连续皮下胰岛素输注治疗糖尿病观察

84例需胰岛素治疗的高血糖病人,分别用胰岛素泵连续皮下输注治疗(CSII组44例)和多次皮下注射胰岛索治疗(MSII组40例).结果可使血糖呈显著性下降(P<0.01),平均控制天数(CSII8.7±3.6天,MSII18.6±7.7天,P<0.01).结论CSII的方式较MSII可更快速更有效的控制高血糖.     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的临床观察

将38例随机血糖≥20.0mmol/L的2型糖尿病患者随机分为三组,胰岛素泵治疗(CSII)为18例,多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗(MSII)为9例,口服降糖药物治疗11例,进行治疗观察空腹及餐后血糖.结果CSII组血糖控制达标的天数明显少于MSII组和口服药物组,而且胰岛素的用量明显少于MSII组;CSII组的低血糖发生率较低,并且能满意地控制黎明现象的发生.结论CSII能明显缩短住院日,是目前2型糖尿病高血糖状态较理想的方法.     

108例2型糖尿病3种短期胰岛素强化治疗方法的临床研究

目的观察3种不同短期胰岛素强化治疗方法对2列糖尿病的降糖作用和评价常规人胰岛素和胰岛素Aspart应用于胰岛素泵的特点.方法对108例空腹血糖大于11.1mmol/L的2型糖尿病患者随机分为常规人胰岛素强化治疗组(MSII组)、胰岛素泵持续人胰岛素输注强化治疗组(CSII-R组)和胰岛素泵持续胰岛素Aspart输注强化治疗组(CSII-A组),比较血糖治疗达标所需天数、日均胰岛素用量、低血糖频率、泵应用的餐前大剂量和基础量及血糖控制水平.结果CSII-R组和CSII-A组血糖达标天数分别为4.7±1.6,4.8±1.2)比MSII组缩短13.8天(P＜0.0001),胰岛素用量比MSII组显著减少(均P＜0.05),CSII-R组和CSII-A组未发生低血糖,MSII组低血糖发生19人次.血糖治疗达标后至停止泵治疗时,CSII-A组胰岛素基础剂量比CSII-R组显著增多(均数增加14.2%,P＜0.05),餐前大剂量显著减少(均数减小17.4%,P＜0.05);CSII-A组餐后血糖较CSII-R组显著降低(均数降低1.3mmol/L,P＜0.01),前者发生低血糖1人次,后者6人次.结论胰岛素泵CSII强化治疗2型糖尿病具有快速、稳定、理想地控制血糖的作用,胰岛素Aspart具有更好的有效性和安全性.     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的临床观察

将38例随机血糖≥20.0mmol/L的2型糖尿病患者随机分为三组,胰岛素泵治疗（CSII）为18例,多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗（MSII）为9例,口服降糖药物治疗11例,进行治疗观察空腹及餐后血糖。结果：CSII组血糖控制达标的天数明显少于MSII组和口服药物组,而且胰岛素的用量明显少于MSII组;CSII组的低血糖发生率较低,并且能满意地控制黎明现象的发生。结论：CSII能明显缩短住院日,是目前2型糖尿病高血糖状态较理想的方法。     

诺和龙治疗2型糖尿病32例临床观察

对32例2型糖尿病患者,在合理饮食、适当的运动、定期监测等措施的基础上,给予诺和龙每次0.5～1.0mg,每日3次,饭前服用,共观察12周后.结果空腹血糖治疗前9.38±2.75mmol/L,后为6.12±1.12mmol/L,P<0.01;餐后2小时血糖治疗前13.90±3.97mmol/L,治疗后为8.43±1.65mmol/L,P<0.01.理想及一般控制率84.38%;体重指数无明显变化;低血糖发生1例,占3.13%.结论诺和龙具有有效控制2型糖尿病患者餐后高血糖及稳定空腹血糖的作用,副作用少、患者耐受性好.     

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的 比较持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII,胰岛素泵治疗)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,观察其降糖效果和对胰岛β细胞功能的影响.方法 对新发的空腹血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,酮体阳性的60例初诊糖尿病患者随机分组.胰岛素泵持续注射胰岛素组(CSII组)30例,多次皮下注射胰岛素组(MSII组)30例.比较两种方法治疗前后血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、低血糖发病率;标准馒头餐胰岛素释放试验的胰岛素及C肽、空腹血浆胰岛素及Homaβ等.结果 CSII组在血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发病率上均优于MSII组(P＜0.05).胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善(P＜0.05).结论 对酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定纠正代谢紊乱、控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素皮下注射治疗2型糖尿病疗效对比分析

目的比较短期胰岛素泵(CSII)与多次皮下胰岛素(MSII)注射强化控制2型糖尿病(T2DM)的有效性和安全性。方法对解放军总院内分泌科2006年6月至2007年5月收治住院的96例糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)>7.5%的T2DM患者随机分为2组,分别给予CSII和MSII进行短期强化达标治疗,比较两组治疗前后的多时点血糖、糖化血清蛋白(GSP)、血糖达标天数、达标时胰岛素总剂量及低血糖事件发生的差异。结果治疗后CSII组与MSII组静脉血空腹血糖(FBG)分别由(13.53±5.01)mmol/L和(12.25±3.49)mmol/L下降到(5.56±0.76)mmol/L和(6.07±0.97)mmol/L,CSII组FBG下降程度更大(P=0.005)。静脉血餐后2h血糖(2hPG)分别由(19.56±5.82)mmol/L和(18.69±3.98)mmol/L下降到(6.93±1.07)mmol/L和(7.28±1.54)mmol/L,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组的7个时点指血血糖均显著降低,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但达标时最高与最低血糖差值CSII组明显小于MSII组(P=0.029),血糖曲线下面积CSII组明显小于MSII组(P=0.017)。CSII组与MSII组GSP分别由(407±79)μmol/L和(410±100)μmol/L下降到(266±74)μmol/L和(297±83)μmol/L,均有显著改善(P均<0.01),两组治疗后绝对下降值CSII组更显著(P<0.05)。CSII组血糖达标时间平均为(3.66±1.41)d,显著短于MSII组的(5.83±1.77)d(P<0.05)。CSII组在达标时和治疗第7天的胰岛素剂量分别是(40.23±7.47)U/d和(36.06±9.71)U/d,均显著少于MSII组的(47.71±17.74)U/d和(45.63±11.91)U/d(P均<0.05)。两组有症状性低血糖事件共35例次,CSII组与MSII组分别有15例次和20例次,其中CSII组血糖≤3.9mmol/L和≤2.8mmol/L的分别为7和0例次,MSII组分别为19和8例次,前者均少于后者。结论两种胰岛素强化治疗均能有效控制尚未胰岛素治疗的T2DM患者的血糖,促进短期血糖达标。但与MSII相比,CSII治疗在降低FBG、缩小血糖波动和整体血糖控制方面更显著,并能够缩短血糖达标时间,减少胰岛素用量和降低低血糖的发生率。     

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察短期持续性皮下胰岛素输注 (CSII)治疗对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果和胰岛 β细胞功能的影响。 　方法　对空腹血糖 >11.1mmol/L的 36例初诊 2型糖尿病患者进行为期 2周的CSII强化治疗 ,分析比较其治疗前后空腹及餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1C、静脉葡萄糖耐量 (IVGTT)试验时胰岛素分泌第一时相和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、空腹血浆胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ、HomaIR等。血浆胰岛素、C肽、胰岛素原浓度均用放免法测定。　结果　 2周的CSII治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果。其中 35例患者的空腹、餐后 2h血糖分别于治疗后 ( 2 .7± 1.9)d、( 8.5± 3.5 )d达到良好控制 ,且未见明显低血糖。胰岛 β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善 :静脉注射葡萄糖后 10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素、C肽分泌相 ,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰 ,胰岛素、C肽曲线下面积和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高 ,而胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值则较治疗前明显下降。反映胰岛素抵抗的HomaIR也较治疗前明显降低。　结论　对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者 ,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用。     

持续皮下胰岛素注射强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的探讨短期持续皮下胰岛素注射治疗(CSII)对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制的影响。方法采用病例对照研究,对58例空腹血糖10 mmol/L的初诊T2DM患者,分为CSII治疗组和每天多次胰岛素注射治疗组(MSII治疗组),每组29例,比较两组治疗前后血糖控制效果、胰岛素用量等。结果两组血糖均显著下降(P0.01);血糖达标胰岛素日最大用量CSII组〔(0.60±0.15)U/kg〕较MSII组〔(0.89±0.21)U/kg〕明显减少(P0.01);血糖达标平均控制天数CSII组〔(6.3±2.1)d〕与MSII组〔(9.5±4.9)d〕相比明显减少(P0.01)。结论 CSII较MSII能更快速有效控制血糖。     

胰岛素泵治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的对比应用胰岛素泵(CSII)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)对血糖控制不佳的老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的治疗效果及安全性。方法将58例老年T2DM患者随机分为CSII组(30例)和MSII组(28例),进行胰岛素治疗。分别检测2组治疗前后的三餐前后及睡前血糖、血糖控制时间、每日胰岛素用量、低血糖发生的次数以及治疗后的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平并进行统计分析。结果2组均能达到目标血糖值,但CSII组血糖控制达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率均明显少于MSII组(P<0.01),CSII治疗后HbA1c水平显著低于MSII组(P<0.01)。结论CSII有效模拟人体生理胰岛素分泌,用于老年T2DM患者能更快、更有效地控制高血糖,减少低血糖的发生率,并且效果能持续较长时间。     

Precipitin reactions between insulin,proinsulin, insulin chains and insulin antibody

Summary Insulin antibody was produced in guinea pigs and the precipitins tested by double diffusion in agarose gel. Pork, beef and monocomponent insulin produced precipitin lines. Proinsulin also produced a precipitin line with these antisera but no lines appeared with either the A-chain or the B-chain of insulin. There was good correlation between the precipitin titre and the radioimmunoassay titre.     

Clinical utility of insulin and insulin analogs

Diabetes is a pandemic disease characterized by autoimmune, genetic and metabolic abnormalities. While insulin deficiency manifested as hyperglycemia is a common sequel of both Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM), it does not result from a single genetic defect—rather insulin deficiency results from the functional loss of pancreatic β cells due to multifactorial mechanisms. Since pancreatic β cells of patients with T1DM are destroyed by autoimmune reaction, these patients require daily insulin injections. Insulin resistance followed by β cell dysfunction and β cell loss is the characteristics of T2DM. Therefore, most patients with T2DM will require insulin treatment due to eventual loss of insulin secretion. Despite the evidence of early insulin treatment lowering macrovascular (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke) and microvascular (diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) complications of T2DM, controversy exists among physicians on how to initiate and intensify insulin therapy. The slow acting nature of regular human insulin makes its use ineffective in counteracting postprandial hyperglycemia. Instead, recombinant insulin analogs have been generated with a variable degree of specificity and action. Due to the metabolic variability among individuals, optimum blood glucose management is a formidable task to accomplish despite the presence of novel insulin analogs. In this article, we present a recent update on insulin analog structure and function with an overview of the evidence on the various insulin regimens clinically used to treat diabetes.     

Treatment of insulin lipoatrophy with monocomponent insulin

Summary A female diabetic with severe insulininduced lipoatrophy was successfully treated with a monocomponent (MC) Lente preparation. This patient was studied for over 6 years and, during periods of treatment with various insulins of different purity, a variety of reactions was observed in the adipose tissue. Evidence is presented that lipoatrophy may be caused by insulin impurities. Lipoatrophy occurring after treatment with recrystallized, mixed species Lente insulin was substantially reduced after treatment with 10 times recrystallized porcine Lente, but recurred on 4 times recrystallized beef Lente, also in areas where beef Lente was not injected. Beef insulin impurities seem more prone to produce lipoatrophy than pork insulin impurities. It is suggested that MC-insulin is the treatment of choice for this condition.     

ATP sensitizes the insulin receptor to insulin

Insulin receptor with high insulin binding and tyrosine kinase activities has been prepared from human placenta. Based on a molecular mass of 306 kDa for the receptor (the value obtained from the sum of the amino acid residues), this preparation is capable of binding 1.48 mol of insulin per mol of receptor. The receptor is free from phosphatase and ATPase activity and is not stimulated by sodium vanadate. Autophosphorylation is linear with respect to receptor concentration, and the 32P incorporated is stable even in the presence of a 100-fold excess of unlabeled ATP. The Km for ATP is 208 microM. N-Ethylmaleimide inhibits autophosphorylation. Alkylation with 3H-labeled N-ethylmaleimide results in the incorporation of 1.13 +/- 0.37 mol of N-ethylmaleimide per mol of insulin binding activity exclusively into the beta subunit of the receptor. The nonhydrolyzable ATP analog adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate stimulates autophosphorylation of the receptor, an effect that is evident at ATP concentrations below 1 mM. The stimulatory effect of adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate is the result of increasing the binding of insulin to the alpha subunit, and this reflects itself in a shift to the left of the insulin dose-response curve for autophosphorylation. The same is true for ATP. As a consequence, it is now possible to reconcile the concentration of insulin necessary for stimulating the autophosphorylation reaction with physiological levels and with the levels of insulin required for its classical biological effects.