98例下肢静脉曲张患者术后院内感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性研究

目的:探究下肢静脉曲张患者术后院内感染病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法:采用回顾性分析法,抽取2013年2月-2018年2月间在医院接受治疗的下肢静脉曲张术后院内感染患者98例临床资料,分析患者术后院内感染病原菌培养与分离情况,以及药敏试验结果对不同抗菌药物耐药程度的影响。结果:98例下肢静脉曲张术后院内感染患者标本中,检出84株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌51株(占60.71%)、革兰阳性菌30株(占35.71%)和真菌3株(占3.58%),经组间数据比较其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松的耐药性较高;大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨曲南的耐药性较高;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、阿米卡星的耐药性较高;表皮葡萄球菌对头孢唑林、青霉素G、克林霉素的耐药性较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素G、克林霉素的耐药性较高。结论:下肢静脉曲张患者手术后院内感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨曲南、克林霉素、青霉素G等抗菌药物的耐药性较高;临床治疗应依据药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物治疗。     

560例上尿路结石患者内镜碎石术后泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析上尿路结石患者内镜碎石术后泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性,为制定科学合理的预防感染治疗方案提供参考。方法:选取2013年2月—2017年2月期间医院收治的上尿路结石内镜碎石术患者560例临床资料,分析手术后患者泌尿系统感染的发生率以及病原菌的分布及其耐药性。结果:560例碎石术患者中,其中29例患者术后发生泌尿系统感染,其感染的发生率为5.18%;8例患者出现重症感染,其发生率为1.43%;3例患者出现感染性休克,其发生率为0.54%;通过采样标本做病原菌分离,结果分离出68株病原菌(47株为革兰阴性菌占69.12%,18株为革兰阳性菌占26.47%,真菌3株占4.41%);大肠埃希菌为主要的病原菌占29.41%,革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高。结论:上尿路结石患者内镜碎石术后泌尿系统感染的发生概率较高,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌所占比例较高,大肠埃希菌是泌尿系统感染的主要病原菌,对感染病原菌的耐药情况应加强监测,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物治疗。     

2013-2015年临床感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析近3年医院收治感染病人的病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 回顾分析2013-2015年医院收治感染病人的各类标本病原菌检测结果,并采用WHONET5.6软件进行感染病原菌的分布及耐药性统计分析.结果 3年内分离出7 744株感染病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌5 501株占71.0%,革兰阳性菌1 909株占24.7%,真菌334株占4.3%;其中前5位的病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌;检出病原菌对大部分常见抗菌药物的耐药率较高,但革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低,为1.5%~40.0%,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0.0.结论 革兰阴性菌仍然是医院感染的主要病原菌,且病原菌耐药性严重;应加强对病原菌耐药性监测.     

2013年～2016年某医院562例尿路感染患者的病原菌检测及耐药性分析

目的分析尿路感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法研究对象选取铁岭市中心医院2013年~2016年收治的562例尿路感染患者,分离得到581株病原菌株,进行细菌鉴定以及药敏实验,了解耐药性结果。结果 581株病原菌中以革兰阴性菌为主要感染菌群,且大肠埃希菌、肠球菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率较高;细菌耐药性检测结果发现,革兰阴性菌对于庆大霉素、氨苄西林等抗菌药物的耐药率超过50%,对于亚胺培南的敏感度较高;革兰阳性菌中,铜绿假单胞杆菌对于头孢唑林、庆大霉素的耐药率较高。结论尿路感染患者最为常见的病原菌是大肠埃希菌,且革兰阴性菌对于常用的抗菌药物具有较高的耐药率,对于亚胺培南敏感;加强医院患者尿路感染病原菌检测以及耐药性的分析,对于指导临床合理用药、改善患者健康水平具有重要的价值。     

泌尿系感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性特点,为临床选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对医院2007年10月至2009年9月间,住院及门诊泌尿系感染患者尿培养分离出的286株病原菌进行鉴定和耐药分析。结果在分离的286株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌占67.8%,革兰阳性菌占32.2%;革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌以肠球菌属为主;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为34%,革兰阴性菌总的产酶率为26.3%;细菌对各种抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药率,表现为多重耐药。结论分析泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,对于控制耐药菌株传播、指导临床更加合理地应用抗菌药物具有十分重要的意义。     

227株小儿感染性肺炎病原菌的分布及其耐药性探究

目的:探究小儿感染性肺炎病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法:抽取2018年1月-2018年6月期间收治的小儿感染性肺炎患儿500例临床资料作为本次研究的对象,统计其所有患儿痰液标本的细菌学培养和药敏试验结果,分析其病原菌的分布及其耐药性。结果:500例患儿痰标本中分离出227株致病菌,其中革兰阴性菌中主要为大肠埃希菌28株(占12.33%)、肺炎克雷伯菌24株(占10.57%)、铜绿假单胞菌41株(占18.06%)以及鲍曼不动杆菌13例(占5.73%);革兰阳性菌中主要为金黄色葡萄球菌41株(占18.06%)以及肺炎链球菌23例(占10.13%);经药敏试验分析显示,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌对大多数常用抗菌药物产生耐药性,其中肺炎克雷伯菌以及大肠埃希菌耐药的情况比较严重,多重耐药性的情况较为普遍;但亚胺培南对其致病菌仍然较为敏感。结论:在小儿感染性肺炎中病原菌的分布主要为革兰阴性菌,其对常用抗菌药物出现耐药的情况较为严重,多重耐药出现的情况也呈增长趋势,临床在治疗此类患儿时应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物治疗,有利于降低细菌对其耐药性,以确保患儿治疗的有效性和安全性。     

2009～2010年医院常见病原菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,进一步促进临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法对医院2009～2010年临床送检的标本资料进行回顾性分析。所有标本均严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,并进行全程室内质量控制。结果 2009年共分离354株病原菌,革兰阴性菌占50.8%,革兰阳性菌占28.0%。真菌占21.2%。2010年共分离456株病原菌,革兰阴性菌占50.0%,革兰阳性菌占21.5%,真菌占28.5%。常见病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药较高的为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌。结论病原菌耐药情况应引起重视,特别是真菌引起的感染比例有增长趋势,应进一步规范使用抗菌药物,减少病原菌耐药性的产生。     

2012年医院主要病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院2012年主要病原菌的分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况。方法常规分离、培养并鉴定细菌,运用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果 2012年分离出的阳性标本1384例,革兰阴性菌875例,占63.2%,革兰阳性菌223例,占16.1%,真菌286例,占20.7%。革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希氏菌211株,占24.1%,铜绿假单胞菌200株,占22.9%,肺炎克雷伯菌151株,占17.3%;革兰阳性菌中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌77株,占34.5%,金黄色葡萄球菌71株,占31.8%。肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物大部分耐药率较低;大肠埃希氏菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对大部分抗菌药物保持较高的耐药性。结论医院主要病原菌多药耐药情况严重,必须采取合理措施,防止耐药菌株的继续传播。     

医院感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的了解病原菌在医院感染的分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法使用黑马DL-96微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,依照2008年CLSI制定的标准判定结果。结果 2011年10月至2012年9月分离出病原菌1635株,革兰阴性菌1187株占72.6%,革兰阳性菌361株占22.1%,真菌87株占5.3%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为2.1%、1.1%、16.7%、17.5%;未检出耐万古霉素葡萄球菌属。结论病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药率高,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌;应加强细菌耐药性监测,特别要关注多药耐药菌、泛耐药的产生与流行。     

76例狼疮性肾炎患者医院感染的病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的:分析76例狼疮性肾炎(Lupus nephritis,LN)患者医院感染的病原菌分布与耐药情况.方法:选取医院2018年7月—2020年10月收治LN患者76例资料,采集其感染相关分泌物样本,进行病原菌培养和药敏试验,分析其病原菌分布、主要革兰阳性菌和主要革兰阴性菌的耐药特点.结果:76例样本分离出85株菌株,其中革兰阳性菌52株(占61.18％,以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主)、革兰阴性菌25株(占29.41％,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主);主要革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,表皮葡萄球菌对磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素和呋喃妥因的耐药率较高,二者对万古霉素无耐药;主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林的耐药率较高,其中肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为100.00％,对亚胺培南无耐药.结论:LN患者医院感染的病原菌大多为革兰阳性菌,其次为革兰阴性菌;临床应根据患者的病原菌培养结果和抗菌药物耐药情况,合理选用抗菌药物,以提高其临床疗效和改善预后.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.