前路减压植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的探讨前路减压植骨融合内固定手术在治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年5月～2005年3月前路减压植骨融合內固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折58例。骨折节段—单椎体骨折:T101例,T114例,T1213例,L118例,L211例,L32例;双椎体骨折:T12与L16例,L1与L23例。结果平均随访13.5个月,按Frankel分级评定神经功能恢复1级以上。影像学检查比较,未发现明显的矫正度丢失。植骨块位于中央、己融合,无假关节形成及內固定失败。结论前路减压植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折,减压更彻底、更安全,能较好地重建前中柱稳定性。     

经伤椎椎弓根植骨结合椎弓根螺钉治疗胸腰椎骨折远期疗效

目的 探讨经伤椎椎弓根植骨结合椎弓根螺钉治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的远期疗效.方法 采用经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定、椎管减压治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折62例.测量伤椎椎体前缘、中央及后缘高度压缩率变化,Cobb角改善情况;经伤椎椎弓根平面CT扫描,观察椎管减压及椎体内植骨融合情况.结果 术后全部患者经随访...     

后路多节段固定结合经椎弓根椎间融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

[目的]用多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统后路固定,结合经椎弓根椎间融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效.[方法]对25例Denis分类Type B型胸腰椎爆裂性骨折实施了后路椎弓根钉系统固定术.受伤至手术间隔时间平均7 d,平均年龄38.6岁.平均随访时间28个月.采用多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统的后路固定法.植骨采用经椎弓根切除椎间盘椎体间植骨的方法.[结果]局部后弯从术前的Cobb角平均15.5°改善到4.7°.术后平均28个月随访时为9.4°,平均损失4.7°.[结论]多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统,经椎弓根椎体间植骨,加强前柱的支持性是治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的有效方法.     

Z-plate前路钢板内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

胸腰椎严重爆裂性骨折常累及三柱,以中柱破坏为重.致压物常来自脊髓前方,后路手术对脊髓前方压迫解除常不彻底,往往需前路减压.自2000年10月以来,采用前路椎体次全切除减压、复位、植骨融合,Z-plate前路钢板内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折23例,取得了满意效果.     

后路短节段固定结合伤椎固定经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰段骨折

[目的]探讨后路短节段结合伤椎椎弓根钉固定加伤椎经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床疗效。[方法]对本院2003~2007年收治的胸腰段骨折治疗进行回顾,总共随访到96例病例。28例采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉复位固定,68例患者采用短节段固定结合单侧伤椎螺钉固定结合经椎弓根植骨,其中38例植骨材料为人工骨,30例为自体髂骨植骨。按照美国脊柱创伤研究组提出的胸腰椎损伤严重性评分标准(thoraco lumbar injury severityscore,TLISS)分别对各组病例进行评分,术前、术后以及随访期间正侧位X线片,测量伤椎椎体前后缘高度,胸腰段后凸Cobb′s角,前后椎体高度比,应用SPSS 11.0进行统计学分析。[结果]术后平均随访16.8个月(12~20个月),所有骨折复位效果满意。单纯后路短节段固定比经椎弓根植骨结合后路短节段固定组高度丢失多,术后Cobb′s角的矫正能力差,应用人工骨与自体骨植骨组间无明显差异。[结论]经椎弓根植骨结合后路短节段固定加伤椎固定重建了椎体的高度,增加了脊柱前柱稳定性,可有效的防止内固定失败和矫正度丢失,是一种治疗胸腰段骨折的有效方法。     

不同入路减压内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的 探讨不同入路减压内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效.方法 将92例胸腰锥爆裂性骨折患者根据病情和患者知情同意分为两组：后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定融合术47例,前路减压钛网植骨内固定术45例.对两种治疗方式的疗效进行比较.结果 两组均获满1年随访.两组患者的神经功能均好转;两组患者治疗1年后较治疗前的椎体前缘高度、Cobb角均有明显改善（P〈0.05）;治疗后两组间椎体前缘高度、Cobb角比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组均无顽固性腰痛及内固定断裂等并发症发生.结论 后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定融合术和前路减压钛网植骨内固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折均可取得较好效果.     

椎弓根钉棒系统治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位

目的 观察后路椎弓根钉棒系统治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的疗效.方法 经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定减压、植骨治疗21例严重胸腰椎骨折脱位.结果 21例随访6个月～2年,全部病例基本恢复了正常椎体序列、Cobb角及椎体高度.结论 椎弓根钉棒系统复位固定结合后路植骨融合,是治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的有效方法.     

经伤椎椎弓根置钉椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折

[目的]探讨经伤椎椎弓根一侧置钉一侧植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。[方法]自2007年5月到2010年5月,采用后路椎弓根钉复位内固定结合经伤椎置钉,椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折72例,所有患者术前、术后及随访均行X线检查,测量并比较Cobb角、伤椎椎体压缩率。[结果]所有患者随访7～38个月,平均16个月。术后椎体压缩率、Cobb角得到改善。内固定未见松脱断裂,植骨均获得骨性融合。[结论]采用伤椎一侧置钉复位内固定结合一侧经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折可有效地防止内固定失败以及脊柱骨折复位丢失和后凸畸形,是治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折较理想的方法。     

后路椎弓根钉系统固定加经椎弓根人工骨植入术治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

[目的]评价后路椎弓根钉系统固定加经椎弓根植入人工骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效,探讨其适应证的选择。[方法]采用爆裂性骨折的Denis分类,对26例无瘫痪胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者实施后路椎弓根钉系统撑开复位内固定后经椎弓根植入人工骨(NovaBone又名固骼生)进行治疗。26例患者均为单一节段椎体骨折,椎体的破坏程度采用McCormack的LSC评分。[结果]26例病人术后疼痛均明显缓解(VAS评分改善),椎体高度和形态得到明显恢复(Cobb角平均改善11.5°)。经术后平均20.5个月随访,疼痛均消失,骨折均达到满意复位并愈合,无Cobb角加大,未发现明显并发症。[结论]后路椎弓根钉系统固定加经椎弓根植骨术能及时增加椎体的骨容量和脊柱前柱的抗压稳定性,使患者早期活动,减少内固定因应力过大造成的断钉、断杆、椎体再压缩等并发症,是一种治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的有效方法。此方法适用于椎体压缩程度大、或合并有骨质疏松的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者。     

一期后路固定前路病灶清除植骨治疗胸腰段椎体结核

目的探讨一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核。方法2003年2月至2011年2月手术治疗胸腰段椎体结核23例,应用一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰椎体结核,根据术前、术后X线片分析植骨融合及术后畸形矫正效果。结果经14～54个月随访,脊髓功能得到不同程度的恢复,植骨融合满意,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发。结论一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核具有脊柱后凸侧弯畸形易于矫正、前路结核病灶减压彻底、内固定远离病灶等优点,是治疗脊柱胸腰段结核的一种有效手术方法。其缺点是手术创伤较大、时间较长、操作相对繁杂。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.