The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol modulates Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax protein expression following transient forebrain ischemia

It is well known that proteins encoded by the Bcl-2 gene family play a major role in the regulation of apoptosis. We have demonstrated previously that neuronal apoptosis can be induced in the hippocampus and striatum after global ischemia. Clenbuterol, a β₂-adrenoceptor agonist, showed considerable activity against neuronal apoptosis. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether the members of the Bcl-2 family are induced after ischemia, and whether expression of these genes could be altered by clenbuterol. Transient forebrain ischemia was performed in male Wistar rats by clamping both common carotid arteries and reducing the blood pressure to 40 mmHg for 10 min. Clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle were injected 3 h before onset of ischemia or in non-ischemic rats. The hippocampus and striatum were taken from non-ischemic rats 3, 6 and 24 h after injection of clenbuterol, as well as from drug-treated and untreated rats 6 and 24 h after ischemia. Eighty micrograms/lane total protein were loaded on a 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel for western blotting. Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl proteins were detectable in the non-ischemic hippocampus and the striatum. Clenbuterol up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein at 3, 6 and 24 h after administration. Enhanced Bcl-xl signals were found in the non-ischemic striatum 3, 6 and 24 h after clenbuterol treatment, but no change of Bcl-xl expression by clenbuterol was seen in the non-ischemic hippocampus. Bax expression was not altered by clenbuterol in the non-ischemic hippocampus and striatum. Bcl-2 was up-regulated in both detected regions at 24 h after ischemia, while the increase in Bax and Bcl-xl protein expression had appeared already at 6 h and also 24 h after ischemia. Clenbuterol further increased the expression of Bcl-2 at 6 and 24 h after ischemia. In contrast, Bax protein level was down-regulated by clenbuterol at 6 and 24 h after ischemia. Clenbuterol also increased Bcl-xl level in the ischemic striatum.The results suggest that global ischemia induces proto-oncogenes which are associated with apoptosis. Clenbuterol not only increased Bcl-2 expression in the non-ischemic hippocampus and striatum, but also up-regulated Bcl-2 and down-regulated Bax expression in the ischemic hippocampus and striatum. The increase in the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax may contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of clenbuterol. The present study indicates that pharmacological modulation of Bcl-2 family member expression could become a new strategy to interfere with neuronal damage.     

人硫氧还蛋白对肺缺血再灌注损伤时细胞凋亡及Bcl-2/Bax的影响

目的:探讨细胞凋亡与肺缺血再灌注损伤的关系以及人硫氧还蛋白对凋亡及其相关基因的影响。方法:健康清洁级Wistar大鼠84只,随机分为对照组、肺缺血再灌注1h、3h、5h组和人硫氧还蛋白干预1h、3h和5h组。复制肺缺血再灌注损伤模型。采用电子显微镜和原位缺口末端标记法观测肺组织细胞凋亡的变化和凋亡指数,免疫组化技术检测肺组织细胞Bcl-2、Bax及凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)蛋白表达的变化。结果:肺缺血再灌注组肺组织细胞凋亡指数、ASK1、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达均显著高于对照组(均P0.01),超微结构呈严重损伤性改变。人硫氧还蛋白干预组ASK1、Bax的表达显著下降(均P0.01),Bcl-2的表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值显著上调(P0.05或P0.01),肺组织细胞凋亡指数也显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.01)。肺组织细胞凋亡指数分别与ASK1、Bax蛋白之间均呈显著正相关(分别r=0.775、r=0.814;均P0.01);与Bcl-2/Bax蛋白呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.275,P0.05)。结论:Bcl-2/Bax比值下调启动的肺组织细胞凋亡可能参与了肺缺血再灌注损伤的发生。人硫氧还蛋白可能通过下调ASK1的表达,提高Bcl-2/Bax的比值减少肺组织细胞凋亡,从而减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注中nNOS源性NO对Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

为研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注早期神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)来源的一氧化氮(NO)和过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-)对Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响,本实验闭塞大鼠左侧大脑中动脉造成局灶性脑缺血模型,给予选择性nNOS抑制剂-7硝基吲唑,应用免疫组化法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化。结果表明:50mg/kg、25mg/kg剂量的7-硝基吲唑可使Bcl-2蛋白表达升高,Bax表达降低。提示:局灶性脑缺血再灌注早期,nNOS来源的NO可能通过下调Bcl-2、上调Bax促进细胞凋亡的发生。     

黄芪皂甙Ⅳ联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤海马神经元凋亡及相关基因表达的影响

目的 探讨黄芪皂甙Ⅳ联合骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3表达的影响.方法 实验动物随机分为假手术组、模型组、BMSCs组、BMSCs+黄芪组.采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型,BMSCs组、BMSCs+黄芪组分别于建模成功后3 h...     

缺血预处理诱导脑缺血再灌注损伤后Bcl-2及Bcl-xl表达

目的 探讨调亡抑制基因Bcl-2及Bcl-xl在缺血预处理（IPC）对海马CA1区神经元细胞保护中的作用。方法 利用大鼠四血管阻断及再通建立前脑缺再缺血灌注损伤模型,采用尼氏染色光镜观察、流式细胞术、免疫组织化学等技术,观察缺血预处理海马CA1区神经元病理组织学改变、细胞凋亡面分率有Bcl-2及Bcl-xl蛋白表达的情况。结果 1、大鼠前脑缺血再灌注引起海马CA1区部分神经元发生调亡。2、IPC可明显地减少缺血再灌注损伤后调亡的神经元数目,产生细胞保护作用。3、IPC可诱导缺血再灌注损伤早期缺血敏感神经元中Bcl-2和Bcl-xl蛋白表达。结论 抑制神经元调亡发生可能IPC对缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用的机制之一。     

Modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins in primary endothelial cells during apoptosis

We studied the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins during cytokine- and verotoxin (VT)-induced apoptosis in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our experiments demonstrated that high initial expression of Bcl-2 protein was significantly downregulated in HUVECs treated with IFN-gamma whereas TNF-alpha gave a less pronounced decrease in Bcl-2 level. Treatment with the combination of cytokines was more efficient in downregulating Bcl-2 protein. HUVECs pretreated with cytokines and incubated with VT gave a further significant decrease in Bcl-2 level. Simultaneous measurement of Bcl-xl level did not reveal any significant changes. Bax protein was upregulated in HUVECs stimulated with TNF-alpha alone or in combination with IFN-gamma. However, addition of VT did not give any further increase in Bax level suggesting that Bax upregulation is more important for cytokine- rather than VT-mediated apoptosis. Total endothelial cell growth factor deprivation gave a significant increase in apoptosis accompanied by a decrease of Bcl-2 in apoptotic cells while Bcl-xl and Bax levels were unaffected. Our data indicate that anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax are reciprocally regulated during apoptosis, whilst Bcl-xl is essentially unaffected. This implies that Bcl-2/Bax ratio rather than Bcl-xl controls apoptosis in primary endothelial cells.     

虫草素对大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠氧化应激和脑损伤的影响

目的　研究虫草素对大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠氧化应激指标和脑组织Caspase-3和p53表达的影响。 方法　首先，给药组大鼠每天分别腹腔注射虫草素5、10、20 mg/kg，连续10 d；然后，采用改良Zea Longa线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（middle cerebral artery occlusion，MCAO）模型；造模24 h后，盲法进行神经功能评分，称重法检测脑含水量，HE染色观察脑组织病理损伤，Tunnel染色检测脑细胞凋亡，RT-PCR检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3和p53 mRNA表达，Western blotting检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3和p53蛋白表达，试剂盒检测SOD，MDA，GSH水平。 结果　给药组与MCAO组相比，神经功能评分显著降低，脑含水量显著减少，细胞损伤减轻，细胞凋亡率显著减少，Bax mRNA及蛋白表达显著下调，Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白表达显著上调，MDA含量显著下降，SOD和GSH含量显著上升，Caspase-3和p53 mRNA及蛋白表达显著下调，且这些效果随着虫草素给药量的增加更加显著。 结论　虫草素能够缓解大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血引起的神经功能障碍和降低脑缺血引起的脑含水量升高，并能抑制大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠氧化应激和细胞凋亡，从而减缓大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血造成的损伤。     

老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化

目的：研究老年与青年急性局灶性脑缺血及再灌注(I/R)后细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化的异同。方法： 采用线栓法建立急性局灶性脑I/R模型，检测青年与老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h及I/R 3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、 72 h后脑梗死面积、神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达及caspase-3活性。结果： 老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h和I/R 12 h脑梗死面积较青年大鼠增大。随着I/R时间延长，细胞凋亡明显增加，老龄大鼠出现的早、持续时间长。青年大鼠随着I/R时间的延长Bcl-2表达明显增强，老龄大鼠不明显。老龄大鼠I/R Bax表达早于青年大鼠，其表达增强及持续时间较长。老龄大鼠I/R caspase-3的激活早于青年大鼠。结论： 老龄大鼠I/R脑组织损伤严重，神经细胞凋亡显著，其机制与Bax表达增加、casspase-3活性增高及其持续时间长有关。     

大鼠额叶损伤后细胞凋亡及Bax与Bcl-2蛋白的表达变化

本研究目的为探讨大鼠额叶锐器损伤后细胞凋亡的变化规律及调控机制。通过电镜、TUNEL法及免疫组织化学染色方法检测细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl2蛋白的表达变化,结果发现凋亡细胞在损伤后3h即可发现,24h达到高峰;伤后3hBax和Bcl2表达明显升高,Bax表达12h达到高峰,而Bcl2表达6h即达到高峰;伤后Bax/Bcl2比值上调,24h达到高峰,随后逐渐下降。结果表明大鼠额叶锐器伤后存在细胞凋亡,凋亡细胞数量的变化与伤后时程有关,Bax/Bcl2比值是决定细胞凋亡的重要因素。     

胰岛素对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 将成年清洁级雌性SD大鼠66只随机分为3组,正常对照组6只、吸入性损伤组和胰岛素治疗组各30只.胰岛素治疗组于烟雾吸入性损伤后皮下注射胰岛素5 U/kg,吸入性损伤组同样致伤后于相同部位注射等体积的生理盐水,正常对照组不做任何处理.各组均在伤在2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h监测血糖值.光镜进行肺组织切片病理形态学观察.采用原位末端标记法TUNEL观察肺组织细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学染色法检测抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2及Bax的表达变化.结果 光镜观察HE切片,正常对照组大鼠肺泡结构清晰完整.吸入性损伤组大鼠肺组织肺泡间隔增宽、炎细胞浸润,胰岛素治疗组与吸入性损伤组比较病理表现有所减轻.凋亡指数（AI）、Bax 和 Bcl-2在各时间点均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）.胰岛素治疗组伤后2 h AI、Bax和Bcl-2和吸入性损伤组间差异无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,但12 h以后两组AI、Bax和Bcl-2比较时差异均有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）,24 h各值达高峰,差异也具有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）.结论 吸入性损伤后早期给予胰岛素可以直接促进Bcl-2蛋白表达,抑制Bax等促凋亡蛋白的表达,对吸入性损伤后肺脏组织细胞的凋亡有抑制作用,在肺损伤早期起到保护肺组织作用.     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C对脑缺血再灌注大鼠Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1的表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的:应用不同浓度的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C,Cys C)干预脑缺血再灌注大鼠,检测Bcl-2、Bax、Beclin-1阳性细胞的表达,探讨自噬蛋白Beclin-1与凋亡之间的关系。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(Sham组),缺血再灌注组(I/R组),Cys C低、中、高浓度组。用线栓法制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2 h再灌注24 h。采用免疫印迹半定量检测损伤中心脑皮质组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1的表达;免疫组织化学检测Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1阳性细胞数;TUNEL染色法检测脑组织细胞凋亡。结果:与I/R组相比,Cys C低、中浓度组Bcl-2的表达有不同程度的升高,Bax的表达降低,细胞凋亡减少;而Cys C高浓度组Bcl-2的表达明显降低,Bax的表达显著上升,细胞凋亡增加;Cys C各浓度组Beclin-1的表达都有不同程度的升高。凋亡细胞与Beclin-1表达的相关性分析显示,Cys低、中浓度组细胞的自噬和凋亡呈负相关;Cys C高浓度组细胞的自噬和凋亡呈正相关。结论:Cys C在一定浓度范围内,随自噬蛋白Beclin-1表达的升高可抑制细胞的凋亡,对缺血再灌注损伤脑组织具有保护作用。其作用机制和Bcl-2的表达上调,Bax的表达下调有关;而Cys C较高浓度则无上述作用。     

加味脑泰方对去势脑缺血大鼠海马ATF4/CHOP/Puma通路的影响

目的:研究加味脑泰方对去卵巢脑缺血大鼠海马活化转录因子4 (ATF4)/C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)/p53上调凋亡调控因子(Puma)通路的影响。方法:将雌性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、加味脑泰方组和阳性对照组,除假手术组外,其它大鼠均行去卵巢术;术后11 d,阳性对照组和加味脑泰方组给予相应药物灌胃,连续灌胃3 d后行脑缺血术。术后24 h进行行为学评价,取海马组织行RT-qPCR检测Bax、Bcl-2和caspase-3的mRNA表达,Western blot检测各组大鼠海马组织中Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、ATF4、CHOP和Puma蛋白表达。结果:与假手术组比较,各组的海马神经功能评分明显增高;与模型组比较,加味脑泰方组与阳性对照组的神经功能评分明显降低(P 0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马Bax、caspase-3、ATF4、CHOP和Puma的蛋白表达及Bax和caspase-3的mRNA表达明显升高,而Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达明显降低(P 0.05);与模型组比较,加味脑泰方明显降低Bax、caspase-3、ATF4、CHOP和Puma表达,提高Bcl-2表达(P 0.05)。结论:加味脑泰方可能通过抑制ATF4/CHOP/Puma通路相关mRNA及蛋白的表达而减轻脑缺血损伤。     

脑缺血再灌注后神经元和内皮细胞凋亡与Bc1-2和Bax表达的时相关系

目的　探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后受损伤的神经细胞和血管内皮细胞凋亡 ,以及Bcl 2和Bax蛋白表达与再灌注时间的关系。　方法　应用原位末端标记 (TUNEL)技术和免疫组织化学方法 ,分别观察脑缺血再灌注 2h、6h、12h、2 4h、2d、3d、7d、14d和 2 1d等不同时间点神经细胞和血管内皮细胞凋亡数及Bcl 2和Bax蛋白的表达。　结果　 1.脑缺血周围区 ,再灌注 2h神经细胞和内皮细胞凋亡开始明显增多 ,12～ 2 4h达高峰 ,之后逐渐减少 ,7～ 14d降至假手术组水平 ;血管内皮细胞凋亡迟于神经元凋亡约 12h。 2 .Bcl 2蛋白表达于缺血再灌注 2h开始逐渐增强 ,12～ 2 4h达高峰 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至 7～ 14d接近假手术组水平 ;3.Bax蛋白表达于缺血再灌注 6h开始逐步增高 ,2 4～ 4 8h达高峰 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至 14d与假手术组已无显著性差异。 4 .Bcl 2表达与细胞凋亡的时相变化基本一致 ,Bax表达时相迟于细胞凋亡。　结论　细胞凋亡是脑缺血再灌注损伤细胞死亡的形式之一 ,血管内皮细胞凋亡迟于神经细胞凋亡 ,Bcl 2和Bax参与细胞凋亡的调节。     

Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-x expression following kainic acid administration at convulsant doses in the rat.

Neuronal death was produced in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, amygdala, and piriform and entorhinal cortices after intraperitioneal administration of kainic acid at convulsant doses to adult rats. To assess the involvement of members of the Bcl-2 family in cell death or survival, immunohistochemistry, western and northern blotting to Bcl-2, Bcl-x and Bax, and in situ hybridization to Bax were examined at different time-points after kainic acid treatment. Members of the Bcl-2 family were expressed in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, and in a subset of neurons of the piriform and the entorhinal cortices, amygdala and neocortex in the normal adult brain. Dying neurons in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 and CA3 areas, entorhinal and piriform cortices, and amygdala also expressed Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-x following excitotoxicity, although many dying cells did not. In addition, a number of cells in the affected areas showed Bax immunoreactivity in their nuclei at 24-48 h following kainic acid administration, thus indicating Bax nuclear translocation in a subset of dying cells. Western blots disclosed no modifications in the intensity of the bands corresponding to Bcl-2, Bcl-x and Bax, between control and kainic acid-treated rats. No modifications in the intensity of the bcl-2 messenger RNA band on northern blots was observed in kainic acid-treated rats. However, a progressive increase in the intensity of the bax messenger RNA band was found in kainic acid-treated rats at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h following kainic acid administration. Interestingly, a slight increase in Bax immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of neurons of the dentate gyrus at 24-48 h, a feature which matches the increase of bax messenger RNA in the same area, as shown by in situ hybridization at 12-24 h following kainic acid injection. The present results suggest that cell death or survival does not correlate with modifications of Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-x protein, and messenger RNA expression, but rather that kainic acid excitotoxicity is associated with Bax translocation to the nucleus in a subset of dying cells.     

bFGF对卵巢癌CAOV3细胞Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、Bax、Bad表达的影响

目的研究bFGF调控卵巢癌CAOV3凋亡的信号通路及对Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、Bax、Bad表达的影响。方法无血清饥饿诱导细胞凋亡。分为饥饿对照、bFGF、bFGF PD98059、bFGF Wortmannin组。流式细胞术、DNA Ladder检测细胞凋亡;Western印迹法检测ERK、PKB、Bad活性以及Bcl-2、Bax表达,RT- PCR检测Bcl-2、Bcl-xl mRNA变化。结果bFGF促进p-ERK、p-PKB、p-Bad、Bcl-2表达,抑制Bax表达及饥饿诱导的细胞凋亡。激酶抑制剂PD98059可抑制bFGF对ERK、Bcl-2、Bax的调节作用,Wortmannin可抑制bFGF对PKB、Bad、Bax的调控作用,二者均可阻断bFGF对凋亡的抑制作用。bFGF对Bcl-xl表达无影响。结论bFGF可能通过激活MEK/ERK、P13K/PKB信号途径通路调节Bcl-2、Bax、Bad表达,抑制饥饿诱导的卵巢癌CAOV3细胞凋亡。     

脑缺血再灌注损伤的海马神经元对Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达

目的：凋亡调控基因在脑缺血再灌后海马神经元的表达。方法：采用免疫组织化学的方法，观察 昆明小鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎7min后不同再灌时间组(24h组、48h组、72h组、7d组、14d组)海马CAl区神经元Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3的活性形式CM1的免疫反应活性。结果：Bax和CM1阳性神经元数在48h组最多，与其他各组相比差异有显著性(P＜0．01)，72h组明显下降，14d组完全消失；而Bcl-2阳性神经元数在48h组增多(与24h组相比，P＜0．01)，72h组下降，7d组再次上升(与72h组相比，P＜0．01)，14d组最多(与48h组相比，P＜0．01)。在24h、48h、72h、7d组，Bax阳性神经元多于Bcl-2阳性神经元(P＜0．05)，14d组则相反。结论：Bax和caspase-3在脑缺血再灌早期表达增强，然后下降以至消失，Bcl-2于再灌后期表达增强。Bax表达上调可能与Caspase-3激活相关。     

The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces the neuroinflammatory response,neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis following intra-striatal IL-1β administration to rats

Objectives: Clenbuterol is a brain penetrant β₂-adrenoceptor agonist with anti-inflammatory and putative neuroprotective properties. In the present investigation, the effect of clenbuterol was assessed in a rat model of acute brain injury induced by intra-striatal administration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.

Methods: Clenbuterol (0.5?mg/kg; i.p.) was administered one hour prior to stereotactically delivered IL-1β (100?ng) into the striatum. Four hours postinjection, rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected for circulating cytokine and chemokine analysis, and the ipsilateral striatum and liver tissue were harvested for mRNA expression analysis of target genes.

Results: Intrastriatal IL-1β provoked an inflammatory response with increased expression of IL-1β and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. TNF-α expression was also increased in the liver and circulating concentrations of the chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) were raised in response to intrastriatal IL-1β administration. The striatal response was accompanied by NFκB activation and 24?hours postinjection, increased immunoreactivity of the neutrophil marker MBS-2, indicative of cell infiltration and increased TUNEL staining, a cell marker of apoptosis. Treatment with clenbuterol attenuated all IL-1β-induced changes in the striatum including MBS-2 immunoreactivity and TUNEL?+?staining. Clenbuterol also attenuated IL-1β-induced expression of TNF-α in the liver and the increase in circulating CINC-1 concentrations.

Conclusions: The results provide evidence that clenbuterol elicits anti-inflammatory effects, suppresses the peripheral acute phase response and reduces the infiltration of neutrophils and apoptotic response to acute IL-1β–induced brain injury. Suppression of both the central and peripheral response following clenbuterol administration may contribute to its protective properties following brain injury.     

大鼠颈部淋巴引流阻断后海马Bcl-2、Bax表达和超微结构的变化

为了研究大鼠颈部淋巴引流阻断后海马内Bcl-2、Bax的表达和超微结构的变化,本研究采用结扎颈部淋巴管并摘除浅、深淋巴结的方法制作大鼠淋巴滞留性脑病模型,并分别于术后1、2、3、5、7和14d处死动物。透射电子显微镜观察海马脑组织的超微结构变化,Western blotting方法检测海马内Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达。结果显示:(1)电镜下可见海马组织有水肿的结构变化,血管周围出现半月形间隙,毛细血管受压变形;还可观察到有些神经细胞出现凋亡,细胞皱缩变小,轮廓不清晰,核皱缩变形,核染色质边集,细胞质电子密度增高。以上变化于术后第2d出现,第5d最明显,14d时恢复至正常水平。(2)Western blotting技术在海马内检测到Bax蛋白的表达明显高于对照组,于术后2d开始增高,3d达最高值,7d恢复至正常水平,2、3和5d时均高于对照组(P<0.01);但未在海马内检测到Bcl-2蛋白的表达。本文结果提示:阻断颈部淋巴引流可导致海马出现脑水肿的超微结构变化,并出现神经细胞的凋亡,故推测海马神经细胞的凋亡与Bax的表达增加有关。     

自噬水平变化对心脏骤停心肺复苏后大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的探讨自噬水平变化对心脏骤停心肺复苏(CA/CPR)后大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响。方法将40只大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、CA/CPR模型组(model)、雷帕霉素(Rapa)组(CA/CPR+Rapa)及3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组(CA/CPR+3-MA)。采用呼气末夹闭气管窒息法复制大鼠CA/CPR动物模型,分别给予自噬激动剂Rapa 0.2 mg/kg及自噬抑制剂3-MA 10 mg/kg进行干预。采用神经功能缺陷评分(NDS)评价CA/CPR大鼠神经功能;用TUNEL染色法检测大鼠海马神经元的凋亡变化;用RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测大鼠海马内微管蛋白轻链3(LC3)、Beclin-1、Bax、Bcl-2及Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结果与假手术组比较,CA/CPR模型组大鼠NDS评分明显降低;海马神经元TUNEL染色阳性细胞数明显增多,凋亡率显著升高;海马内LC3、Beclin-1、Caspase-3、Bax表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与模型组比较,CA/CPR+Rapa大鼠NDS评分明显降低,而海马神经元凋亡率明显有所增加,海马内LC3、Beclin-1、Caspase-3、Bax表达明显上调,而Bcl-2表达则明显有所下降;CA/CPR+3-MA大鼠NDS评分明显升高,而海马神经元凋亡率下降,海马内LC3、Beclin-1、Caspase-3、Bax表达明显下调,而Bcl-2表达则有所升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 CA/CPR后自噬水平升高促进海马神经元凋亡,自噬水平降低抑制海马神经凋亡,两者相互作用共同参与CA/CPR的病理过程。