早期糖尿病肾病患者尿Alb,α1—m,β2—m,IgG,SIgA,RIA的临床应用

本文采用放射免疫分析(RIA)对89例糖尿病(DM)患者和30例健康体检者测定其尿中微量白蛋白(Alb)α_1—微球蛋白(α_1—m)、β_2—微球蛋白(β_2—m)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG),分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)含量。旨在探讨尿中五种微量蛋白测定对糖尿病肾     

146例酒精性肝病患者尿β2-m、α1-m RIA

笔者对146例长期大量饮酒所导致的肝脏损伤患者测定了尿β2-m、α1-m、Alb、IgG、THP含量的变化,以了解大量的酒精不仅对肝脏功能有害而且是否对肾脏功能有损伤的关系。联检尿液中β2-m、α1-m、Alb、IgG、THP等五项指标,旨在探讨酒清对肾脏功能损伤的关系,现报道如下。     

血与尿β2-m、α1-m、IgG和尿Alb联检对糖尿病、高血压病患者早期肾功能损伤的判断

判断糖尿病、高血压早期肾脏功能,对治疗及预后提供可靠依据。我们收集了208例患者血、尿样本,分别进行β2-微球蛋白（β2-m）、α1-微球蛋白（α1-m）、免疫球蛋白（IgG）、尿微量白蛋白（Alb）联检,现将结果报道如下。     

尿Alb、α1-m、β2-m联检评估肾功能

尿微量白蛋白(Alb)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-m)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-m)为分别反映肾小球、肾小管功能的指标,本文采用放射免疫分析测定不同病种患者尿Alb、α1-m、β2-m含量,分析其肾脏受损部位与程度。1材料和方法1.1对象32例(男13,女19)正常对照组,均为本院健康职工,年龄(20~64)岁,     

β2—m,Alb,IgG,α1—m联检对肾炎患者肾脏损伤程度的评估

本文对我院临床科室确诊的肾炎49例、紫癜性肾炎34例进行了血、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-m)、白蛋白(Alb)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)、α1-微球蛋白(α-m)的联检,其目的是为了全面了解和评价肾功能损伤情况,现将结果总结如下.     

β2-m、AIb、IgG、α1-m联检对肾炎患者肾脏损伤程度的评估

本文对我院临床科室确诊的肾炎49例、紫癜性肾炎34例进行了血、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-m)、白蛋白(Alb)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)、α1-微球蛋白(α-m)的联检,其目的是为了全面了解和评价肾功能损伤情况,现将结果总结如下.     

尿AIb、α1-m、β2-m联检评估肾功能

尿微量白蛋白（Alb）、α1-微球蛋白（α1-m）、β2-微球蛋白（β2-m）为分别反映肾小球、肾小管功能的指标，本文采用放射免疫分析测定不同病种患者尿Alb、α1-m、β2-m含量，分析其肾脏受损部位与程度。     

不育症患者精浆IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α测定的临床意义

目的 :观察精浆中白细胞介素 - 2 (IL - 2 )、白细胞介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )、白细胞介素 - 8(IL - 8)、肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)等细胞因子对男性生殖的影响。方法 :应用放射免疫分析 (RIA)对 1 2 6例不育男性和 2 0例正常生育男性精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α水平进行了检测。结果 :不育症组精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL -8、TNF -α含量均高于生育组 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 ) ;精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α含量在不育症组的WBC精液组与非WBC精液组之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 )。另外 ,精浆中TNF -α含量在精子活动力、活动率正常与减少之间 ,IL - 8含量在精子活动率正常与减少之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或p <0 0 1 )。结论 :检测精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α等细胞因子的含量可以反映男性不育症患者的状态 ,帮助临床进行有价值的治疗     

尿微量蛋白测定对冠心病早期肾损害的临床意义探讨

冠心病是严重影响人体健康的重要心血管疾病之一,其临床危害日渐突出,而尿微量蛋白的检测可作为肾脏早期损伤的灵敏指标[1],也越来越受到人们的重视。我们采用速率散射比浊法检测68例冠心病患者尿微量白蛋白(Alb)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-m)、免疫球蛋白IgG含量,旨在     

肾损害相关指标对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨糖尿病患者尿白蛋白(Alb)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-m)、Tamm-Horsfall蛋白(TH蛋白)及α1-微球蛋白(α1-m)的变化对糖尿病早期肾病的诊断价值.方法:采用放射免疫分析检测了78例糖尿病病人和40名正常人尿Alb、β2-m、TH蛋白及α1-m含量.结果:糖尿病患者尿Alb、β2-m及α1-m明显高于正常人(P＜0.01),TH蛋白低于正常人(P＜0.01).随病变进展尿蛋白的异常改变更趋显著.结论:检测糖尿病病人尿Alb、β2-m、TH蛋白及α1-m有助于早期诊断肾脏病变的部位及病变程度.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.