金华市婺城区2008--2017年儿童青少年法定传染病流行特征分析

目的 分析金华市婺城区2008—2017年儿童青少年法定传染病流行特征, 为儿童青少年法定传染病预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法 应用描述流行病学方法,对源自国家传染病报告信息管理系统的婺城区2008—2017年0～24岁儿童青少年法定传染病资料进行流行病学统计分析。结果 按发病日期统计,2008—2017年婺城区合计报告0～24岁儿童青少年法定传染病23种33 421例,死亡6例,年均发病率为1 576.99/10万,死亡率为0.28/10万。不同年龄组年均发病率从高到低排序为：0～4岁组、5～9岁组、20～24岁组、10～14岁组、15～19岁组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.005）。甲、乙类传染病年均发病率为167.60/10万,死亡2例,死亡率为0.09/10万;丙类传染病年均发病率为1 409.39/10万,死亡4例,死亡率为0.19/10万。结论 10年间婺城区儿童青少年法定传染病发病率呈波动状态且波幅较大,儿童青少年肺结核病等防控工作形势严峻。     

上海市沪东社区2011—2018年0～6岁儿童法定传染病的分析

[目的]了解上海市沪东社区2011—2018年0～6岁儿童法定传染病发病特征及流行趋势,为0～6岁儿童传染病精准防控提供科学依据.[方法]采用描述性流行病学方法对2011—2018年沪东社区0～6岁儿童传染病发病资料进行分析.[结果]2011—2018年沪东社区0～6岁儿童法定传染病报告8种1401例,年均发病率353...     

厦门市2005-2018年法定传染病发病趋势分析

目的分析厦门市法定传染病发病趋势,为制订防控措施提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学和线性回归分析法,对厦门市2005—2018年法定传染病变化趋势进行描述和分析。结果厦门市2005—2018年累计报告法定传染病34种229 089例,年均发病率513.74/10万,发病前5位依次为手足口病、其它感染性腹泻、肺结核、乙肝和淋病;2005—2018年总体发病率变化不明显,但2011—2018年呈上升趋势,乙类传染病呈下降趋势,丙类呈上升趋势;肠道传播成为主要传播途径,其次为血源及性传播和呼吸道传播;肠道、自然疫源性及虫媒传染病呈上升趋势,接触、血源及性传播传染病呈下降趋势;呼吸道传播趋势变化不明显。结论 14年来厦门市法定传染病总体疫情较为平稳。发病顺位和主要传播途径有所改变,肠道传播已成为主要途径,应加强对肠道传染病,尤其是手足口病、其它感染性腹泻的防控。     

2016—2021年北京市朝阳区法定传染病流行情况和趋势分析

目的 调查北京市朝阳区法定传染病流行状况与变化特点,从而指导传染病防控策略的确立。方法 搜集我国疾病预防控制信息系统2016—2021年期间的北京市朝阳区法定传染病监测数值,经由描述流行病学方法对此区域法定传染病的发病特点与流行规律展开分析。结果 2016—2021年朝阳区共报告法定传染病204 807例,年均报告发病率923.23/10万,报告死亡数239例,年均报告死亡率1.08/10万。2016—2021年法定传染病发病率呈先上升后下降趋势,丙类发病主导着法定传染病发病趋势。按传播途径分,呼吸道传染病报告最多,呈先上升后下降趋势;其次是肠道传染病,呈下降趋势。发病顺位居前3位的是流行性感冒、其他感染性腹泻病和手足口病。男性报告发病率（958.20/10万）高于女性（887.39/10万）,甲乙类传染病的报告发病率以0～<6岁组最高,为165.36/10万,丙类传染病的报告发病率以0～<6岁组最高,为8 560.64/10万。高发职业为散居儿童、幼托儿童和家务及待业人员。1整年内,在传染病中,甲乙类未见明显的发病高峰,丙类出现3个发病高峰,分别为3—4、6—8和11月—...     

2004-2020年北京市通州区6～22岁学生人群法定报告传染病疫情监测分析

目的 分析2004—2020年北京市通州区6～22岁学生人群法定报告传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为开展传染病防控提供数据参考。方法 收集2004—2020年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中通州区年龄为6～22岁且人群分类为学生的法定报告传染病监测数据,描述发病率、构成比、发病顺位,利用joinpoint软件计算年度变化百分比（APC%）分析发病率趋势,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2004—2020年北京市通州区共报告6～22岁学生人群法定传染病18 807例,无死亡病例,报告发病率为953.16/10万。其中甲类传染病无报告;乙类报告发病率为184.99/10万;丙类报告发病率为768.17/10万。乙类发病率呈下降趋势（APC=-7.18,P<0.001）,丙类发病率变化趋势平稳（APC=3.82,P=0.20）。乙类传染病发病率小学生、初中生、高中生、大学生人群均呈下降趋势（P<0.05）;丙类传染病发病率小学生呈上升趋势（APC=6.97,P=0.02）,大学生人群呈下降趋势（APC=-10.03,P=0.01）,初中生、高中生发病率变化趋势平稳（P>...     

北京市2004-2008年青少年法定传染病流行特征分析

目的了解北京市6～24岁青少年法定传染病的流行特征,为北京市青少年传染病的防控提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对北京市青少年法定传染病流行特征进行分析。结果北京市2004-2008年共报告6～24岁青少年法定传染病173434例,年平均发病率为830.8/10万。2004-2008年每年发病率分别为952.7/10万,847.4/10万,871.1/10万,839.1/10万,650.4/10万。发病较高的传染病病种为其他感染性腹泻、细菌性痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、肺结核、病毒性乙型肝炎。结论本研究表明,5年来青少年法定传染病发病变动总体呈下降趋势,传染病的主要病种变化不大。细菌性痢疾、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎、肺结核、病毒性乙型肝炎、淋病为防控重点。     

2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病的发生和流行趋势,为今后制定防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005—2014年梧州市共报告法定传染病26种160 775例,死亡905例,年均发病率538.28/10万,年均死亡率3.03/10万,病死率0.56%;乙类发病趋势较为平稳,丙类发病率呈逐年上升趋势。发病呈双峰为4—7月和9—10月,以农民和散居儿童为主,高发人群为0~4岁及20~45岁。发病居前5位的疾病有肺结核、肝炎、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎、急性出血性结膜炎、淋病、梅毒等。肠道传染病年均发病率为200.95/10万,占传染病发病总数的37.33%;血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为170.49/10万,占传染病发病总数的31.67%;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为134.91/10万,占传染病发病总数的25.06%。结论梧州市法定传染病发病率总体呈上升趋势,今后的传染病防控重点应继续做好乙肝、肺结核等慢性传染病防控的同时,应加大对手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎等的防控力度。     

北京市通州区2005-2015年儿童青少年法定传染病流行特征分析

了解北京市通州区儿童青少年法定传染病流行病学特征,为儿童青少年传染病防控提供依据.方法 采用描述流行病学方法,对来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统中的通州区儿童青少年法定传染病流行病学特征进行分析.结果 通州区2005-2015年共报告0~ 24岁儿童青少年法定传染病23种67 457例,年平均发病率为2 113.27/10万.甲、乙类传染病年平均发病率为387.84/10万,2005年为434.57/10万,2015年为220.3/10万;其中0岁组发病率最高(1 167.95/10万),其次为5岁组(410.27/10万),10岁组发病率最低(80.15/10万).丙类传染病年平均发病率为1 725.44/10万.2005年为768.41/10万,2015年为1 814.06/10万;其中0岁组发病率最高(9 417.82/10万),10岁组最低(203.97/10万).结论 通州区儿童青少年甲乙类传染病发病率呈下降趋势,丙类传染病发病率呈先升后降的趋势.     

2013—2017年北京市西城区托幼园所传染病发病状况分析

目的了解西城区托幼园所儿童传染病发病状况和流行趋势,制定有效防控措施。方法对2013—2017年西城区托幼园所上报的儿童传染病年报资料进行分析。结果2013—2017年北京市西城区托幼园所上报传染病累计1529例,年均发病率为1.85%,总体呈逐渐下降趋势;手足口病除2014年发病率较高外,呈逐年下降趋势,水痘下降趋势不明显,而猩红热呈上升趋势;同一年度,2～3岁组儿童发病率较高,各年龄组年均发病率随着年龄的增加呈下降趋势。结论西城区托幼园所儿童传染病发病呈总体下降趋势,2～3岁儿童是传染病防控的重点人群,手足口病和猩红热是重点防控的疾病。     

2018年湖南省15岁以下人群法定传染病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析湖南省2018年15岁以下人群法定传染病流行特征,为青少年人群的传染病防控提供科学依据。 方法 运用描述流行病学方法,对2018年湖南省15岁以下人群法定传染病个案进行统计分析。 结果 2018年湖南省15岁以下人群共报告法定传染病24种,报告发病276 395例,发病率为2 188.82/10万。报告病例以肠道传染病为主(192 705例,69.72%),其次为呼吸道传染病(82 458例,29.83%);报告病例数居前3位的病种均为丙类传染病,依次为手足口病、流行性感冒和流行性腮腺炎。发病年龄主要集中在0～5岁之间,报告病例数占病例总数的82.97%;1岁年龄组发病率最高,为7 429.21/10万,之后随着年龄增长,发病率呈逐渐下降趋势。发病人群以散居儿童为主(64.04%),其次为幼托儿童(21.27%)和学生(14.69%)。男孩发病率高于女孩发病率(χ²=2 151.91,P＜0.001)。 结论 肠道传染病和呼吸道传染病的防控已成为湖南省15岁以下人群传染病防控工作的关键,应重点做好手足口病、流行性感冒和流行性腮腺炎的防控工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.