某三甲儿童医院手足口病住院患儿抗菌药物使用评价

目的：调查我院手足口病住院患者中抗菌药物使用情况,评价用药的合理性。方法：利用我院信息管理系统,调取2018年第二季度住院患者诊断为手足口病的病历1 104份,评价抗菌药物使用情况,内容包括抗菌药物使用指征是否明确、品种选择是否合理、用法用量及疗程是否合理等。结果：1 104份病历中有897份使用了抗菌药物,抗菌药物使用率为81.25%。抗菌药物使用以头孢菌素、广谱青霉素、青霉素-酶抑制剂、大环内酯类药物为主。微生物学送检率高,达92.08%,但检出率仅有12.35%。897份病历中有279份存在不合理用药现象,不合理使用率达31.10%,不合理使用抗菌药物主要以联合使用不合理为主,占44.80%,其次为用法用量不合理,占21.15%。结论：我院应加强抗菌药物在手足口病患儿中的临床应用管理,不断寻找最佳感染证据,促进抗菌药物使用更加规范化,合理化。     

某院抗菌药物的使用情况分析

目的了解我院住院患者抗菌药物的使用情况,促进抗菌药物的合理使用。方法随机抽取我院2010年、2011年住院病历各200份,对抗菌药物使用情况进行分析。结果抗菌药物使用率为57.75%,其中使用最多的种类为头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类,联合用药比例为36.8%。使用合理性分析:合理:25.1%;无适应证:27.3%;用法用量不规范:61.9%;药物选择不合理:23.8%;联合用药不规范:19.9%;存在配伍禁忌:1.3%。结论我院的抗菌药物使用率较高,存在诸多不合理使用现象,应加强抗菌药物使用管理,提高医院抗菌药物治疗水平。     

我院抗菌药物应用情况与分析

目的分析抗菌药物的应用情况,指导临床合理用药物。方法对我院2007年1月-2008年12月2357份病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果本次调查抗菌药物使用率为73.44%,其中预防性用药占60.42%;标本病原学检查送检率只占22.74%,送检标本的病原菌检出率仅为40.48%。结论我院抗菌药物使用率明显高于卫生部规定指标,且存在不合理使用抗菌药物及忽视病原学检查现象,临床医生应进一步提高合理使用抗菌药物的意识。     

儿童重症监护病房病原菌检测和抗菌药物使用调查分析

目的：分析重症监护病房（PICU）患儿病原菌分布和抗菌药物应用情况,为促进合理用药提供依据。方法：回顾性调查2014年10月至2016年10月无锡市儿童医院PICU使用抗菌药物患儿住院病历,分析病原菌检测结果、主要诊断和抗菌药物应用状况。结果：226例使用抗菌药物的患儿共送检362份标本,检出68株细菌和真菌,阳性率18.78%。按检出率排序前3位为大肠埃希菌（27.94%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（22.06%）和肺炎克雷伯菌（13.24%）。有感染诊断的199例患儿中呼吸道感染占73.37%。226例患儿共使用263例次抗菌药物,其中联合用药36例,占15.93%,使用第三代头孢菌素（含酶抑制剂的复方制剂）及氧头孢烯类抗菌药物187例,占71.10%。不合理医嘱排名前3位分别为遴选药品不适宜31条（41.89%）,适应证不适宜15条（20.27%）,用法用量不适宜14条（18.92%）。抗菌药物费用占总药品费用34.03%。结论：无锡市儿童医院PICU病原学送检率较高,但部分患儿存在适应症不适宜、用法用量不适宜、更换药品不合理等现象,需要加强抗菌药物合理使用的管理。     

115例住院患者抗菌药物不合理医嘱分析

目的:对住院患者抗菌药物的使用情况进行点评,为进一步规范抗菌药物的使用提供参考。方法:从2012年3月至2013年3月使用抗菌药物的住院病历中随机抽取722份,对抗菌药物的用法用量、适应证及联合使用等进行点评。结果:722份病历中,医嘱点评不合理病历115份,抗菌药物不合理使用率为15.93%;头孢西丁不合理使用频次最高,占15.27%;最常见的不合理表现为给药频次不适宜,占42.61%。结论:我院抗菌药物的使用尚存在不合理之处,开展医嘱点评及与临床医生的良好沟通是促进抗菌药物合理使用的有效措施。     

我院2012-2014年抗菌药物医嘱点评分析

目的:为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法:从我院2012-2014年所有出院病历中,每月随机抽取17个临床科室各5份出院患者病历进行医嘱点评,2012、2013、2014年各抽取病历1 005、1 020、1 020份,共计3 045份。分析抗菌药物使用的合理性,对不合理用药问题进行归纳。结果:2012-2014年抗菌药物使用率分别为39.90%、36.27%、32.84%,抗菌药物医嘱合理率分别为40.90%、68.11%、82.67%。不合理用药主要表现为用药时机不合理、药物选择不合理、适应证不适宜、遴选的药品不适宜、用法用量不适宜、联合用药不适宜、超说明书用药等。结论:通过临床药师的"事前干预"和医院行政部门的"行政干预",我院病区抗菌药物的使用趋于合理,但仍需加强意识与管理,有效保障患者的用药安全。     

我院住院患者抗菌药物使用合理性分析

目的:了解我院住院患者的抗菌药物使用现状,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性研究的方法,随机抽取2011年1月至2012年6月出院的患者病历,对抗菌药使用情况及不合理用药现象进行统计分析。结果:住院患者抗菌药物使用率为68.06%,使用强度为每百人天50.65DDDs。490份使用抗菌药物的住院病历中,存在抗菌药物不合理用药情况的病历94份,占19.18%,分别存在遴选药品、用药时机、用法用量、用药疗程、联合用药和适应证不合理等方面的问题。结论:我院住院患者抗菌药物的使用尚存在一定程度的不合理用药现象,需要通过全院医务人员的共同关注,促进抗菌药物的合理使用。     

住院患者抗菌药物使用合理性分析

目的 探讨不合理使用抗菌药物原因,以期指导合理使用抗菌药物.方法 分析医院320份住院病历抗菌药物合理性分析报告.结果 在320份使用抗菌药物病历中,不合理使用病历136份,不合理率达42.50%.外科系统160份病历中,不合理使用93份,不合理率为58.12%;内科系统160份中,不合理使用43份,不合理率为26.88%.结论 外科系统在围术期预防抗菌药物时,用药时机、预防时限、药物选择、Ⅰ级切口预防使用抗菌药物率高,存在诸多不规范问题;内科系统存在抗菌药物使用指征掌握不严、缺乏临床循证证据支持等问题;对及时取标本送病原学检查重视不够,经验性抗感染占较大比例,且以换药频繁为主要特征等不合理现象,需进一步规范,持续改进.     

某院64例替加环素临床应用回顾性分析

摘要：目的:对某院替加环素临床用药及管理情况进行评价。方法:应用回顾性研究方法,根据《替加环素临床应用评价细则》,对某院2018年替加环素的临床应用的有效性、安全性与合理性进行评价。结果:收集到相关病例共64份。替加环素用药前微生物送检率为98.4%,联合用药率为100%,临床应用评价得分（84.77±26.03）分;临床应用不合理43例（67.19%）,主要表现为特殊使用级抗菌药物会诊不规范37例（57.81%）,适应证不适宜5例（7.81%）,用法用量不适宜10例（15.63%）,使用抗菌药物前未送病原学检查1例（1.56%）。使用替加环素病例的临床有效率为56.25%;发生不良反应5例（7.81%）。替加环素给药剂量超说明书23例（35.94%）。结论:某院住院患者使用替加环素不合理率较高,主要表现为适应证不适宜、用法用量不适宜及特殊使用级抗菌药物处方与会诊管理不规范。替加环素合理用药水平有待提高。     

住院患者抗菌药物使用合理性分析

目的探讨不合理使用抗菌药物原因,以期指导合理使用抗菌药物。方法分析医院320份住院病历抗菌药物合理性分析报告。结果在320份使用抗菌药物病历中,不合理使用病历136份,不合理率达42.50%。外科系统160份病历中,不合理使用93份,不合理率为58.12%;内科系统160份中,不合理使用43份,不合理率为26.88%。结论外科系统在围术期预防抗菌药物时,用药时机、预防时限、药物选择、Ⅰ级切口预防使用抗菌药物率高,存在诸多不规范问题;内科系统存在抗菌药物使用指征掌握不严、缺乏临床循证证据支持等问题;对及时取标本送病原学检查重视不够,经验性抗感染占较大比例,且以换药频繁为主要特征等不合理现象,需进一步规范,持续改进。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.