169例胸腔积液病因分布和临床特点

目的探讨胸腔积液的病因分布和临床特征。方法分析我院所有收治并且资料完整的胸腔积液患的临床资料。结果 169例胸腔积液患者的病因依次为:结核性胸膜炎89例(52.66%)、恶性肿瘤35例(20.71%)、心功能不全18例(10.65%)、肺炎或肺部感染17例(10.06%),其他10例。结核性胸腔积液以40岁以下患者占48.3%,老年病人在增加,腺苷脱氨酶的敏感率为79.78%;恶性胸腔积液以60岁以上患者居多(65.7%),40岁以下极少(5.7%)。恶性胸腔积液查到肿瘤细胞者26例,阳性率为73%。结论胸腔积液主要病因是结核和肿瘤,结核患者以青年居多,恶性肿瘤以老年患者居多。临床综合分析是判断病因的关键。     

检测血清和胸液E—选择素对鉴别良恶性疾病的意义

目的 通过检测结核性胸膜炎及癌性胸液患血清及胸液的Ｅ－选择素水平，探讨其对鉴别良恶性疾病的意义。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测２５例结核性胸膜炎及２１例癌性胸液患血清及胸液的Ｅ－选择素水平。结果 结核性胸膜炎患血清Ｅ－选择素水平为４４±５μｇ／Ｌ、胸液Ｅ－选择素水平２４±３μｇ／Ｌ。明显高于癌性胸液患血清（２７±４μｇ／Ｌ）及胸液（１１±３μｇ＋Ｌ），且重叠性很小。此外，结核性     

Diagnostic utility of serum and pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, and cytokeratin 19 fragments in patients with effusions from primary lung cancer

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic values of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1) as markers of pleurisy in primary lung cancer. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. SETTING: A tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-four patients with lung cancer and 16 patients with tuberculous pleurisy. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Levels of CEA, NSE, and CYFRA 21-1 were measured by immunoassay in the serum and pleural fluid of patients with lung cancer and of patients with tuberculous pleurisy. Patients with lung cancer were found to have significantly higher serum and pleural fluid levels of CEA and CYFRA 21-1 than patients with tuberculous pleurisy. Using cutoff values of 5 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 3.3 ng/mL for serum CEA, NSE, and CYFRA 21-1, respectively, the sensitivities and specificities of these tumor markers were as follows for differentiating malignant effusion from benign: CEA, 68% and 93%; NSE, 34% and 93%; and CYFRA 21-1, 45% and 100%. Using cutoff values of 5 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 45 ng/mL for pleural fluid, the sensitivities and specificities were as follows: CEA, 82% and 94%; NSE, 36% and 94%; and CYFRA 21-1, 61% and 81%. A combination of pleural fluid CEA and NSE increased sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: In the diagnosis of malignant effusion associated with lung cancer, the determinations of CEA and NSE in pleural fluid could enhance diagnostic yield better than those of all three tumor markers.     

可弯曲内科胸腔镜术对胸膜疾病的诊治价值

目的探索可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜诊治胸膜疾病的价值及可行性。方法采用Olympus LTF-240型可弯曲内科胸腔镜对114例胸膜疾病患者在局麻下行开放式胸腔镜术，包括诊断组（含不明原因胸腔积液者及肺癌分期诊断者）、气胸组、胸膜固定术组及脓胸组。结果72例不明原因胸腔积液中确诊58例（80．1％），包括胸膜转移癌39例（肺癌胸膜转移38例、食管癌胸膜转移1例），胸膜间皮瘤3例，结核性胸膜炎15例，矽肺累及胸膜1例；未确诊的病例包括12例病理示非特异性炎症、2例胸腔镜检查未见异常。6例肺癌分期诊断者2例证实胸膜转移。13例气胸治愈7例（53，8％），胸膜固定术28例胸水均得到控制，脓胸6例均得到治愈。无1例出现严重并发症。结论可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜术容易耐受、安全、微创、费用低，是诊断疑难胸膜疾病及治疗难治性胸腔积液、脓胸的有效而实用的方法。     

Pleural fluid neuron-specific enolase. A useful diagnostic marker for small cell lung cancer pleurisy

We studied the value of pleural fluid neuron-specific enolase as a possible diagnostic marker for pleurisy of small cell lung cancer by using enzyme immunoassay. Pleural fluid NSE levels in 12 patients with carcinomatous pleurisy due to small cell lung cancer were compared with those in 37 patients with carcinomatous pleurisy due to non-small cell lung cancer and 39 patients with tuberculous pleurisy. The pleural fluid NSE level was elevated in nine of 12 (75 percent) patients with SCLC. However, only two of 37 (5 percent) patients with NSCLC and two of 39 (5 percent) patients with tuberculous pleurisy had an elevated pleural fluid NSE level. Moreover, none of ten SCLC patients with cytology-negative pleural effusions showed elevated pleural fluid NSE level. Thus, determination of pleural fluid NSE levels seems to be an effective means to differentiate carcinomatous pleurisy due to SCLC from that due to NSCLC, tuberculous pleurisy and cytology-negative pleural effusion in SCLC.     

Endostatin Levels in Exudative Pleural Effusions

Endostatin is an angiogenesis inhibitor that is an endogenously produced proteolytic fragment of type XVIII collagen. Although serum levels of endostatin have extensively been studied in patients with malignant diseases, endostatin in pleural effusion has not been fully evaluated. In order to determine whether endostatin is present in pleural effusion, and to determine whether endostatin levels vary in pleural effusion of different etiology, we measured levels of endostatin in 38 malignant pleural effusion due to lung cancer patients and 29 patients with non-malignant disease using an ELISA kit. Free form of endostaitn was measurable (>11.2 pg/ml) in 26 of 38 malignant and 13 of 29 non-malignant pleural effusion. Endostatin levels in the 38 malignant pleural effusion were significantly higher than those in patients with the 29 patients with non-malignant diseases (p = 0.0131). However, there was not statistically significant difference between the patients with pleuropneumonia and those with tuberculous pleurisy (p = 0.2194). In malignant pleural effusion due to lung cancer, the pleural effusion endostatin levels did not differ when the histological types of lung cancer were considered(p = 0.0674). Endostatin was present in both malignant and non-malignant pleural effusion, and elevated levels of endostatin were observed in malignant pleural effusion. Although the mechanisms are unclear, elevated levels of endostatin in pleural effusion may represent the local productions of endostatin in pleural space.     

Twist蛋白、VEGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE在肺癌患者恶性胸水中的表达和应用

目的：探讨肺癌患者恶性胸水中Twist蛋白、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、神经原特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的表达及其临床意义。方法采集52例肺癌患者恶性胸腔积液标本,其中腺癌24例,鳞癌16例,小细胞肺癌12例,良性胸腔积液患者45例作为对照。应用酶联免疫吸附试验法和化学发光法检测各指标水平。结果肺癌组恶性胸水中 Twist 蛋白、VEGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE 的表达均高于良性肺病组(t值分别为8.67、9.11、3.94、5.37、3.10,P值均<0.05);肺癌组恶性胸水中 Twist 和 VEGF的水平与患者肿瘤病理类型无关(P 值均>0.05),CEA 水平在腺癌中最高,CYFRA21-1水平在鳞癌中最高,NSE水平在小细胞肺癌中最高。Twist 蛋白、VEGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE 在肺癌恶性胸水中的敏感度分别为78.8%、84.6%、61.5%、46.2%、42.3%,特异度分别为86.7%、88.9%、91.1%、86.7%、77.8%。CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE在不同肺癌恶性胸水中敏感度不同,联合检测可提高敏感度。结论胸水中 Twist 蛋白、VEGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE 检测有利于良、恶性胸水的鉴别, Twist蛋白、VEGF水平与肿瘤病理类型无关,CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE 水平与肿瘤病理类型相关,联合检测可提高诊断的敏感度。     

胸腔镜检查诊断不明原因的胸腔积液临床分析

目的探讨胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法25例不明原因的胸腔积液患者行胸腔镜检,直视下取病变组织行病理检查。结果镜下表现灰白色粟粒样结节,多发结节状突起,胸膜局灶不规则增厚,胸膜充血、水肿,纤维粘连。胸腔镜检查确诊率92％。确诊病例中恶性肿瘤15例（60％）,其中肺癌转移11例,恶性胸膜间皮瘤4例,良性疾病共8例（32％）,其中结核性胸膜炎7例,慢性炎症1例,无严重并发症。结论胸腔镜检查对不明原因的胸腔积液是一种安全、确诊率高的诊断方法。     

Role of pleural viscosity in the differential diagnosis of exudative pleural effusion

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: Determining the aetiology of an effusion involves assessing if it is an exudate or a transudate. However, a reliable test for determining the aetiology of a pleural effusion is lacking. Pleural viscosity has a high sensitivity and specificity and a high positive and negative predictive value for discriminating exudative and transudative pleural effusions. The aim of this study was to use pleural fluid viscosity to discriminate between various aetiologies of exudative effusions, namely malignant, parapneumonic and tuberculous. METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients (24 women, 46 men, mean age = 67 years) with exudative pleural effusion due to pneumoniae in 24 patients, tuberculous pleurisy in 21 and lung cancer in 25 were studied prospectively. Measurements of pleural fluid and plasma viscosity were performed using Brookfield DV-II viscometer. RESULTS: Pleural viscosity and pleural LDH were highest in the tuberculous pleurisy patients and lowest in the lung cancer patients. Pleural viscosity > or = 1.57 was found to be indicative of tuberculous pleurisy with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95%. Pleural viscosity < 1.39 was found to be indicative of lung cancer with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94%. Pleural viscosity was significantly correlated with pleural albumin (r = 0.34, P = 0.004), protein (r = 0.40, P = 0.001), LDH (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) and plasma viscosity (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), having the most significant value with pleural LDH. CONCLUSION: The pleural fluid viscosity of patients with parapneumonic, tuberculous and malignant effusions are significantly different from each other. Among these groups, tuberculous effusions had the highest viscosity, and malignant effusions from lung cancer the lowest.     

胸水ADA、TB-DNA联合检测在结核性胸膜炎中的诊断运用

目的分析胸水ADA、TB-DNA联合检测对结核性胸膜炎诊断运用价值。方法对我院收治的结核性胸膜炎患者183例、癌性胸水患者65例以及炎性胸水患者49例作为研究对象,分别进行ADA、TB-DNA的检测,并对ADA、TB-DNA在三种疾病中的阳性率以及对结核性胸膜炎的敏感度、特异性以及准确性进行分析。结果结核性胸膜炎患者的ADA含量(72.3±23.2 IU/L)明显高于炎性胸水患者(38.4±12.9 IU/L)以及癌性胸水患者(24.3±6.5 IU/L);ADA、TB-DNA联合检测对结核性胸膜炎的特异性84.2%,敏感性98.91%以及准确性为93.26%。结论对结核性胸膜炎患者采用胸水ADA、TB-DNA联合检测可明显提高其检出率,并有助于对结核性胸膜炎胸水、癌性胸水以及炎性胸水的鉴别。     

Accuracy of EUS in staging of T4 lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, EUS is being used to stage lung cancer. Direct mediastinal invasion (T4) by lung cancer is stage IIIb disease. Patients in this stage have a 5-year survival of less than 5% and generally are offered chemotherapy without surgery. This study evaluated the accuracy of EUS in detecting T4 lung cancer. METHODS: The study included all patients with lung cancer who had EUS staging and subsequent staging at surgery, or for whom there was unequivocal confirmation of unresectability (T4) by thoracoscopy, thoracotomy or presence of malignant pleural effusion, or definite invasion of great vessels/adjacent organs on CT. RESULTS: A total of 175 of 308 patients with lung cancer who underwent EUS over a 5-year period (1997-2002) had subsequent confirmatory tumor staging. Ten patients were found by EUS to have stage T4 tumors; 7 were confirmed to be T4 by either surgical exploration (2), CT demonstration of aortic invasion (3), or documentation of malignant pleural effusion (2). Three of the 10 (30%) patients found to have stage T4 tumors by EUS had T2 disease at surgery and underwent curative resection. Of the remaining 165 patients without evidence of T4 disease at EUS, only one was found to have aortic invasion (T4) at surgery. EUS had a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 70%, and a negative predictive value of 99% for detecting T4 disease. CONCLUSIONS: Caution is warranted when unresectability of lung cancer is based solely on tumor invasion into mediastinal soft tissue at EUS. Overstaging occurs when a tumor appears to invade the pleural layer without mediastinal organ invasion. Confirmation of unresectability by other diagnostic modalities is warranted in such instances.     

内科胸腔镜检查在良恶性胸腔积液的诊治应用分析

目的认识内科胸腔镜检查在良恶性胸腔积液的病因学诊断价值。方法对34例胸腔积液患者实施胸腔镜检查,对恶性胸腔积液的患者采取多部位钳夹（8～10个部位）,闭式引流管保留1～3天。结果34例患者经病理确诊32例,确诊率为91．4％。结核性胸膜炎41．2％（14／34）;非典型炎性病变5．9％（2／34）;恶性肿瘤52．9％（18／34）。14例结核性胸膜炎患者术后均在1周内完全缓解（CR）;18例恶性胸腔积液检查后完全缓解（CR）率66．7％（12／18）,总有效率83．3％（15／18）,无效（PD）3例均有严重低蛋白血症。12例完全缓解（CR）患者,10例未出现胸水复发,2例出现胸水复发,复发率16．7％。结论内科胸腔镜检查能准确诊断胸膜疾病的病因,而且对结核性胸膜炎和恶性胸腔积液均有很好的治疗效果。     

胸水M1/M2型巨噬细胞比例在结核性胸膜炎与恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的价值

目的 探讨巨噬细胞极化在结核性胸膜炎与恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的价值.方法 前瞻性收集2018年10月至2019年9月到我院就诊的新发结核性胸膜炎或恶性胸腔积液患者,在治疗前采集胸腔积液与外周血,流式细胞术检测M1型(CD14+CD86+)与M2型(CD14+CD163+)单核巨噬细胞.并测定外周血细胞计数、血沉、γ-干扰素...     

尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸积液后外科手术治疗的疗效分析肖泽林 刘家杰 高健齐 连贵勇简

目的 探讨在结核性包裹性胸积液疾病治疗中如何选择胸腔内注入尿激酶与外科手术治疗.方法 分析我院651例诊断结核性包裹性胸积液病例,在入院后予常规抗痨治疗并予胸腔内注入尿激酶治疗,对有效组与效果不佳再转入外科行胸腔纤维板剥脱术治疗的手术组的疗效进行对比分析.结果 两组病例的发病病程、复发率比较无明显差异 （P〉0.05）,在体查及B超、CT检查、胸腔穿刺或置管后肺能否复张比较有明显差异（P＜0.05）.结论 在体查、B超和CT检查有阳性结果、胸腔穿刺或置管后肺不能复张的病例选择外科手术治疗效果较好,胸膜纤维板剥脱术仍是治疗胸膜增厚的结核性包裹性胸积液的有效方法.     

内科胸腔镜检术在不明原因胸腔积液中的应用分析

目的：探讨胸腔镜检查术对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法：85例不明原因的胸腔积液患者行胸腔镜检术,取病变组织行病理检查。结果：镜下表现可以分为5种,分别是乳白色、鲜红色弥漫性粟粒样结节38例(44．7%),单发或多发菜花样、乳突状结节34例(40%),胸膜充血、水肿6例(7．1%),胸膜增厚及纤维分隔或粘连带形成4例(4．7%),无明显异常3例(3．5%)。胸腔镜检术确诊率91．7%。确诊病例中恶性肿瘤32例(37．6%),其中肺癌转移24例(腺癌20例,鳞癌3例,小细胞肺癌1例),恶性胸膜间皮瘤2例,胃癌胸膜转移3例,肝癌2例,淋巴瘤1例。良性疾病共50例(58．8%),其中结核性胸膜炎46例(54．1%),慢性炎症4例(4．7%)。无严重并发症。结论：胸腔镜检查术对不明原因的胸腔积液是一种安全、确诊率高的诊断方法。     

胸腔积液中IL-27及Gene Xpert MTB/RIF联合检测有助于结核性胸膜炎的快速诊断

目的：观察胸腔积液中白介素-27（IL-27）、结核杆菌利福平耐药基因（Gene Xpert MTB/RIF）表达水平在结核性胸膜炎快速诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析128例结核性胸膜炎患者的临床资料，另选择同期收治的128例非结核性胸膜炎胸腔积液患者为对照（恶性胸腔积液组、类肺炎性胸腔积液组与漏出性胸腔积液组分别61例、36例与31例），采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者胸腔积液中IL-27水平，并予以Gene Xpert MTB/RIF试验，以临床综合诊断结果为金标准，评估IL-27、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF水平在结核性胸膜炎诊断中的应用价值。结果：结核性胸膜炎组胸腔积液中IL-27水平显著高于恶性胸腔积液组、类肺炎性胸腔积液组与漏出性胸腔积液组（F=112.944，P均<0.05）；IL-27诊断结核性胸膜炎的AUC值为0.875，敏感度为73.43%、特异性为85.16%；Gene Xpert MTB/RIF诊断结核性胸膜炎敏感度、特异性分别为77.34%、100.00%；两者联合诊断结核性胸膜炎的敏感度为86.72%，特异性为100.00%。结论：胸腔积液中IL-27、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF水平对结核性胸膜炎的诊断有一定意义，联合检测有助于结核性胸膜炎的诊断。     

T-helper type 1/T-helper type 2 balance in malignant pleural effusions compared to tuberculous pleural effusions

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Malignant and tuberculous pleurisies are two major causes of lymphocyte-dominant pleurisy. Several studies have already reported that tuberculous pleurisy is a T-helper type 1(Th1)-dominant disease. In this study, we sought to examine the Th1/T-helper type 2 (Th2) balance, especially focusing on the polarizing status of T-cells to Th1/Th2 in malignant pleural effusions by measuring cytokines in pleural effusions and by evaluating the polarizing status of T-cells on the point of stimulation with interleukin (IL)-12 and/or IL-18. Furthermore, we evaluated inhibitors of interferon (IFN)-gamma production in effusions to rule out the possibility of direct inhibition of T-cell polarization. PATIENTS: Effusion samples were collected from 19 patients with malignant pleurisy caused by lung cancer and from 7 patients with tuberculous pleurisy. MEASUREMENTS: Concentrations of pleural fluid IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-4 were measured. IFN-gamma production of T-cells enriched from malignant pleural effusions in the presence of IL-12 and/or IL-18 was also examined. We further compared the inhibitory activity of malignant pleural effusions against IFN-gamma production and analyzed the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin, mucin domain (Tim-3), a Th1-specific molecule in pleural fluid T-cells. RESULTS: Although malignant pleural effusions showed low levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and ratios of IFN-gamma and IL-12 to IL-4 were low, isolated T-cells produced a significant level of IFN-gamma in the presence of IL-12 and IL-18. Soluble factors were not found to inhibit IFN-gamma production in malignant pleural effusions. In tuberculous pleural effusion, ratios of IFN-gamma and IL-12 to IL-4 were significantly higher, and T-cells showed the expression of Tim-3 messenger RNA. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that T-cells in the malignant pleural effusions are mainly na?ve or not definitely polarized to Th1. Moreover, malignant tumor does not actively distort the cytokine condition through production of soluble inhibitors within effusions. The present study indicates that antitumor immunity may be enhanced by restored IFN-gamma activity through combination of IL-12 and IL-18, and that it will lead to new therapies for malignant effusion.     

Malignant Pleural Effusion: Presentation,Diagnosis, and Management

Malignant pleural effusions are common in patients with cancer. Most malignant pleural effusions are secondary to metastases to the pleura, most often from lung or breast cancer. The presence of malignant effusion indicates advanced disease and poor survival; in lung cancer, the presence of malignant effusion upstages the cancer to stage 4. Usually presenting as a large, unilateral exudative effusion, most patients with malignant pleural effusion experience dyspnea. Prior to intervention, diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and exclusion of infection should be made. Thoracic imaging is typically performed, with computed tomography considered by many to be the gold standard. Thoracic ultrasound is also useful, particularly if diaphragmatic or pleural thickening and nodularity can be identified. Cytology should then be obtained; this is typically done via pleural fluid aspiration or pleural biopsy. Treatment focuses on palliation and relief of symptoms. Numerous interventions are available, ranging from drainage with thoracentesis or indwelling pleural catheter to more definitive, invasive options such as pleurodesis. There is no clear best approach, and a patient-centered approach should be taken.     

超声引导下改良胸膜活检术对诊断原因不明胸腔积液的临床观察(附49例临床分析)

目的 观察超声引导下改良胸膜活检术对原因不明胸腔积液诊断中的价值.方法 使用改良胸膜活检术对49例不明原因胸腔积液患者进行胸膜活检术.结果 所有患者胸膜活检均成功,其中间皮瘤3例,低分化癌6例,腺癌7例,未分型4例,结核18例,慢性炎症11例(经治疗最终证实为结核),病理确诊率77.6％,仅2例出现胸膜反应,未出现局部出血及气胸.结论 超声引导下改良胸膜活检术安全、方便,对胸腔积液确诊率高、并发症少.     

Pseudo-Meigs' syndrome secondary to metachronous ovarian metastases from transverse colon cancer

Pseudo-Meigs' syndrome associated with colorectal cancer is extremely rare. We report here a case of pseudo-Meigs' syndrome secondary to metachronous ovarian metastases from colon cancer. A 65-year-old female with a history of surgery for transverse colon cancer and peritoneal dissemination suffered from metachronous ovarian metastases during treatment with systemic chemotherapy. At first, neither ascites nor pleural effusion was observed, but she later complained of progressive abdominal distention and dyspnea caused by rapidly increasing ascites and pleural effusion and rapidly enlarging ovarian metastases. Abdominocenteses were repeated, and cytological examinations of the fluids were all negative for malignant cells. We suspected pseudo-Meigs' syndrome, and bilateral oophorectomies were performed after thorough informed consent. The patient's postoperative condition improved rapidly after surgery. We conclude that pseudo-Meigs' syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of massive or rapidly increasing ascites and pleural effusion associated with large or rapidly enlarging ovarian tumors.