新会区2004～2008年吸毒人群艾滋病监测分析

[目的]了解江门市新会区吸毒人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及相关危险因素,为制订新会区吸毒人群艾滋病干预措施提供决策依据。[方法]采用统一的调查表,对全部新进入戒毒所的强制戒毒人员进行面对面的问卷调查,同时对每一调查对象进行HIV抗体检测,用SPSS统计软件进行录入分析。[结果]共监测3535名吸毒者,HIV阳性率为3.90%;监测对象中72.67%有注射毒品行为,注射毒品的吸毒者中有占52.55%承认曾与他人共用注射器;20.37%吸毒者承认曾通过钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为。[结论]江门市新会区吸毒人群的HIV感染水平低于全国同类人群的感染水平,但共用针具吸毒的高危行为存在,势必导致感染率的攀高,而且吸毒人群的性交易将导致艾滋病病毒向一般人群传播。因此,做好吸毒人群的干预工作是防治艾滋病的重点之一。     

山东省男性强制戒毒人员行为特征及HIV感染状况调查

目的 了解山东省男性强制戒毒人员行为特征和HIV感染状况.方法 对男性强制戒毒所戒毒人员进行问卷调查,采集血样检测HIV抗体.结果 517例调查对象中,初次使用毒品的平均年龄为(26.58±7.67)岁;海洛因和冰毒是主要的滥用毒品,分别占31.91％和61.51％,多药混用者占8.90％;毒品滥用原因中好奇占34.63％;强制戒毒前1年内发生过商业性行为者占31.72％,其中,41.46％生行为中未使用安全套;强制戒毒前1个月内有52例与他人共用过针具;调查共检出HIV抗体阳性74例,占14.31％.结论 男性强制戒毒人员中高危行为发生率高,HIV抗体阳性率较高,需针对性地开展艾滋病防治工作.     

揭阳市强制戒毒人群艾滋病知识与相关态度调查

目的了解揭阳市吸毒人群对艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)相关知识的知晓及态度与行为,为制订干预措施提供决策依据。方法对揭阳市2005年的强制戒毒人员,采用系统抽样方法抽取调查对象,由经培训的调查员用统一的调查表进行匿名面对面问卷调查。结果共调查吸毒人员322人,有30.7%的吸毒者能掌握艾滋病相关知识,为预防HIV/AIDS分别有74.5%和79.5%的吸毒者愿意坚持使用安全套和不与他人共用注射器,有58.4%的戒毒人员的艾滋病知识来自电视。结论该市吸毒人群的HIV/AIDS相关知识认知水平偏低,需加大宣传教育力度。     

2004～2006年济宁市戒毒人员艾滋病监测分析

[目的]了解济宁市戒毒人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及相关危险因素,为制订吸毒人群艾滋病干预措施提供依据。[方法]对2004~2006年进入济宁市戒毒所的吸毒人员进行面对面调查,采集静脉血检测抗-HIV。[结果]调查吸毒者292人,37.33%有注射毒品行为。其中,57.80%曾与他人共用注射器或针头;7.88%曾通过金钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为。检测292名吸毒者,抗-HIV阳性率为14.38%,梅毒抗体阳性率为2.74%。抗-HIV阳性率,男性为17.49%,女性为4.35%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);外省人员为22.95%,本省人员均为阴性;静脉吸毒、吸毒时间长、共用注射器吸毒者高于口吸毒、静脉吸毒时间短、未共用注射器吸毒者。[结论]济宁市戒毒所的吸毒人员HIV感染率较高,梅毒感染率很低。     

2008年南宁市吸毒人群艾滋病知识及HIV抗体调查

目的了解目前南宁市吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为及病毒的感染情况,评价各项干预措施提供有效的依据,方法戒毒所内吸毒人员采取整群抽样的方法,社区吸毒人员采用滚雪球方式。问卷采取匿名的方式。采集静脉血3～5ml。结果共调查402名吸毒者被调查对象对于艾滋病通过输血和共针具传播知识知晓率较高,均为92.78%,总体知识知晓率为82.77%。被调查对象最近1个月（或入所前1个月）注射过毒品的占85.57%,最近1次注射时与他人共用过注射器的占7.43%。最近1个月（或入所前1个月）,注射毒品时与他人共用过针具的占12.20%。48.75%被调查对象最近1个月（或入所前1个月）有过性行为,最近1年与配偶或同居、商业性伴、临时性伴发生行为时安全套使用率分别为13.68%、32.69%和19.59%。HIV阳性率为20.40%,梅毒抗体阳性率为5.22%。结论南宁市吸毒人群HIV感染率高,但维持在稳定水平,高危行为依然存在,需要继续加强各项干预措施的实施。     

南昌市部分吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

[目的]了解南昌市吸毒人群的艾滋病相关知识知晓率,监测艾滋病相关行为,分析它对艾滋病感染的影响.[方法]选用2007年南昌市吸毒人群综合哨点数据.(在吸毒人员中抽查800名吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,吸毒方式和频率、吸毒时间、共用注射器、性行为及安全套使用情况.[结果]800名被调查者初次吸毒年龄最小为15岁,最大49岁,平均年龄(25±22.30)岁;初次静脉注射吸毒的年龄最小为15岁,最大50岁,平均年龄(29±25.33)岁;共用注射器有261例;性生活中全程使用安全套占36.1%,从未使用安全套占13.0%.[结论]加强宣传教育活动,让青少年远离毒品,减少吸毒者共用注射器吸毒的危险行为,仍须加强安全套的推广力度.     

强制戒毒对减少吸毒人群艾滋病危险行为和感染效果调查

目的研究强制戒毒对减少吸毒人群HIV／AIDS危险行为和感染的效果,为吸毒人群艾滋病控制提供决策依据。方法在社区建立VCTI作站,通过书信和同伴通知招募社区静脉吸毒人员,进行面对面问卷调查,用快速检测方法检测HIV抗体。采用Epidata3．1建立数据库,用SAS9．1软件进行资料多元回归分析。结果共调查613名社区静脉吸毒人员,89．60％的吸毒人员接受过1次以上的强制戒毒治疗,74．10％能够正确回答7条以上艾滋病知识问题。38．50％-67．00％吸毒者共用注射器,棉花、清洁液和容器、共用药液吸毒。78．20％性交时从不使用安全套。HIV抗体阳性率为52．40％。吸毒人员接受强制戒毒次数越多,HIV／AIDS知识水平越高,而与安全套使用频率、共用针头、注射器没有关系。吸毒时间越长,接受强制戒毒次数越多,共用棉花、清洁液和容器、共用药液吸毒机率越大,HIV感染率越高。结论强制戒毒治疗可以提高吸毒人群预防艾滋病知识水平,但减少危险行为和感染效果不大,应提高戒毒所医务人员和干警行为干预知识水平和技能,为出所戒毒人员提供后续的社区干预转介服务。     

性病门诊就诊者艾滋病知识态度行为调查及干预方法探讨

[目的]了解性病门诊就诊者艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为,探索对该人群实施行为干预的模式.[方法]对石家庄部分医疗机构的性病门诊就诊者进行问卷调查,同时采集血液标本进行HIV、梅毒感染状况检测.[结果]调查对象艾滋病知识正确率相对较低,外表识别感染者的正确率仅10.25%;32.75%近3个月内有非婚性伴,45.04%从不使用安全套;最近1次与非婚性伴性交时安全套使用率为29.77%.[结论]扩大安全套获取途径,提高安全套的可及性和使用率;并从3个方面入手实施干预.     

建水县静脉吸毒者高危行为及艾滋病认知状况调查

[目的]了解建水县吸毒人群HIY相关危险行为状况及对艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为进一步对吸毒人群行为干预提供依据.[方法]2007年9月在建水县社区、村委会、戒毒所内,采用全国统一的行为调查问卷对360名静脉吸毒者进行调查.[结果]360例静脉吸毒者中,吸毒年限>10年占61.4%,共用过针具占81.1%,固定性伴吸毒者占18.4%;最近一个月注射毒品时共用过针具占11.0%,最近一次性行为未使用安全套占76.4%;不同文化程度的静脉吸毒者对HIV经血液传播、母婴垂直传播及蚊虫叮咬是否传播的知晓率上存在着统计学差异(P<0.05).[结论]当地吸毒人群HIV相关危险行为发生率较高,应加强吸毒者安全行为的健康教育,扩大针对吸毒和高危性行为干预的覆盖面;针对不同文化程度的静咏吸毒者应开展与之相对应的宣传教育及干预措施.     

郴州市2007年吸毒人群HIV、梅毒监测结果

目的了解郴州市吸毒人群中HIV病毒、梅毒感染流行状况，为针对这一人群制定艾滋病、性病健康教育及行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法对郴州市强制戒毒所新进入所人员、社区吸毒人员共计监测401人，使用国家统一的“吸毒人员健康调查问卷”进行一对一问卷调查，同时采集调查对象的血清进行HIV抗体初筛检测及梅毒初筛检测。结果在监测的401例吸毒人员中，经初筛检出抗HIV阳性9例，感染率为2．24％（9／401），梅毒初筛检出25例，感染率为6．23％，其中男性检出13例，女性检出12例，男女感染率，存在显著性差异（x^2检验，P〈0．005）。使用毒品品种主要为海洛因，占97．26％。有215例（占59．2％）承认自己有过共用注射器或针头情况。有105例曾经通过钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为，监测对象性行为时安全套使用率平均为29．52％。结论郴州市吸毒人群中注射毒品比例较高，共用注射器现象普遍，且有性乱行为，安全套使用率低，存着经血和经性传播艾滋病的双重危险，应积极开展针对性的干预措施。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.