EUS-guided cholecystostomy versus endoscopic transpapillary cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in high-risk surgical patients

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An evaluation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and usefulness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in patients with severe acute cholecystitis and patients with acute cholecystitis and severe comorbid disease. METHODS: According to whether percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage was performed before surgery, 133 patients with acute cholecystitis were divided into a percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (n=60) and non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group (n=73). Background factors, safety, and postoperative course were retrospectively evaluated and compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group, the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group was significantly older (p=0.0009), had a higher frequency of comorbid disease (p=0.0252), and a worse American Society of Anesthesiology classification (p=0.0021). In individual statistical tests, body temperature (p=0.0288), white blood cell count (p=0.0175), and C-reactive protein value (p=0.0022) were significantly elevated in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group; however, for frequency of comorbid disease, body temperature, and white blood cell count, significance was removed by correction for multiple testing of data. There was no significant difference in gender distribution, history of upper abdominal surgery, or body mass index between the two groups. The duration of surgery was marginally but significantly longer in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (p=0.0414; in a single statistical test; however, that significance was removed by correction for the multiple testing of data). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in blood loss at surgery, frequency of postoperative complications, rate of conversion to open laparotomy, interval until oral feeding was resumed, and length of postoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with selective pre-operative gallbladder drainage in older and sicker patients with acute cholecystitis.     

Perforated emphysematous cholecystitis managed by endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage

An 88-year-old woman with dementia was diagnosed as having perforated emphysematous cholecystitis with localized peritonitis. Because she was at high risk for surgery, gallbladder drainage was required before surgery. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage instead of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed because bile could leak from the puncture site to free space around the perforated gallbladder. After the insertion of a nasobiliary drainage tube, the gallbladder was drained and cleaned with saline solution. Subsequently, a nasobiliary drainage tube was replaced with a double-pigtail stent because she was at high risk of dislodging the nasobiliary drainage tube. Although clinical improvement was observed, she was treated conservatively without surgery. She was followed up for 6 months without developing cholecystitis. For perforated cholecystitis without developing panperitonitis, endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage would be an effective option as a bridge to surgery for the initial treatment and as an alternative to surgery for long-term management for a later treatment. This is the first reported case of perforated emphysematous cholecystitis with localized peritonitis treated with endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage.     

Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) for the treatment of acute cholecystitis

We performed endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) in 21 patients with acute cholecystitis, utilizing a guidewire coated with a hydrophilic polymer. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was not performed. The clinical efficacy of ETGBD was evaluated in terms of reduction of white blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. ETGBD was successful in 17 (81%) of the 21 patients, in terms of early disappearance of clinical symptoms, and significant decrease of both WBC and CRP after ETGBD (P< 0.001). In patients with the Mirizzi syndrome (n=2), accurate diagnosis was made by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), facilitating proper drainage (ETGBD) immediately afterward. With ETGBD, emergency operation was avoided even in critically ill patients complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (n=2). There were no significant complications. ETGBD may be an effective and safe alternative to percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in the management of acute cholecystitis, and may be more suitable for patients with a strong bleeding tendency.     

Comparison of EUS-guided endoscopic transpapillary and percutaneous gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review with network meta-analysis

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Timing of cholecystectomy after percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: a nationwide inpatient database study

BackgroundOptimal interval from percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) to cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis remains unclear.MethodsWe analyzed patients undergoing cholecystectomy following PTGBD for acute cholecystitis, using a national database. We performed restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses to investigate the association of interval from PTGBD to cholecystectomy with outcomes (mortality/morbidity, blood transfusion, duration of anesthesia, and postoperative hospital stay).ResultsAmong 9,256 patients, RCS analyses showed reverse J-shaped associations of the interval with mortality/morbidity and blood transfusion, and J-shaped associations of the interval with both duration of anesthesia and postoperative hospital stay. Each interval was compared with the bottom of the spline curve. Patients with intervals ≤6 days or ≥27 days had higher mortality/morbidity than those with a 10-day interval. Patients with intervals ≤8 days had higher proportions of blood transfusion than those with a 10-day interval. Patients with intervals ≥17 days had longer duration of anesthesia than those with a 5-day interval. Postoperative hospital stay was longer among those with intervals ≤10 days or ≥19 days than those with a 15-day interval.ConclusionsBased on the mortality/morbidity data, the optimum time to perform cholecystectomy is between 7 and 26 days after PTGBD.     

Clinical outcomes of a percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: a multicentre analysis

Background

The aim of this study was to review a series of consecutive percutaneous cholecystostomies (PC) to analyse the clinical outcomes.

Methods

All patients who underwent a PC between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively for indications, complications, and short- and long-term outcomes.

Results

Fifty-three patients underwent a PC with a median age was 74 years (range 14–93). 92.4% (n = 49) of patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III and IV. 82% (43/53) had ultrasound-guided drainage whereas 18% (10/53) had computed tomography (CT)-guided drainage. 71.6% (n = 38) of PC''s employed a transhepatic route and 28.4% (n = 15) transabdominal route. 13% (7/53) of patients developed complications including bile leaks (n = 5), haemorrhage (n = 1) and a duodenal fistula (n = 1). All bile leaks were noted with transabdominal access (5 versus 0, P = 0.001). 18/53 of patients underwent a cholecystectomy of 4/18 was done on the index admission. 6/18 cholecystectomies (33%) underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the remaining required conversion to an open cholecystectomy (67%). 13/53 (22%) patients were readmitted with recurrent cholecystitis during follow-up of which 7 (54%) had a repeated PC. 12/53 patients died on the index admission. The overall 1-year mortality was 37.7% (20/53).

Conclusions

Only a small fraction of patients undergoing a PC proceed to a cholecystectomy with a high risk of conversion to an open procedure. A quarter of patients presented with recurrent cholecystitis during follow-up. The mortality rate is high during the index admission from sepsis and within the 1 year of follow-up from other causes.     

Predicting the success of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for patients with acute cholecystitis during pretreatment evaluation

INTRODUCTION: Although endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) has been reported to be an effective treatment for acute cholecystitis, technical difficulties have precluded more widespread use of this technique. Case evaluations that can predict the occurrence of such difficulties should increase the acceptance of ETGBD for acute cholecystitis treatment. OBJECTIVE: To establish a pretreatment evaluation protocol for patients with acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Eleven patients with acute cholecystitis who received ETGBD in 2003 or 2004 were enrolled in the present retrospective study. The frequency of success, complications and overall effectiveness of ETGBD for treatment of cholecystitis were measured. Factors that could affect ETGBD success, including clinical and laboratory parameters, and gallbladder ultrasonograms, were also evaluated. RESULTS: ETGBD was successful in seven of 11 patients (success rate 63.6%). All seven patients who underwent ETGBD successfully were afebrile and asymptomatic within a few days. No clinical or laboratory variables were significantly associated with the success of ETGBD. In contrast, ultrasonographic measures of gallbladder minor-axis length and wall thickness in successful cases were significantly shorter (27.4 mm versus 38.0 mm; P=0.008) and thinner (4.2 mm versus 9.0 mm; P=0.041) relative to unsuccessful cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic measures of gallbladder minor-axis length and wall thickness can serve as important predictors of ETGBD technical difficulties during pretreatment evaluation of patients with acute cholecystitis.     

经内镜乳头胆囊引流术治疗Mirizzi综合征并发梗阻性化脓性胆囊炎

目的探讨经内镜乳头胆囊引流术治疗Mirizzi综合征患者并发梗阻性化脓性胆囊炎的临床意义。方法回顾性总结8例患者的临床资料。8例患者均有急性右上腹痛,Murphy征阳性,经影像学和ERCP诊断为Mirizzi综合征Csendes分型Ⅰ型,胆道结石合并梗阻性化脓性胆囊炎。治疗方法为经内镜ERCP取石及相应治疗,继之行经乳头鼻胆囊引流术。结果8例均经内镜成功完成取石及鼻胆囊引流术,未发生并发症及死亡。术后患者胆囊区疼痛均明显缓解,体温、白细胞逐步恢复正常;1周后影像学检查显示胆囊及周围炎症明显好转或消失。6个月时随访,2例患者偶有胆囊区不适感。结论Mirizzi综合征的内镜取石治疗疗效确切,经内镜乳头胆囊引流术治疗其伴发的梗阻性急性化脓性胆囊炎在迅速缓解感染、减轻临床体征方面具有重要的作用。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合延期胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者近期疗效研究*

目的 观察经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术（PTGBD）联合延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎患者的近期临床效果。方法 2015年8月~2017年8月我院收治的94例急性胆囊炎患者被分为两组,47例观察组患者采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗,另47例对照组采取急诊LC治疗。结果 观察组 手术时间为（83.2±34.1） min,显著短于对照组【（119.0±36.4） min,P<0.05】,手术失血量为（33.7±15.5） ml,显著少于对照组【（60.4±16.7） ml,P<0.05】,术后肛门排气时间为（23.5±6.6） h,显著短于对照组【（27.2±5.1） h,P<0.05】,术后腹腔引流时间为（3.4±2.0） d,显著短于对照组【（9.1±3.1）d,P<0.05】,而总住院时间为（11.2±4.7） d,显著长于对照组【（8.3±3.0）d,P<0.05】;观察组腔镜中转开腹率和直接开腹率分别为4.3%和0.0%,显著低于对照组的17.0%和12.8%（P<0.05）;术后72 h,观察组白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和总胆红素水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组短期并发症发生率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的29.8%（P<0.05）。结论 采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床疗效确切,可有效降低腔镜手术中转开腹率和术后并发症发生率,临床上应尽量避免急诊行LC手术。     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性重症胆囊炎的疗效观察

目的观察超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGD)联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性重症胆囊炎的疗效。方法选取2015-04~2016-04期间该院收治的急性重症胆囊炎患者82例作为研究对象,按照手术方法的不同分为观察组(n=41)和对照组(n=41)。观察组先接受超声引导下PTGD治疗,3~4周后择期接受LC治疗,对照组接受急诊LC治疗,观察两组的治疗效果。结果观察组手术时间长于对照组,术中中转开腹率高于对照组(P0.05),观察组并发症总发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论对急性重症胆囊炎患者,超声引导下PTGD联合择期LC具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,安全可行,值得临床推广应用。     

Evaluation of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for acute cholecystitis]

We performed percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in 71 of 129 patients with acute cholecystitis. In 70 of 71 patients, clinical symptoms and laboratory data were rapidly improved by PTGBD. In order to evaluate the degree of acute cholecystitis, the clinical symptoms, laboratory data and ultrasonographic findings of these patients were analyzed by the quantification theory of Hayashi. As a result, irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall and gallbladder swelling presented by US and physical findings with Blumberg's sing or defence in the abdomen were most important findings to assess the severity of acute cholecystitis. Based on these data, we originally introduced the Severity Score of this disease and used it a criterion of PTGBD indication. The patients with the score above 0.5 were considered to be indicative for emergent PTGBD. In high risk patients (e.g., the aged or of diabetes mellitus) with the score above 0, this procedure should be indicated. In 24 of 71 patients, Percutaneous Transhepatic Gallbladder Scope (PTGBS) were attempted to retrieve stones, and it was completely successful in 16 patients.