应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选HBeAg结合蛋白1反式激活基因

目的筛选与克隆HBeAg结合蛋白1(HBEBP1)新基因的反式激活基因,了解其可能存在的调节功能线索。方法应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术及生物信息学(bioinformatics)技术筛选并克隆HBEBP1反式激活的新型靶基因。以HBEBP1表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-HBEBP1转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,制备转染后的细胞裂解液,提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经RsaⅠ酶切后,将实验组cDNA分成两组,分别与2种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性聚合酶链反应(PCR),将产物与T／A载体连接,构建cDNA消减库,并转染大肠杆菌进行库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果成功构建人HBEBP1反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减库。库扩增后得到85个阳性克隆,进行菌落PCR分析,均得到200～1000bp插入片段。对26个插入片段测序,并通过生物信息学分析获得其全长基因序列,结果共获得15种编码基因,包括14种已知基因和1种未知基因。结论筛选到的cDNA全长序列,包括一些与细胞生长调节、信号转导、肿瘤免疫发生及细胞凋亡密切相关的蛋白编码基因,推测了HBEBP1可能存在的调控机制的线索。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS5A反式激活基因的克隆化研究

应用抑制性消减杂交技术构建丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白5A（HCV NS5A）反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库，克隆HCV NS5A蛋白反式激活相关基因。以HCV NS5A表达质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-NS5A转染HepG2细胞，以空载体pcDNA3.1(－）为对照，制备转染后的细胞裂解液，提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，经RsaI酶切后，将实验组cDNA分成两组，分别与两种不同的接头衔接，再与对照组cDNA进行消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR，将产物与T／A载体连接，构建cDNA消减文库，并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增，随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。文库扩增后得到121个阳性克隆，经菌落PCR分析，得到115个200－1000bp的插入片段，对其中的90个片段测序，并进行同源性分析，显示31种在基因编码蛋白和15种未知功能基因序列，包括一些与细胞周期、细胞凋亡、信号传导及肿瘤发生等细胞生长调节密切相关的蛋白编码基因，可能是NS5A反式激活靶基因。结果提示，成功构建了HCV NS5A反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库，该文库的建立为进一步阐明HCV NS5A反式调节的靶基因及致肝细胞癌发生的分子生物学机制提供了理论依据。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术克隆丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白反式激活基因

应用抑制性消减杂技术构建丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心蛋白反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库,克隆HCV核心蛋白反式激活相关基因。以HCV核心表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-core转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3.1(-)为对照,制备转染后的细胞裂解液,从中提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经Rsa I酶切后将实验组cDNA分成2组,分别与2种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性PCR,将产物与T/A载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果显示,成功构建人HCV核心蛋白反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库。文库扩增后得到233个白色克隆,进行菌落PCR分析,其中213个均得到100～1000bp插入片段。挑取63个插入片段测序分析,其中6个cDNA片段为未知序列,通过生物信息学分析获得其全长序列,已被GenBank收录。提示6个新的cDNA全长序列,可能是HCV核心蛋白反式激活靶基因。     

肝细胞内人类次要组织相容性抗原-HA8蛋白反式激活基因的筛选

目的应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术及生物信息学技术筛选肝细胞内人类次要组织相容性抗原-HA8(HLA-HA8)的反式激活基因。方法以HLA-HA8基因表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-HLA-HA8和空载体pcDNA3.1(-)转染HepG2细胞,提取mRNA并反转录合成双链cDNA(dscDNA),分别标记为Tester和Driver;经RsaI酶切后,将Tester cDNA分成两组,分别与两种不同的接头adapter 1和adapter 2衔接,再与Driver cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性聚合酶链反应,将产物与pGEM-T easy载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠埃希菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果成功构建HLA-HA8反式激活基因差异表达cDNA消减文库。扩增后得到101个阳性克隆,菌落PCR分析均得到200~1000bp的插入片段。随机挑选其中28个阳性片段测序,同源分析结果显示,共获得16种编码基因,其中4个功能未知。结论 HLA-HA8基因反式调节基因与细胞结构和生长、物质及能量代谢、物质转运和信号转导密切相关,为HLA-HA8的功能以及HBV感染慢性化机制研究提供了新的思路。     

抑制性消减杂交技术筛选XTP4蛋白反式调节基因

目的 筛选、克隆乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X蛋白(HBxAg）反式激活基因XTP4转染肝癌细胞后的反式调节基因,探索XTP4基因表达对肝细胞基因表达谱的影响。方法 常规的分子生物学技术构建真核表达载体peDNA3．1(-)-XTP4,应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术对重组表达质粒peDNA3.1(-)-XTP4转染的HepG2细胞和空载体转染的相同细胞差异表达的mRNA进行研究,将富集的二次PCR产物与T／A载体连接,并转化大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑取克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果 消减文库扩增后得到21个阳性克隆,PCR分析显示其中16个克隆含有200～1000bp的插入片段。对插入片段进行测序及生物信息学分析,结果共获得9种蛋白编码基因。这些差异表达的基因与肝细胞纤维化形成、肿瘤发生、线粒体氧化还原代谢、细胞生长调节密切相关。结论 应用SSH技术成功筛选了XTP4对肝癌细胞的反式调节基因,为进一步阐明HBxAg对肝细胞蛋白的反式调节作用提供了理论依据。     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白反式激活基因XTP4的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBxAg)反式激活新型靶基因。方法 以HBxAg表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-X转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析,应用生物信息学方法对所获基因片段序列进行分析发现,其中之一为新型基因片段,与GenBank(中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索、比对和电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染了pcDNA3．1(-)-X的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增,获得阳性克隆之后,进行鉴定并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果 该新基因的编码序列全长为348个核苷酸(nt),编码产物由116个氨基酸残基(aa)组成,并测序证实,命名为XTP4,在Gen-Bank中注册,注册号为AF490253。结论 通过分子生物学技术与生物信息学技术的结合,发现并鉴定、克隆HBxAg反式激活作用的新型靶基因XTP4,为进一步研究HBxAg反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定基础。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选膦甲酸钠免疫调节基因

目的 应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术构建膦甲酸钠(PFA)处理的人T淋巴细胞Jurkat差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库,筛选并克隆PFA免疫调节相关基因,阐明PFA免疫调节的分子生物学机制。方法 以PFA处理Jurkat细胞,同时以生理盐水处理的相同细胞作为对照;24h后制备细胞裂解液,提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经Rsa1酶切后,将实验组cDNA分成两组．分别与两种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性多聚酶链反应(PCR)扩增,将产物与T／A载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果 成功构建了PFA处理淋巴细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库。文库扩增后得到46个阳性克隆,进行菌落PCR分析,均得到200～1000bp插入片段。挑取含有插入片段的14个克隆进行测序,并通过生物信息学分析获得11种已知基因序列和3个未知基因。结论 应用SSH技术成功构建了PFA处理的淋巴细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库,为进一步阐明PFA的免疫调节机制及深入了解PFA防治病毒性肝炎的药理作用机制提供了依据。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术研究甘草甜素免疫调节靶基因

目的应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术构建甘草甜素刺激的人T淋巴细胞Jurkat差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库，筛选并克隆甘草甜素免疫调节靶基因，阐明甘草甜素免疫调节的分子生物学机制。方法以甘草甜素刺激Jurkat细胞，同时以生理盐水刺激的相同细胞作为对照；24h后提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，进行抑制性消减杂交分析并构建cDNA消减文库，随机挑选文库克隆，PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果文库扩增后得到28个阳性克隆，进行菌落PCR分析，均得到200～1000bp插入片段。挑取含有插入片段的22个克隆进行测序，并通过生物信息学分析获得11种已知蛋白基因编码序列。主要包括IL-12、IL-18、胸腺素等免疫调节基因。结论应用SSH技术成功构建了甘草甜素处理的淋巴细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库。为进一步阐明甘草甜素的免疫调节机制及深入了解甘草甜素用于防治病毒性肝炎的药理作用机制提供了依据。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS5A反式激活基因NS5ATP3的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白5A(NS5A)反式激活新型靶基因。方法 以HCV NSSA表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-NSSA转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析,应用生物信息学方法对所获基因片段序列进行分析发现,其中有新型基因片段,与GenBank中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索、比对和电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染了pcDNA3．1(-)-NS5A的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增,获得阳性克隆之后,进行鉴定并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果 该新基因的编码序列全长为1572nt,编码产物由524aa组成,并测序证实,命名为NS5ATP3,在GentBank中注册,注册号为AF529364。结论 分子生物学技术与生物信息学技术相结合,发现并鉴定、克隆了HCV NSSA反式激活作用的新型靶基因NS5ATP3,为进一步研究HBxAg反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白反式激活基因TAHCCP1的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)核心蛋白(core)反式激活的新型靶基因。方法 以HCV核心蛋白表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-core转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析。分析筛选出来的基因,其中之一与GenBank中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索比对及电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染pcDNA3．1(-)-core的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以RT-PCR技术扩增获得该新基因的全长序列,并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果该新基因的编码序列全长为2001nt,编码产物由667aa组成,并测序证实,命名为TAHCCP1,在GenBank中注册,注册号为AY038359。结论 发现并鉴定、克隆了HCV核心蛋白反式激活作用的新型靶基因TAHCCP1,为进一步研究HCV核心蛋白反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定了基础。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.