2004～2008年山东省农村改厕项目资料分析

[目的]探讨实施农村改厕项目的影响因素,提高改厕项目的执行水平。[方法]对2004~2008年山东省农村改厕项目执行情况进行分析。[结果]2004~2008年中央财政补助山东省改厕资金合计3 179万元,占建厕资金7 709万元的41.24%;其余为各设区市和项目县(市、区)配套资金。合计建设各类卫生户厕125 429座,占计划任务122 000座的102.81%。建设的5种无害化卫生户厕中,三格化粪池式占36.39%,粪尿分集式占29.76%,三联沼气池式占25.43%,完整下水道水冲式占7.36%,双瓮漏斗式占1.06%。[结论]山东省超额完成了国家改厕项目的户厕建设任务。     

2006年山东省农村改厕工作的基本情况与改进建议

为推动和规范农村改厕工作,进一步提升农村环境卫生水平,在中央项目资金资助下,地方实施资金配套的基础上,山东省在济南、青岛、淄博等17个城市45个县区164个农村实施改厕工程.截止2006年12月实际完成改厕15 338座,使用资金1 119.06万元,每厕所耗资729.60元,文章介绍了山东省农村改厕工作的主要做法,并就存在的问题提出相关建议.     

济宁市农村改厕工作现况调查

[目的]分析济宁市农村户厕的现状,评价农村改厕效果,探讨影响农村户厕的因素。[方法]采取分层整群抽样方法,2000年和2004年分别对济宁市2380户和2460户农户进行户厕及粪便处理现状调查。[结果]2000年和2004年分别调查农村户厕2380座和2460座,各种厕所类型的构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),单池式户厕仍为主要类型,水冲式、粪尿分集式户厕所占比例明显上升。2004年与2000年比较,卫生厕所普及率由40.68%上升到64.72%,无害化卫生厕所占有率由23.19%上升到43.98%,粪便经无害化处理的由44.11%上升到68.37%(P<0.01);2004年与2000年各种粪便处理方法厕所所占比例的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),采用无害化处理粪便的所占比例明显上升。[结论]济宁市农村改厕工作取得很大进展,应提高无害化卫生厕所普及率和粪便无害化处理率。     

青岛市农村改厕现状与评价

目的了解2005年青岛市农村改厕情况,探讨农村改厕工作新模式。方法于2005年在青岛市选择对当地经济水平和改厕现状有一定代表性的8个村。每村抽取40户以上作为调查对象。采用问卷调查的方法,对调查对象的户厕建筑与粪便处理情况进行调查,按照GB19379－2003《农村户厕卫生标准》进行评价。并对农民的卫生知识和卫生行为情况进行调查。结果在被调查的365个农户中,建厕率为100%,卫生厕所普及率80.0%（292/365）。建在住宅庭院的户厕占83.84%（306/365）,建在住宅室内的占16.16%（59/365）。水冲式、非水冲式厕所构成比间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;且均以二类居多。达到二类及以上建筑设计卫生要求占82.5%。厕所粪便无害化处理率为78.36%（286/365）。农户对卫生厕所的满意率为97.26%（355/365）;户厕正常使用率为98.63%（360/365）。被调查农民对所调查的各项卫生知识的知晓率为65.22%－92.39%,具有卫生行为的百分比为47.83%－94.84%。结论2005年青岛市农村卫生厕所的普及和达标情况较好。     

拟改厕地区农村居民户厕使用情况及需求调查

目的了解3个拟改厕地区农村户厕的使用和需求情况。方法在不同省份选择拟开展改厕活动的A、B和C3个县,每个县各选4个卫生厕所普及率低于30%的行政村,每个村随机抽取20%的农户进行入户调查,内容包括家庭厕所类型及其卫生状况和粪便处理等情况。结果①调查1004户农村家庭中,有厕率为98.8%(992/1004),其中卫生厕所占12.6%(127/1004);A、B和C县简易旱厕分别占94.5%(495/524)、86.1%(93/108)和48.4%(180/372),C县水冲式非卫生厕所占25.5%(95/372);②32.0%(317/992)家庭认为自家厕所使用不方便,其中A和B 2个县分别占43.6%(225/516)和32.7%(34/104),高于C县的15.6%(58/372);干净户厕占44.3%(439/992),不干净户厕占24.6%(244/992),B县59.6%(62/104)厕屋苍蝇较多;③81.1%(805/992)的户厕粪便清理后直接用作农田施肥,非卫生厕所家庭中,A、B和C3个县分别有81.4%(410/504)、88.8%(87/98)和53.5%(147/275)的家庭想建卫生厕所但条件不具备;④居民卫生厕所知识知晓率分别为18.1%(182/1004)、20.0%(201/1004)和23.1%(232/1004),且与文化程度存在正相关性(P<0.05)。结论A、B和C3个县的卫生厕所占比较低、简易旱厕较多,户厕卫生状况较好,大多为干净或一般,但部分户厕有苍蝇;大部分户厕粪便清理后需进行无害化处理;3个县改厕需求均较高。     

濮阳市10061所农村户厕质量效果评价

农村改厕工作已在我市全面推开,截止1991年底已安装使用双瓮漏斗式厕所25.8万个,占农户总数的43.1％。为了总结经验,加快农村户厕改良的科学化、标准化、商品化的步伐,我市组织专业技术人员分赴6县区,对28个乡、镇、办事处,103个行政村的10061所农村户厕质量、改厕效果进行了评价。     

浙江省象山县农村厕所现状调查与分析

目的了解浙江省象山县农村改厕现状,为制定象山县农村改厕相关策略提供依据。方法通过分层抽样,在全县抽取6个行政村为调查对象,以入户调查的方式收集数据。结果农村卫生厕所普及率为84.80%,无厕户占15.20%;改厕资金主要以家庭投入为主,占91.46%。卫生厕所主要以三格化粪池为主,占74.95%。结论象山县农村无厕户占的比例较高,因此应加大农村改厕力度,改善农村环境卫生面貌。     

山东省农村卫生厕所现状调查

[目的]了解山东省农村卫生厕所现状,促进农村改厕任务目标的实现.[方法]1999年12月通过分层整群抽样对全省27个县2766座卫生户厕使用及粪便处理现状进行了调查.[结果]农村卫生厕所使用率98.99%,完好率87.20%,合格率81.81%,粪便无害化处理率91.76%.农村改厕以农民自筹资金为主,农民、集体、政府三者投入的比例为83.6518.691.经济收入愈高的村、户主文化程度愈高的家庭卫生厕所建造率愈高.[结论]山东省农村无害化卫生户厕的建造质量较高,大大提高了粪便无害化处理率,对减少环境污染,控制肠道传染病的传播起到了积极的作用.农村改厕应根据当地财力选择适宜的卫生厕所.     

安徽省农村血防地区改厕效果调查

为了解安徽省血防地区农村改厕效果,我们对2005年、2006年部分血防地区改厕项目县农村改厕评估验收资料整理分析如下。1材料与方法1.1内容改厕项目的实际建厕数量和质量、技术培训,健康教育、建厕质量、卫生厕所的使用管理以及项目效益。     

浙江省农村改水改厕现状分析

随看经济发展和自来水的普及,水冲式户厕正在浙江农村迅速发展.根据2002年我中心对浙江省30个县(市、区)农村改厕基本情况的调查,我省农村户厕主要类型依次为水冲式、非水冲式、节水式,其中水冲式厕所占53.7%,这与10年前(30.7%)相比有了显著的增加.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.