卒中单元对急性脑卒中患者近期预后的影响

目的 探讨卒中单元对急性脑卒中患者近期预后的影响.方法 196例急性脑卒中患者(脑出血59例,脑梗死137例)随机分为卒中单元组(101例)和普通病房组(95例),并进行相应的治疗.比较两组治疗后与治疗前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)的差值及疗效,以及并发症的发生率.结果 与治疗前比较,卒中单元组治疗后NIHSS评分降低(12.6± 5.5)分,普通病房组降低(8.9 ±4.1)分;卒中单元组BI升高24.3±14.8,普通病房组升高15.1±10.6;两组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).卒中单元组基本痊愈率、总有效率、并发症发生率及病死率(27.7%、97.0%、10.9%及2.0%)与普通病房组(15.8%、88.4%、23.2%及8.4%)比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 卒中单元能明显改善急性脑卒中患者的近期预后.     

在二级医院建立延伸卒中单元模式病房的疗效分析

目的 通过在二级医院建立延伸卒中单元模式病房,探讨脑血管病新的管理模式及疗效评定.方法 将398例住院卒中患者,随机分入卒中单元病房和普通病房,通过对急性期病死率、并发症发生率、Barthel指数(BI)、NIHSS、出院时医疗满意度评分观察,评估近期疗效.通过观察卒中后两年内的复发率、病死率、NIHSS、BI、Hamiltom量表及评估远期疗效.结果 卒中单元组急性期病死率、并发症发生率低,患者满意度高,NIHSS、BI相比较,两组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05).卒中后两年内的复发率、病死率卒中单元组低于对照组.结论 延伸卒中单元的建立提高了脑血管病患者的近期及远期疗效.     

急性脑卒中合并感染患者在卒中单元和普通病房治疗的临床转归分析

目的分析收住卒中单元和神经内科普通病房急性脑卒中合并感染病例的治疗与转归。方法回顾性分析急性脑卒中后合并感染(肺部/尿路感染)患者165例,其中卒中单元组67例,普通病房组98例。分析两组感染特点及病原体检查结果。评价两组患者的转归:1主要转归为90 d病死率;2次要转归为第21天NIHSS评分和90d改良Rank(m RS)评分。比较两组患者的营养不良发生率、住院天数和药占比。结果两组患者均以合并肺部感染为主,感染病原体均以革兰阴性杆菌为主。卒中单元组90 d病死率明显低于普通病房组(P=0.009);第21天NIHSS评分和90 d m RS评分均显著优于普通病房组(均P=0.000)。卒中单元组营养不良发生率显著低于普通病房组(P=0.000)。卒中单元组住院天数和药占比均低于普通病房组,差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论相对于普通病房,卒中单元在减少住院天数和药品费用的前提下,能降低脑卒中住院患者的病死率,提高患者神经功能恢复。     

左右侧大面积大脑中动脉供血区梗死继发心电图改变的预后研究

目的探讨左右侧大面积大脑中动脉(MCA)急性梗死继发心电图改变的预后。为临床早期评估及干预提供参考数据。方法选择兰州大学第二医院自2014年12月至2016年3月收治的54例急性MCA大面积脑梗死患者,按梗死部位分为左侧脑梗死组(n=20)和右侧脑梗死组(n=34),分别对两组患者入院时、1月、3月及6月时的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)及改良Rankin(mRS)评分进行比较。结果左侧脑梗死组和右侧脑梗死组在1月内病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.975,P0.05)。两组患者发病6月时BI评分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.161,P0.05)。两组患者在1月、3月及6月时的NIHSS评分比较,无论是否继发心电图改变,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同侧大面积MCA梗死继发心电图改变的预后可能不同。     

盐酸帕罗西汀联合心理治疗对脑卒中后抑郁的疗效及对高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的研究盐酸帕罗西汀联合心理治疗对脑卒中后抑郁的临床疗效及对血清高敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法将108例卒中后抑郁患者随机分成3组,常规治疗组、帕罗西汀组和帕罗西汀联合心理干预治疗组;3组患者分别在治疗前及治疗6周后进行HAMD、NIHSS、改良Barthel指数(BI)评分;所有入选患者于入选次日晨起及治疗6周后检测hs-CRP。结果治疗前各组HAMD、NIHSS、BI评分及hs-CRP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6周后,各组NIHSS、BI评分均较治疗前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);帕罗西汀组和联合治疗组NIHSS、BI评分、HAMD评分、hs-CRP评分均较治疗前显著改善,与常规治疗组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);联合治疗组各项指标优于帕罗西汀组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论盐酸帕罗西汀联合心理干预治疗脑卒中后抑郁有明显的临床疗效,可明显改善脑卒中患者的抑郁状态,促进神经功能康复,这些作用可能均与hs-CRP水平降低有关。     

氟哌噻吨美利曲辛治疗卒中后抑郁疗效分析

目的 探讨氟哌噻吨美利曲辛治疗脑卒中后抑郁（post stroke depression disorder,PSD）的疗效.方法 选取我院PSD患者72例随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组36例.对照组予以常规抗血小板聚集、调脂稳定斑块、控制血压、控制血糖等综合治疗,治疗组在以上综合治疗基础上予以口服氟哌噻吨美利曲辛治疗;于治疗前、治疗4周、治疗12周时分别对2组患者行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定、NIHSS评分及BI指数测定.结果 治疗组治疗前、4周、12周时HAMD评分、NIHSS评分、BI指数较前均有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 氟哌噻吨美利曲辛治疗PSD疗效显著,且能改善脑卒中患者预后,提高卒中患者生活质量.     

脑卒中后焦虑患者健康相关生存质量及其相关因素

目的:探讨脑卒中后焦虑(PSA)患者健康相关生存质量(HRQOL)及其相关因素。方法:对317例不同临床类型缺血性脑卒中患者进行临床神经功能缺损程度、脑卒中专门化生存质量量表(SS-QOL)评分,对符合PSA诊断的患者进行Hamilton焦虑量表评分;分析与HRQOL相关的因素。结果:PSA发生率为45.11%(143例);不同卒中类型患者PSA发生率差异无统计学意义,SS-QOL评分由低到高依次为完全前循环梗死型、部分前循环梗死型、后循环梗死型及腔隙性梗死型,各型间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。除语言因子外,PSA组SS-QOL总分及其他各因子明显低非PSA组(P0.05或0.01);焦虑程度重、女性、60岁、未婚或丧偶、高中以上文化程度、家庭月收入2000元、神经功能缺损程度重和住院期间由护工照顾与HRQOL呈相关性。结论:PSA发生率较高,性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭月收入、神经功能缺损程度、照顾者及焦虑程度是影响PSA患者HRQOL的因素。     

小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞临床分析

目的探讨小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞的安全性及近期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2008-01—2013-12超早期心源性脑栓塞患者47例,其中接受小剂量rt-PA静滴溶栓治疗24例为溶栓组,接受常规二级预防23例为对照组。比较2组治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、Barthel指数(BI)及改良Rankin评分(mRS)。结果2组治疗前基本临床资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);溶栓组NIHSS评分明显下降,BI、mRS上升,2组治疗后NIHSS评分、BI、mRS比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中1例出现无症状性脑出血。对照组治疗后NIHSS评分、BI、mRS与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞是安全的,近期疗效显著。     

尼莫地平联合艾司西酞普兰对脑卒中后抑郁患者PNASS评分及生活质量的影响

目的探讨尼莫地平与艾司西酞普兰联合治疗对脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)患者PNASS评分及生活质量的影响。方法选取2014-10—2016-12郑州市金水区总医院83例PSD患者,根据治疗方案不同分为2组,予以对照组(n=41)艾司西酞普兰治疗,予以观察组(n=42)尼莫地平+艾司西酞普兰治疗,2组均治疗6周。统计对比2组疗效及不良反应发生率;分别采用神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PNASS)、脑卒中专用生活质量量表(SS-QOL)评价2组治疗前后神经功能、精神分裂症状严重程度以及生活质量。结果观察组总有效率83.33%(35/42)高于对照组63.41%(26/41),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,观察组NIHSS、PNASS评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后,观察组NIHSS、PNASS评分低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前观察组SS-QOL评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后2组SS-QOL评分均高于治疗前,观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率16.67%(7/42)与对照组12.20%(5/41)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论尼莫地平联合艾司西酞普兰治疗PSD效果显著,能促进患者神经功能恢复,有效缓解精神分裂症状,改善患者生活质量,且安全性较高。     

文拉法辛对脑卒中后抑郁患者的神经功能缺损及生活自理能力的影响

目的研究文拉法辛治疗脑卒中后抑郁患者时对神经功能缺损及生活自理能力的影响。方法选取2013-04—2014-12我科60例脑卒中后抑郁患者,随机分为对照组及研究组,对照组采用黛力新0.5mg/d治疗,研究组给予文拉法辛75mg/d治疗,此外,所有入选患者均接受相同的康复治疗和常规药物治疗,疗程共6周。在治疗前及治疗后第2、4、6周末,用汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表(HAMD)、焦虑量表(HAMA)和巴氏指数(BI)及美国国立卫生院卒中评分(NIHSS)评估疗效。结果 2组治疗后HAMD、HAMA得分较治疗前明显下降(P0.05)。治疗前BI及NIHSS评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗第2周后NIHSS评分,治疗组较对照组明显降低(P0.05),而BI 2组无明显差异(P0.05);起病后6周,研究组BI较对照组升高(P0.01)。结论文拉法辛治疗脑卒中后抑郁的疗效可靠,并能改善患者神经功能及日常生活能力,促进肢体神经功能的康复,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -