控制血糖对改善妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的意义

目的：分析控制血糖对改善妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的意义。方法100例治疗后的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇,按照血糖控制满意与不满意分为A组和B组,取50例妊娠期正常孕妇设为C组,对比三组孕产妇与围生儿的并发症情况。结果 A组妊娠期高血压疾病发生率明显大于C组, B组妊娠与产褥期并发症发生率以及围生儿并发症发生率均显著大于C组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论及早诊治妊娠期糖尿病,对孕妇血糖进行控制,能够有效改善妊娠结局。     

探讨控制妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖对减少母体及围生儿并发症和改善妊娠结局的意义

目的研究并分析控制血糖对改善妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的临床意义与价值。方法选取我院自2011年1月至2012年1月所收治的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的180例为研究对象。按照临床治疗效果血糖控制情况满意程度划分为血糖控制满意组（A组）与血糖控制不满意组（B组）,A组90例,B组90例。选取同时期90例正常孕妇为对照组,分析A、B两组孕妇与对照组孕妇并发症及围生儿并发症发生情况,进行比较。结果 A组孕妇高血压疾病发生率明显高于对照组孕妇;B组孕妇高血压疾病发生率、羊水量、巨大儿、早产以及围生儿发窒息发生率均明显高于对照组孕妇。以上数据组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论重视血糖影响,针对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖指标予以可靠控制,能减少母婴并发症发生率,对改善妊娠结局有重要意义,值得临床关注。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制管理对妊娠母儿结局的影响。方法对112例妊娠期糖尿病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析．其中血糖控制满意78例,血糖控制不满意34例,比较两组之间母儿并发症有无差异。结果血糖控制满意组的糖化谢红蛋白、羊水过多、胎膜早破、产褥感染、剖宫产,卒、早产儿、巨大儿、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征及新生儿低血糖发生率均明显低于血糖控制不满意组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而妊娠高血压疾病发生、酮症酸中毒、产后出血、围产儿平均体重、胎婴儿畸形、围产儿死亡的发生两组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论加强妊娠期糖尿病患者孕期管理,使血糖控制满意可有效降低母婴并发症的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕期管理对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病的孕期管理对妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析确诊为妊娠期糖尿病患者144例的临床资料,根据血糖控制情况分为血糖控制良好组（102例）和血糖控制不良组（42例）,所有患者均给予常规血糖控制治疗,根据血糖控制情况分为控制良好组和控制不良组,比较2组妊娠结局。结果血糖控制良好组妊娠期高血压、酮症、羊水过多、早产、感染、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、低血钙、新生儿窒息的发生率显著低于血糖控制不良组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;产后出血、畸胎、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论妊娠期糖尿病良好的血糖孕期管理能够显著降低围产儿和孕产妇并发症,改善妊娠结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病干预的相关性分析

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制对妊娠母儿结局的影响。方法对在本院住院分娩的糖尿病孕妇148例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据血糖控制情况分成血糖控制满意组（A组）、血糖控制不满意组（B组）,对两组孕妇的妊娠结局、妊娠并发症及新生儿结局进行比较。结果血糖控制不满意组孕妇羊水过多（33．93％vs．14．13％）、巨大儿（32．14％vs．9．78％）、胎儿窘迫、妊娠高血压疾病（16．07％vs．6．52％）、胎膜早破（37．50％vs．17．39％）、胎儿畸形（7．14％vs．2．17％）、早产（16．07％vs．7．60％）及剖宫产率（64．29％vs 36．96％）均高于正常组,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）,结论妊娠期糖尿病是影响孕妇及围生儿结局,导致母婴严重并发症的重要因素;应加强血糖筛查的宣传,对所有孕妇进行糖筛查,对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇进行早期规范治疗,可减少妊娠期糖尿病对母儿的不良影响,改善围产儿预后。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者65例妊娠结局观察

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）治疗方法、效果及对产妇、围生儿的影响。方法65例妊娠期糖尿病患者均采用饮食控制干预、降糖药物治疗等方法,根据治疗后血糖监测结果分为血糖控制达标组（A组）和血糖控制未达标组（B组）,观察两组分娩方式、产妇并发症及新生儿窒息发生情况。结果A组妊娠高血压疾病、羊水过多、早产、巨大儿、胎膜早破、新生儿窒息发生率明显低于B组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论对GDM患者采用综合治疗,使血糖控制达标,有助于降低母儿并发症的发生率。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制对妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖的控制对母体、围生儿并发症和妊娠结局的影响.方法 将定期产前检查的孕妇中妊娠期糖尿病孕妇92例,根据治疗后血糖控制情况分为A组(血糖控制满意组)59例和B组(血糖控制不满意组)33例,另以健康孕妇95例为对照组.对母体、围生儿并发症和妊娠结局进行对比分析.结果 妊娠期糖尿病A组中妊娠期高血...     

妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇的综合护理

目的探讨综合护理对妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇的影响。方法选取我院进行产前检查及分娩的妊娠期糖尿病患者,随机分为干预组与对照组,干预组给予综合护理干预,对照组行常规妊娠期糖尿病护理。结果两组孕产妇并发症比较,干预组妊娠期高血压、酮症、低血糖、羊水过多、产后出血、产后感染发生率低于对照组;两组围生儿并发症比较,干预组早产、宫内发育迟缓、胎儿窘迫、巨大儿、新生儿窒息发生率低于对照组。结论综合护理干预可有效控制妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇的血糖水平,减少并发症的发生率,降低妊娠期糖尿病对孕产妇和围生儿的不良影响,值得临床推广应用。     

终止妊娠时机对妊娠期糖尿病妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨终止妊娠时间对妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的影响,为临床治疗提供相应依据。方法回顾性分析我院2011年9月-2013年9月502例GDM患者,将患者按终止妊娠时间分为A、B、C组,A组125例患者37～38周;B组255例患者38。40周;C组122例患者40周以后。比较三组GDM患者并发症发生率以及围生儿结局。结果三组患者血糖控制良好,剖宫产率无明显差异（P〉0．05）.B组间妊娠期并发症比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）,C组妊娠期高血压、羊水过多、胎儿窘迫发生率则显著性升高（P〈0．05）。C组巨大儿发生率显著升高（P〈0．05）,三组患者FGR、NRDS、新生儿畸形、新生儿窒息、新生儿低血糖发生率方面无显著性差异。结论妊娠期严格控制血糖可以改善GDM患者的妊娠结局,血糖控制良好的GDM患者选择在38—40周终止妊娠可以降低母婴并发症。     

不同孕期终止妊娠对妊娠期糖尿病围生儿结局的影响

目的 探讨不同孕期终止妊娠对妊娠期糖尿病围生儿结局的影响.方法 以本院待产的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇为研究对象,根据孕期分为A组（孕周28～36周）、B组（孕周37～39周）、C组（孕周＞39周）,统计各组围生儿疾病发生率、死亡率以及巨大儿的发生率.结果 B组围生儿疾病发生率、围生儿死亡率明显少于其他两组;血糖控制好的孕妇分娩后情况普遍好于血糖控制不好者.结论 严格控制妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的血糖,在孕周37～39周终止妊娠可以明显降低围生儿死亡、疾病以及巨大儿的发生率.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.