-C3 injuries) is a relative contraindication to the use of this technique.     

髁交锁逆行股骨髓内钉治疗股骨远端髁间骨折

目的 应用髁交锁逆行股骨髓内钉(condyle retrograde femur intramedulla nail,CRFIN)治疗股骨髁间骨折,探讨其手术适应证及疗效.方法 2003年6月至2005年6月应用CRFIN治疗股骨髁间骨折12例,男9例,女3例;年龄25岁～48岁,平均35.2岁.AO分型B2型2例,C1型7例,C2型3例,其中3例合并髌骨骨折,3例合并股骨中段骨折.采取切开复位CRFIN内固定术.结果 平均手术时间85.2分钟.全部病例获得随访12月～24月,平均16月.患者愈合平均时间15.2周(11周～23周),完全负重时间16.5周.术后发生关节僵硬1例,无感染、固定松动、断钉及失败病例.术后一年HSS评分平均88.3分(58分～97分),其中优8例、良3例、中1例.优良率91.2%.结论 CRFIN为治疗股骨远端髁间骨折提供了一种新的治疗方法,特别是对常规方法难以处理的骨折.但是股骨髁间骨折发病率不高,还需要一定的病例和随访的积累才能确定其疗效.     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折

目的 探讨逆行交锁髓内钉在治疗股骨远端骨折中的应用价值。方法 采用逆行交锁髓内钉对22例AO分型为A、C型新鲜股骨远端骨折病例行内固定。结果 所有病例均获随访，21例获牢固骨性愈合，未见畸形愈合、感染。1例发生主钉尾端处骨折，1例发生近端锁钉断裂。术后根据KSS评分体系，评价优14例，良6例，一般2例，优良率90．9％。结论 逆行交锁髓内钉适用于股骨远端骨折，具有高度的稳定性，操作简单，出血少，并发症少，功能恢复快。     

Retrograde intramedullary nailing of supracondylar femur fractures above total knee arthroplasty: A preliminary report of four cases

Four supracondylar fractures of the femur in three patients with total knee arthroplasties were treated by retrograde intramedullary nailing using an interlocking reamed nail (GSH Nail, Smith and Nephew Richards, Memphis, TN) specifically designed for fractures of the distal femur. Three cases were acute fractures and one was a refracture through a screw hole of a previously plated supracondylar fracture. All fractures healed and there were no complications. The procedure is performed by closed nailing using fluoroscopic guidance with the nail placed through the intercondylar notch of the femoral prosthesis and interlocking to the fracture fragments with a percutaneous targeting device. The advantages are that the procedure is performed by closed techniques that preserve the fracture hematoma and reduce operative blood loss, the fracture is stabilized by a load-sharing nail, and immediate motion with limited weight bearing is possible.     

股骨远端粉碎性骨折的内固定治疗

目的探讨不同内固定器材治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法应用L形钢板、动力加压髁钢板、股骨远端解剖钢板和逆行股骨髁上交锁髓内钉等4种材料治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折。结果32例随访12~34个月,无感染病例,1例发生断钉致骨折延迟愈合。结论4种内固定都能起到较好治疗效果,手术规范操作是关键。