Hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis: A prospective,multicenter, international cohort analysis of 716 acute pancreatitis cases

BackgroundHypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis (AP). It has been shown that hypertriglyceridemia aggravates the severity and related complications of AP; however, detailed analyses of large cohorts are contradictory. Our aim was to investigate the dose-dependent effect of hypertriglyceridemia on AP.MethodsAP patients over 18 years old who underwent triglyceride measurement within the initial three days were included into our cohort analysis from a prospective international, multicenter AP registry operated by the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group. Data on 716 AP cases were analyzed. Six groups were created based on the highest triglyceride level (<1.7 mmol/l, 1.7–2.19 mmol/l, 2.2–5.59 mmol/l, 5.6–11.29 mmol/l, 11.3–22.59 mmol/l, ≥22.6 mmol/l).ResultsHypertriglyceridemia (≥1.7 mmol/l) presented in 30.6% of the patients and was significantly and dose-dependently associated with younger age and male gender. In 7.7% of AP cases, hypertriglyceridemia was considered as a causative etiological factor (≥11.3 mmol/l); however, 43.6% of these cases were associated with other etiologies (alcohol and biliary). Hypertriglyceridemia was significantly and dose-dependently related to obesity and diabetes. The rates of local complications and organ failure and maximum CRP level were significantly and dose-dependently raised by hypertriglyceridemia. Triglyceride above 11.3 mmol/l was linked to a significantly higher incidence of moderately severe AP and longer hospital stay, whereas triglyceride over 22.6 mmol/l was significantly associated with severe AP as well.ConclusionHypertriglyceridemia dose-dependently aggravates the severity and related complications of AP. Diagnostic workup for hypertriglyceridemia requires better awareness regardless of the etiology of AP.     

Clinical features and outcomes of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis: Propensity score matching analysis from a prospective acute pancreatitis registry

BackgroundHypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a well-known cause of acute pancreatitis (AP) and elevation of serum triglycerides (TG) to ≥1000 mg/dl is strongly indicative of HTG-induced AP (HTG-AP). HTG-AP is potentially associated with persistent organ failure and poor prognosis. Here, we compared differences in clinical features and outcomes between patients with HTG-AP and patients with AP due to other causes.MethodsA prospective AP registry was constructed in Gil Medical Center between June 2014 and May 2018. In total, 499 patients with AP were included for whom serum TG data at admission were available.ResultsHTG-AP was present in 52 patients (10.4%); these patients were younger than patients with AP due to other causes (39.62 ± 10.12 vs. 51.62 ± 17.41, p < 0.001). After propensity score matching adjusted by age, the factors associated with severity were more common in the HTG-AP group; these factors included the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Ranson’s score ≥3, acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score ≥8 at admission, and C-reactive protein level >10 mg/dl after 24 h of hospitalization. There were no significant differences in complications or severity based on the revised Atlanta classification 2012. In addition, recurrence was more frequent in the HTG-AP group (25.0% vs. 6.4%, p < 0.001).ConclusionHTG-AP occurred in younger patients and showed more frequent recurrences than AP with other causes. Although factors related to severe feature were more common in HTG-AP during early phase, overall severity and prognosis were not different between the two groups.     

Hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis

Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis. It typically occurs in patients with an underlying disorder of lipoprotein metabolism and in the presence of a secondary condition such as uncontrolled diabetes, alcohol abuse, or medication use.The presentation of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is similar to that of acute pancreatitis due to other causes; however, patients with hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis are more likely to have severe disease courses and have a higher likelihood of persistent organ failure. The initial treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is also similar to acute pancreatitis from other causes and consists of aggressive fluid resuscitation, pain control, and nutritional support. Hypertriglyceridemia is specifically treated with apheresis or insulin therapy when necessary.The prompt recognition of hypertriglyceridemia in the setting of acute pancreatitis is essential in both the initial and long-term management of this disease and are essential to prevent recurrent acute pancreatitis. The review seeks to highlight the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical course of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis.     

EarLy Elimination of Fatty Acids iN hypertriglyceridemia-induced acuTe pancreatitis (ELEFANT trial): Protocol of an open-label,multicenter, adaptive randomized clinical trial

IntroductionAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease, with no specific pharmacological treatment. However, concerning some etiologies, early specific intervention (such as ERCP in biliary AP) has proven to be remarkably beneficial. Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) induces severe pancreatic damage by several direct (cellular damage) and indirect (deterioration of microcirculation) mechanisms. Published data suggest that early removal of triglycerides (TGs) and toxic free fatty acids (FFAs) may be advantageous; however, high-quality evidence is still missing in the literature.MethodsDesign: ELEFANT is a randomized controlled, multicenter, international trial testing the concept that early elimination of TGs and FFAs from the blood is beneficial in HTG-AP. The study will be performed with the adaptive “drop-the-loser” design, which supports the possibility of dropping the inferior treatment arm, based on the results of the interim analysis. Patients with HTG-AP defined by TG level over 11.3 mmol/l (1000 mg/dL) are randomized into three groups: (A) patients who undergo plasmapheresis and receive aggressive fluid resuscitation; (B) patients who receive insulin and heparin treatment with aggressive fluid resuscitation; and (C) patients with aggressive fluid resuscitation. Please note that all intervention must be started within 48 h from the onset of abdominal pain. Exclusion criteria are designed logically to decrease the possibility of any distorting effects of other diseases. The composite primary endpoint will include both severity and mortality.ResultsOur null hypothesis is that early elimination of HTG and FFAs reduces the risk of mortality and severity of AP. Sample size calculation suggests that 495 patients will need to be enrolled in order to confirm or reject the hypothesis with a 10% dropout, 80% power and 95% significance level. The general safety and quality checks required for high-quality evidence will be adhered to. The study will be organized between February 2020 and December 2025.ConclusionOur study would provide the first direct evidence for or against early intervention in HTG-induced AP.     

Hypertriglyceridemia is often under recognized as an aetiologic risk factor for acute pancreatitis: A population-based cohort study

BackgroundSevere hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a well-known risk factor for acute pancreatitis, but updated population-based estimates on incidence of HTG-associated pancreatitis are lacking.MethodsWe identified all individuals with severe HTG (triglyceride level >10 mmol/L [886 mg/dL]) in a population-based sample from 2008 to 2019 and linked these with Danish nationwide health-registers to identify patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis cases were subsequently confirmed by a detailed medical chart review. Crude and standardized incidence rates were estimated and studied in relation to age, gender and time-period. In addition, aetiological classification designated during index hospitalization, severity and follow-up of individuals with HTG-associated pancreatitis were studied.ResultsAmong 2146 individuals with severe HTG during the observation period, 75 were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (3.5%). The mean incidence rate of HTG-associated pancreatitis was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1–1.7) per 100,000 person years for the total population, for women it was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5–1.1) and for men 2.0 (95% CI, 1.5–2.6) per 100,000 person-years. The mean incidence rate increased from 0.7 to 1.7 per 100,000 person-years from 2008 to 2019 (p_trend = 0.01). The highest incidence rate of HTG-associated pancreatitis was observed for men in the age group 50–59 years. An elevated triglyceride level was recognized as aetiological risk factor in 35% of patients during index hospitalization.ConclusionsOnly a fraction of patients with severe HTG are hospitalized for acute pancreatitis, but the incidence is increasing. In more than half of patients elevated triglycerides is not recognized as a risk factor for acute pancreatitis during index hospitalization.     

六例糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并高脂血症和急性胰腺炎临床分析

目的提高临床医师对糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)合并高脂血症(HL)和急性胰腺炎(AP)的认识。方法回顾性分析6例DKA合并HL和AP患者的临床资料。结果除DKA的临床特征外,还有:(1)6例患者均为中青年,年龄(34.2±4.1)岁,以急性腹痛就诊,均有腹部压痛;(2)入院时均有HL,次晨查甘油三酯(14．2-62．2 mmol/L),总胆固醇(8．9～29．4 mmol/L),治疗48-72h后甘油三酯降至(1.98 -5．39 mmol/L),总胆固醇降至(4．52-7．36 mmol/L);(3)AP发作期间5例患者血和(或)尿淀粉酶升高3倍以上,仅1例患者升高不到1倍;5例患者胰腺CT检查有AP改变,但其中3例患者B超显示胰腺正常;(4)治愈的5例患者以及时有效地纠正DKA和禁食治疗为基本措施,治疗后腹痛消失,血尿淀粉酶恢复正常。结论(1)以腹痛就诊的DKA患者,应查甘油三酯、血尿淀粉酶和腹部CT以排除AP;(2)纠正DKA和禁食是治疗暂时性显著HL和AP的关键。     

Clinical and pathological features of acute interstitial pancreatitis in the aged

Histological examination of the pancreas disclosed acute diffuse interstitial pancreatitis in nine cases (0.62%) out of 1457 autopsies performed in 3 yr at two general hospitals in Tokyo. In this series, there were 11 cases of necrotizing or hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In addition to diffuse phlegmonous inflammation, acute interstitial pancreatitis was characterized by rupture of the ducts and ductules associated with profuse intraluminal exudation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and protein plugs formation. There was scarce parenchymal or fat necrosis. The interstitial type may represent characteristics of acute pancreatitis in the aged. In all nine cases, there were few clinical signs suggestive of acute pancreatitis, except for shock, that developed rapidly. Duration of the disease was rather short. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was not made before death. In five patients, acute pancreatitis was terminally superimposed on other serious ailments. But in the other four cases, acute pancreatitis was disclosed as the primary disease at autopsy. Although there was only one case that had a possibility of being secondary to biliary tract infection, ascending bacterial infection and impaired secretion by atrophic parenchyma seemed to be involved in its pathogenesis.     

Glucose levels show independent and dose-dependent association with worsening acute pancreatitis outcomes: Post-hoc analysis of a prospective,international cohort of 2250 acute pancreatitis cases

BackgroundMetabolic risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors for the development of various complications in acute pancreatitis (AP). Hypertriglyceridemia dose-dependently elicits pancreatotoxicity and worsens the outcomes of AP. The role of hyperglycemia, as a toxic metabolic factor in the clinical course of AP, has not been examined yet.MethodsWe analyzed a prospective, international cohort of 2250 AP patients, examining associations between (1) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), (2) on-admission glucose, (3) peak in-hospital glucose and clinically important outcomes (mortality, severity, complications, length of hospitalization (LOH), maximal C-reactive protein (CRP)). We conducted a binary logistic regression accounting for age, gender, etiology, diabetes, and our examined variables. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) was applied to detect the diagnostic accuracy of the three variables.ResultsBoth on-admission and peak serum glucose are independently associated with AP severity and mortality, accounting for age, gender, known diabetes and AP etiology. They show a dose-dependent association with severity (p < 0.001 in both), mortality (p < 0.001), LOH (p < 0.001), maximal CRP (p < 0.001), systemic (p < 0.001) and local complications (p < 0.001). Patients with peak glucose >7 mmol/l had a 15 times higher odds for severe AP and a five times higher odds for mortality. We found a trend of increasing HbA1c with increasing LOH (p < 0.001), severity and local complications.ConclusionsOn-admission and peak in-hospital glucose are independently and dose-dependently associated with increasing AP severity and mortality. In-hospital laboratory control of glucose and adequate treatment of hyperglycemia are crucial in the management of AP.     

Triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index is an effective biomarker to identify severe acute pancreatitis

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis (AP) is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. We investigated the association between the triglyceride and glucose index (TyG index) and the prognosis of severe AP (SAP).MethodsThe TyG index was calculated as: ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) x fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)]/2. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the independent association between the TyG index and the severity of AP.ResultsIn this study, 373 patients with AP were recruited from three hospitals. The TyG index was higher in the SAP group than in the non-SAP group. Further, the TyG index was higher than in patients admitted to an intensive care unit and those who died of AP. The TyG index was an independent predictive factor for SAP (odds ratio 7.14, 95% confidence interval 2.80–18.19). The area under the curve increased significantly, from 0.738 to 0.830, after adding the TyG index to a predictive SAP model.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the TyG index is an independent prognostic factor in patients with AP and could be used as a simple prognostic indicator for SAP.     

MR imaging of hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis

Purpose

To study MRI findings of hemorrhage in acute pancreatitis (AP) and correlate the presence and extent of hemorrhage with the MR severity index (MRSI), Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores, and clinical outcome.

高脂血症性急性胰腺炎的临床特征

目的 分析高脂血症性急性胰腺炎的临床特征,并探讨其治疗策略.方法 采用回顾性临床研究方法,分析2003年1月至2007年12月住院的44例高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(HLP)患者的临床特征,并与同期60例非HLP患者做对照.结果 HLP组超重(或肥胖)、高血糖、脂肪肝以及高血压病史比例分别为81.8%、59.1%、54.5%和68.2%,显著高于对照组的16.7%、16.7%、13.3%和16.7%(P＜0.05或＜0.01);而HLP组胆系结石占13.6%,显著低于对照组的60.0%(P＜0.05).两组酗酒者所占比例无显著差异.HLP组Ranson评分、CT严重指数(CTSI)、并发症发生数分别为3.15±0.07、4.46±2.58和3.2±1.7,均高于对照组1.62±0.22、2.62±1.90和0.9±1.2(P＜0.05或＜0.01),而HLP组血淀粉酶为(580±221)mmol/L,显著低于对照组的(1 360±472)mmol/L(P＜0.01).HLP组血三酰甘油(TG)值与Ranson积分之间存在直线相关(r=0.77,P＜0.05),对照组TG值与Ranson积分之间无直线相关性(r=0.17,P＞0.05).结论 HLP与代谢综合征关系密切.血TG水平与HLP病情严重程度呈正相关.     

急性胰腺炎严重程度临床应用评分进展

急性胰腺炎是消化系统常见疾病之一,包括急性轻型胰腺炎及急性重症胰腺炎。重症者病情凶险,死亡率高。早期发现疾病重症趋势能更好地指导临床治疗。本文就急性胰腺炎严重程度的临床应用评分进展进行综述。     

Inflammatory bowel disease does not alter the clinical features and the management of acute pancreatitis: A prospective,multicentre, exact-matched cohort analysis

Objective and aimsAcute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease occurs mainly as an extraintestinal manifestation or a side effect of medications. We aimed to investigate the prognostic factors and severity indicators of acute pancreatitis and the treatment of patients with both diseases.DesignWe performed a matched case-control registry analysis of a multicentre, prospective, international acute pancreatitis registry. Patients with both diseases were matched to patients with acute pancreatitis only in a 1:3 ratio by age and gender. Subgroup analyses were also carried out based on disease type, activity, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.ResultsNo difference in prognostic factors (laboratory parameters, bedside index of severity in acute pancreatitis, imaging results) and outcomes of acute pancreatitis (length of hospitalization, severity, and local or systemic complications) were detected between groups. Significantly lower analgesic use was observed in the inflammatory bowel disease population. Antibiotic use during acute pancreatitis was significantly more common in the immunosuppressed group than in the non-immunosuppressed group (p = 0.017). However, none of the prognostic parameters or the severity indicators showed a significant difference between any subgroup of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.ConclusionNo significant differences in the prognosis and severity of acute pancreatitis could be detected between patients with both diseases and with pancreatitis only. The need for different acute pancreatitis management is not justified in the coexistence of inflammatory bowel disease, and antibiotic overuse should be avoided.     

Comparison of scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis

AIM:To investigate the prognostic usefulness of several existing scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis(AP).METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed the prospectively collected clinical database from consecutive patients with AP in our institution between January 2011 and December 2012.Ranson,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)-Ⅱ,and bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis(BISAP)scores,and computed tomography severity index(CTSI)of all patients were calculated.Serum C-reactive protein(CRP)levels were measured at admission(CRPi)and after 24h(CRP24).Severe AP was defined as persistent organ failure for more than 48 h.The predictive accuracy of each scoring system was measured by the area under the receiver-operating curve(AUC).RESULTS:Of 161 patients,21(13%)were classified as severe AP,and 3(1.9%)died.Statistically significant cutoff values for prediction of severe AP were Ranson≥3,BISAP≥2,APACHE-Ⅱ≥8,CTSI≥3,and CRP24≥21.4.AUCs for Ranson,BISAP,APACHE-Ⅱ,CTSI,and CRP24 in predicting severe AP were 0.69(95%CI:0.62-0.76),0.74(95%CI:0.66-0.80),0.78(95%CI:0.70-0.84),0.69(95%CI:0.61-0.76),and0.68(95%CI:0.57-0.78),respectively.APACHE-Ⅱdemonstrated the highest accuracy for prediction of severe AP,however,no statistically significant pairwise differences were observed between APACHE-Ⅱand the other scoring systems,including CRP24.CONCLUSION:Various scoring systems showed similar predictive accuracy for severity of AP.Unique models are needed in order to achieve further improvement of prognostic accuracy.     

Comparative analysis of selected scales to assess prognosis in acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the utility of selected scales to prognosticate the severity and risk for death among patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) according to the revised Atlanta classification published in 2012.

METHODS:

Prospective data regarding patients hospitalized due to AP were analyzed. The final analysis included a total of 1014 patients. The bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP), Panc 3 scores and Ranson scales were calculated using data from the first 24 h of admission.

RESULTS:

Mild AP was diagnosed in 822 (81.1%) cases, moderate in 122 (12%) and severe in 70 (6.9%); 38 (3.7%) patients died. The main causes of AP were cholelithiasis (34%) and alcohol abuse (26.7%). Recurrence of AP was observed in 244 (24.1%) patients. In prognosticating the severity of AP, the most useful scale proved to be the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II (area under the curve [AUC] 0.724 [95% CI 0.655 to 0.793]), followed by BISAP (AUC 0.693 [95% CI 0.622 to 0.763]). In prognosticating a moderate versus mild course of AP, the CT severity index proved to be the most decisive (AUC 0.819 [95% CI 0.767 to 0.871]). Regarding prognosis for death, APACHE II had the highest predictive value (AUC 0.726 [95% CI 0.621 to 0.83]); however, a similar sensitivity was observed using the BISAP scale (AUC 0.707 [95% CI 0.618 to 0.797]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Scoring systems used in prognosticating the course of the disease vary with regard to sensitivity and specificity. The CT severity index scoring system showed the highest precision in prognosticating moderately severe AP (as per the revised Atlanta criteria, 2012); however, in prognosticating a severe course of disease and mortality, APACHE II proved to have the greatest predictive value.     

Hemoconcentration is a poor predictor of severity in acute pancreatitis

AIM: To determine whether the hematocrit (Hct) at admission or at 24 h after admission was associated with severe acute pancreatitis (AP), organ failure (OF), and pancreatic necrosis. METHODS: A total of 336 consecutive patients with a first AP episode were studied. Etiology, Hct values at admission and at 24 h, development of severe AP according to Atlanta's criteria, pancreatic necrosis, OF and mortality were recorded. Hemoconcentration was defined as Hct level >44% for males and >40% for females. The t-test and X2 test were used to assess the association of hemoconcentration to the severity, necrosis and OF. Diagnostic accuracy was also determined. RESULTS: Biliary disease was the most frequent etiology (n = 148). Mean Hct levels at admission were 41±6% for females and 46±7% for males (P<0.01). Seventy-eight (23%) patients had severe AP, and OF developed in 45 (13%) patients. According to contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan, 36% (54/150) patients showed pancreatic necrosis. Hct levels were elevated in 58% (55/96) and 61% (33/54) patients with interstitial and necrotizing pancreatitis, respectively. Neither Hct levels at admission nor hemoconcentration at 24 h were associated with the severity, necrosis or OF. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values for both determinations were very low; and negative predictive values were between 61% and 86%, being the highest value for OF. CONCLUSION: Hct is not a useful marker to predict a worse outcome in acute pancreatitis. In spite of the high negative predictive value of hemoconcentration, the prognosis gain is limited due to an already high incidence of mild disease.     

高甘油三酯血症对大鼠急性胰腺炎模型中胰腺导管上皮细胞间紧密连接的影响研究

目的研究高甘油三酯血症(hypertriglyceridemia,HTG)对大鼠急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)模型胰腺组织细胞间紧密连接(tight junctions,TJs)的影响。方法48只4周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分成普通饲养组(24只)和高脂饲养组(24只),4周后普通饲养组随机分为C组和AP组,高脂饲养组随机分为HTG组和高甘油三酯血症急性胰腺炎(HTGP)组。AP组和HTGP组经腹腔注射雨蛙肽建立AP模型,C组和HTG组经腹腔注射同等剂量的生理盐水,分别于造模24 h、48 h处置大鼠,采用HE染色法观察胰腺病理改变,免疫组织化学法检测胰腺组织中TJs蛋白脂解刺激脂蛋白受体(LSR)、Tricellulin蛋白(TRIC)、ZO-1、occludin、claudin-7定位及表达,透射电镜观察胰腺导管上皮细胞间TJs变化情况。结果高脂饲养组的大鼠血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)较普通饲养组明显升高(P<0.05);HTG组胰腺组织病理评分高于C组(P<0.05),相同时点HTGP组胰腺组织病理评分高于AP组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HTG组LSR、TRIC表达显著低于C组(P<0.05),AP组和HTGP组的24 h时点LSR、TRIC、occludin、claudin-7表达均低于相应对照组(P<0.05),HTGP组24 h时点LSR和TRIC的表达显著低于AP组的对应时点(P<0.05);透射电镜观察AP组和HTGP组的24 h时点,发现主胰管上皮细胞TJs较C组和HTG组减少、细胞间隙增宽,且HTGP组比AP组的细胞间隙增宽更明显。结论TJs蛋白LSR、TRIC、ZO-1、occludin、claudin-7在HTG及HTGP大鼠胰腺组织中表达较非高脂模型下降,其中以三细胞间紧密连接(tricellular tight junctions,tTJs)蛋白LSR及TRIC下降明显,提示HTG可能减弱胰腺组织的tTJs,进而加重胰腺组织损伤。     

Risk factors of recurrent pancreatitis after first acute pancreatitis attack: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Background and aims: Few studies have been conducted in Asia on the recurrence of acute pancreatitis (AP). This study was designed to investigate characteristics of the disease to predict recurrence.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 617 patients that experienced a first AP attack between January 2009 and December 2014. Based on reviews of clinical and follow-up data, we attempted to identify risk factors of recurrence using Cox regression analysis.

Results: During a median follow-up of 3.2?years (range 3–72?months), 100(16.2%) of the 617 study subjects experienced one or more episodes of recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP). Of these 100 patients, 75(75%) experienced one relapse, 12(12%) two relapses, and 13(13%) three or more relapses. The etiologies of RAP were an alcohol (48%), gallstone (31%), idiopathic (14%), and others (7%). Univariate analysis showed that an age of <60?years, male gender, smoking, an alcohol-associated etiology, and a local complication at index admission were significant risk factors of RAP. Cox regression analysis showed that an age of <60?years (HR = 1.602, 95% CI: 1.029–2.493), male gender (HR = 1.927, 95% CI: 1.127–3.295), and the presence of a local complication (HR = 3.334, 95% CI: 2.211–5.026) were significant risk factors of RAP development.

Conclusion: A local complication at index admission was found to be the strongest risk factor of RAP, and a male gender and an age of <60?years were significantly associated with RAP. Special attention and close follow-up should be afforded to patients with a local complication at index admission or male patients <60?years old.