实时三维超声心动图测量室壁瘤患者左心室容积和收缩功能的可行性研究

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测室壁瘤患者左心室容积和收缩功能的可行性和准确性。方法应用RT-3DE及左心室造影分别测量21例室壁瘤患者的左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、收缩末容积(LVESV)和射血分数(LVEF),将RT-3DE测值与左心室造影测值相比较。结果 RT-3DE能显示室壁瘤患者左心室的整体形态,其测量的LVEDV、LVESV较左心室造影测值偏小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而LVEF差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但两种方法测量LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF的相关性r值分别为0.76、0.86、0.67,相关性较好。结论 RT-3DE能够准确测量室壁瘤患者左心室容积和收缩功能。     

实时三维超声心动图对冠心病心肌梗死后左室重构评价的初步研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)对冠心病心肌梗死(心梗)后左室重构的评价.方法 对30例冠心病心梗后左室重构患者及30例正常对照组,分别应用M型(MME)、二维超声心动图(2DE)及RT-3DE测量左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室心肌质量(LVM)、左室重构指数(LVRI).分析组间及组内的差异,并用左室重构患者测值与Gensini评分进行相关性分析.结果 (1)左室重构组左室容积、LVM较正常对照组增加,而LVEF、LVRI减小;(2)RT-3DE在正常对照组中与MME及2DE测值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而在重构组中与MME、2DE测值差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)RT-3DE测量的LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF及LVRI与Gensini积分有较好的相关性(r＝0.844,0.880,-0.839,-0.854),而LVM与Gensini积分无显著相关性(r＝0.431);(4)RT-3DE能直观地显示冠心病心梗后左室形态的不规则改变.结论 应用RT-3DE可较好地评价冠心病心梗后左室大小形态的重构及功能重构,其测量的LVRI可定量评价其不规则重构的程度.     

实时三维超声心动图在酒精性心肌病患者中的应用价值

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)在酒精性心肌病(ACM)患者中的应用价值。方法 ACM患者33例,正常对照组30例。应用RT-3DE测定左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDV),左心室收缩末期内径(LVESV),左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室心肌质量(LVM),左心室质量指数(LVMI)及左心室容积-时间曲线参数Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv16-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv16-Dif/R-R(%)。将两组各参数进行统计学比较,同时与二维超声心动图(2DE)法测值进行比较。结果与正常对照组比较,ACM组LVEDV、LVESV、LVM及LVMI均显著增高,LVEF显著减低;ACM组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv16-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv16-Dif/R-R(%)与对照组比较显著升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RT-3DE法测LVMI、LVEDV、LVESV与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.864,-0.808,-0.862;P均<0.01),2DE法测LVMI、LVEDV、LVESV与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.635,-0.507,-0.698;P均<0.01)。结论 RT-3DE可反映酒精性心肌病患者左心室结构及功能异常和收缩不同步,为临床诊断提供参考价值。     

实时三维超声心动图评估法洛四联症手术前后的左心功能

目的:应用实时三维超声心动图(real-time three-dimensional echocardiography,RT-3DE)检测法洛四联症(tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)手术前后左室功能.方法:用RT-3DE测量TOF患者的左室收缩末期容积(left ventricular end diastolic volume,LVESV)、左室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end systolic volume,LVEDV)、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF).比较术前、术后7 d、术后3个月LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF的变化.结果根治术后LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF均增大,以LVEDV增大更为明显(P ＜ 0.05).结论:RT-3DE可以准确评论TOF患者的左室功能.     

实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病左心室收缩功能的临床价值

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评价冠心病左心室收缩功能的临床价值。方法选择2010年8月-2011年8月经冠状动脉造影检查确诊的冠心病60例,分别采川左心室造影（LVA）、二维超声心动图（2DE）和RT-3DE测量左心室舒张末期容积（INEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）并比较。结果本组均完成3种检查,RT-3DE测定的LVEDV、LVESV、INEF值与LVA相位测定值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而2DE测定的LVEDV、INESV、LVEF值与LVA相应测定值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。RT-3DE与2DE测定的LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF缸比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2DE、RT-3DE测定的LVEDV、LVESV值均低于LVA相应测定值,而LVEF值均高于LVA相应测定值。结论RT-3DE测定冠心病左心室收缩功能的准确性优于2DE,可作为无创检查方法替代传统的导管法LVA。     

单心动周期实时三维超声对扩张型心肌病左心室收缩功能的评价

目的 应用单心动周期实时三维超声（sRT-3DE）定量评价扩张型心肌病（DCM）患者左心室收缩功能.方法 DCM组和健康对照组各50例,获取sRT-3DE条件下的左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、舒张末期容积（LVEDV）和射血分数（LVEF）,并与二维超声Simpson法测值比较.结果 对照组二维超声与sRT-3DE左心功能测值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,二者相关性较好,DCM组sRT-3DE法测量的左心室LVEDV、LVESV高于二维超声测值,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;sRT-3DE测量LVEF小于二维超声测值,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,二维超声与sRT-3DE两种方式有一定相关性.结论 sRT-3DE可以获取真正的四维图像,精确地测量心腔容积,评价心脏功能;对心腔明显扩大变形者sRT-3DE测值优于二维超声.     

实时三平面超声心动图评价心肌梗死患者左心室总体收缩功能的研究

目的 探讨实时三平面超声心动图(RT-3PE)测量心肌梗死患者左心室总体收缩功能的可行性、准确性和重复性.方法 同期应用RT-3PE和二维超声心动图(2DE)双平面Simpson法测量30例心肌梗死患者左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF),并与单光子发射计算机断层成像术(SPECT)测值进行对比研究,同期由同一和不同的检查者应用RT-3PE进行重复测量并将测量结果进行比较.结果 (1)RT-3PE和2DE Simpson法所测LVEDV分别为(86.67±37.64)、(86.43±38.25)ml,LVESV分别为(42.13±37.42)、(41.06±32.47)ml,SPECT测量的LVEDV和LVESV分别为(108.70±66.27)、(55.90±61.68)ml,RT-3PE和2DE Simpson法测得LVEDV和LVESV分别与SPECT比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.63、2.76、3.37、2.54,P均＜0.01或0.05);3种方法所测LVEF值之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)RT-3PE测得LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF与SPECT相应的测量值密切相关(r=0.943、0.965、0.816,P均＜0.01);2DE Simpson法测得LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF与SPECT相应的测量值相关性较好(r=0.896、0.957、0.721,P均＜0.01).Altman-Bland一致性分析显示RT-3PE所测左心室容积和收缩功能与SPECT测值的一致性高于2DE Simpson法.(3)同一和不同的检查者采用RT-3PE重复测量结果之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且有良好的相关性,同一检查者采用RT-3PE两次测量LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF的相关性良好(r=0.968、0.984、0.883,P均＜0.01);不同检查者采用RT-3PE测量LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF的相关性也很好(r=0.948、0.970、0.899,P均＜0.01).结论 RT-3PE是一种能够快速、准确测量心肌梗死患者左心室总体收缩功能的影像技术.     

实时三维超声心动图和超声斑点追踪技术评价扩张型心肌病左心室收缩同步性

目的 利用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)和超声斑点追踪技术(STI)评价正常人和扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者左心室收缩同步性.方法 选取27例DCM患者(DCM组)与29名正常人(对照组)的标准心尖位左室流出道切面,四腔心切面,两腔心切面及实时三维经胸超声心动图,得到左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心电图Q波起始点距离16节段和12节段最小容积点时间间隔的标准差(Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD)及其最大差(Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv-12Dif).用STI分别测量其左心室心肌各节段心电图Q波起始点到组织速率收缩峰值(Ts-SD)、应变率收缩峰值时间的标准差(Tsr-SD).结果 DCM组左心室心肌的组织速率、应变率及RT-3DE的容积-时间曲线交错紊乱,同步性差;DCM组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv-12Dif、Ts-SD、Tsr-SD与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 RT-3DE 和 STI两种方法 均能够评价左心室心肌收缩同步性.STI是通过检测多个心动周期,而RT-3DE则是在同一心动周期检测,更加快速、简便、准确.     

实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病左室重构及心功能的研究

目的应用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）定量评价冠心病患者左室收缩功能和左室心肌质量状况。方法应用RT-3DE测量34例冠心病患者左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）、每搏量（SV）、射血分数（LVEF）和左室心肌质量（LVM）,各测值均与34例正常人对照。结果冠心病患者的LVEDV、LVESV、SV、LVM和左室心肌质量指数（VLMI）各测值明显大于正常对照组（P〈0.001）;LVEF明显小于正常对照组（P〈0.001）。LVM的增加与LVEDV的增大呈正相关（r=0.915）;LVEF与LVEDV、LVM呈负相关（r=-0.758,r=-0.731）。结论应用实时三维超声心动图能显示心腔立体结构,准确测量左室收缩功能和左室心肌质量,有效评价冠心病左室重构和心脏功能损伤。     

实时三平面超声心动图评价扩张型心肌病、冠心病患者左室容积及收缩功能

目的：初步探讨实时三平面超声心动图（RT-3PE）评价扩张型心肌病、冠心病患者左室容积及收缩功能的可行性。方法：RT-3PE分别测量20例正常人、16例扩张型心肌病和23例心肌梗死患者的左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）和收缩末期容积（LVEsV），计算出左室射血分数（LVEF）；并分别与二维超声心动图（2DE）的双平面Simpson法和M型超声心动图的Teichholz法测值进行比较。结果：①正常人中LVEDV、LVESV及EF，RT-3PE、2DE的双平面Simpson法和M型超声心动图的Telchholz法的各项测值之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05），RT-3PE与2DE所测LVEF较M型超声心动图有更好的相关性（r分别为0．91，0．85，P〈O．05）。②在扩张型心肌病和心肌梗死患者中，RT-3PE与2DE的双平面Simp—son法检测LVEF均具有很好的相关性（r分别为0．99，0．98，P〈0．05），两者之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05），但是2DE的双平面Simpson法所测的LVEDV、LVESV均明显低于RT-3PE测值，两者之间有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。而M型测得的LVEDV、LVESV偏大，LVEF存在高估或低估现象。③RT-3PE所测的LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF，同一观察者两次测值间均无显著性差异（P〉O．05），且有良好的相关性（r分别为0．98．0．97，0．88，P〈O．05）。结论：RT-3PE能够快速、无创地测量心室容积及收缩功能，为临床评价节段性室壁运动异常及心腔扩大的心室功能提供了一种实用、简便的方法。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

VEGF和NSE在良恶性嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨肿瘤标志物血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤组织中的表达,分析其可能的临床价值及病理学意义,为临床鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据。方法应用免疫组化（SP法）检测16例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤、18例良性嗜铬细胞瘤及17例正常肾上腺髓质组织中细胞因子VEGF和NSE表达情况,显微镜下判断组织切片的染色结果。结果①恶性嗜铬细胞瘤VEGF表达明显强于正常肾上腺髓质和良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。良性肿瘤和正常肾上腺髓质的VEGF表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率明显高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。②良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,良性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE的表达高于正常肾上腺髓质的NSE表达（P〈0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.05）。③VEGF和NSE共同阳性表达在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤之间差异有统计学意义（P=〈0.01）。结论临床上检测VEGF和NSE可能为鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据,共同检测VEGF和NSE可能提高良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别的敏感性。