人喉癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA的检测

目的为探讨喉癌与人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染的关系和ＨＰＶ在喉癌中基因组型的分布与表达。方法应用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）制备非放射性探针标记物－地高辛标记ＨＰＶ共有引物探针,对１４６例喉不同病变的新鲜组织标本（喉癌６８例,喉其它病变４８例,正常喉组织３０例）,进行ＨＰＶ６,１１,１６,１８,３１,３３,３５,４２,５８共９型ＨＰＶＤＮＡ感染的检测;阳性者用多重引物ＰＣＲ方法分型。结果喉癌ＨＰＶ感染阳性率４５．６％（３１／６８）,喉癌颈转移淋巴结组织阳性率２０．０％（３／１５）,喉癌前病变阳性率１１．８％（２／１７）,声带息肉阳性率６．３％（１／１６）,１５例癌旁及１５例癌周正常喉组织均为ＨＰＶＤＮＡ阴性。ＨＰＶＤＮＡ型别分布在喉癌中以ＨＰＶ１６、１８型为主,喉良性病变中以ＨＰＶ６、１１型为主。结论喉癌发生与ＨＰＶ感染有关。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤p16抑癌基因突变与HPV感染的研究

采用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）技术，对同一卵巢上皮性肿瘤石蜡包埋组织中ｐ１６基因（第二外显子）突变及人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染进行相关性研究。并与正常卵巢组织进行对照。结果，２８例卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中ｐ１６基因突变１５例，突变率为５３．６％（１５／２８），其中７例伴有ＨＰＶ１６型或ＨＰＶ１８型感染，占突变率的４６．７％。在卵巢上皮性肿瘤组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５３．６％（１５／２８），对照组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５．６（１／１８），二者比较有显著性差异。提示：卵巢上皮性肿瘤中ｐ１６基因突变与ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染有关。ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染与卵巢上皮肿瘤密切相关     

p53和nm23联合表达对食管鳞癌淋巴结转移的影响

目的：探讨ｐ５３ 和ｎｍ２３ 表达作为食管鳞癌转移标志物的实用价值。方法：采用免疫组化方法检测８５ 例原发性食管鳞癌中ｐ５３ 和ｎｍ２３ 蛋白表达。结果：６３－５３ ％ （５４／８５） 肿瘤呈ｐ５３ 阳性表达,ｐ５３ 阳性表达与肿瘤淋巴结转移和ＴＮＭ 分期有关（Ｐ值均为０－００１）。４０ ％（３４／８５） 肿瘤为ｎｍ２３ 低表达。ｎｍ２３ 低表达与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、ＴＮＭ 分期有关（ Ｐ值分别为０－０３２、０－００１、０－００１） 。单因素分析显示：ｐ５３ 和ｎｍ２３ 表达为影响淋巴结转移的主要因素（ ＯＲ值分别为６－９８４ 和０－０８７,Ｐ＜０－００１）。多因素分析显示：ｎｍ２３ 表达是影响淋巴结转移的一个独立因素（珘ｂ＝ － ０－８４８１ , ＯＲ＝ ０－１８１, Ｐ＝ ０－０００１） 。ｐ５３阳性肿瘤具有高度淋巴结转移的倾向（珘ｂ＝ ０－３１５０, ＯＲ＝２－２８４,Ｐ＝ ０－０５６５）,其它临床病理学参数与淋巴结转移之间未见明显关系（Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。ｐ５３ 和ｎｍ２３ 异常表达之间呈负相关（ｒｓ＝ － ０－３８４９ ,Ｐ＝ ０－０００３）,在促进肿瘤的进展和转移过程中起联合作用。结论：ｐ５３ 和ｎｍ２３ 联合表达对判断食管鳞癌患者     

食管癌与单纯性疱疹病毒的关系

目的：观察单纯性疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）在食管癌组织中的分布并探讨其与食管癌的关系。方法：对５２ 例食管癌石蜡包埋组织用免疫组化和原位杂交技术进行定位观察。结果：癌组织ＨＳＶ 免疫组化阳性率ＨＳＶ１ 为５３－８ ％ ,ＨＳＶ２ 为５７－７％ ;癌旁食管粘膜ＨＳＶ 为６５－５ ％ ,其中ＨＳＶ１（１２／２９）４１％ ,ＨＳＶ２（１６／２９）５５－２％ 。原位杂交癌阳性率为５３－８ ％ ,癌旁粘膜为５８－６％ 。ＨＳＶ 阳性率与癌组织的分化程度和淋巴结转移相关（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ,但与癌组织间质淋巴细胞浸润的强度无关（ Ｐ＞０－０５）。结论：ＨＳＶ感染可能影响食管癌的分化和癌细胞的生物学特性。     

p53、p16、nm23基因蛋白在肺癌中的表达及意义

目的：研究肺癌组织中ｐ５３,ｐ１６,ｎｍ２３基因蛋白的表达：方法：应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ方法检测１２９例肺癌标本中;ｐ５３,ｐ１６,ｎｍ２３基因蛋白的表达。结果：ｐ５３,ｐ１６,ｎｍ２３蛋白在肺癌中的阳性表达率分别为５２．７％,４５．７％,５５．８％;３种蛋白阳性表达率与组织学分型无明显相关;肺腺癌淋巴结转移阳性组ｐ５３蛋白阳性表达率显著高于淋巴结无转移组;     

HPV16,18E6蛋白与p21ras,p53在食管癌组织中表达

采用ＳＰ免疫组化法对５２例食管鳞状细胞癌和３０例食管粘膜慢性炎（对照组）进行高危ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ_６和ｐ２１ｒａｓ、ｐ５３癌基因产物的检测。结果表示：鳞癌组中Ｅ_６的阳性率为６７．３１％，与对照组相比差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１），其中Ｅ_６与ｐ５３呈双阳性者为５５．７７％（２９／５２）、８９．６６％（２６／２９），显示两者阳性着色出现在部分相同区域同一癌细胞核内（似表明Ｅ_６可与ｐ５３结合形成复合物从而导致野生型ｐ５３的降解）。本组ｐ２１ｒａｓ与ｐ５３、ｐ５３与Ｅ_６的阳性表达均具相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提出ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染与本地区食管癌病因学密切相关，Ｅ_６抗体是诊断ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染的良好标记。     

Epstein-Bar病毒潜伏膜蛋白在喉癌组织中的表达

为了探讨Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒ病毒在喉鳞癌细胞中的表达情况，对９０例喉鳞癌组织进行了Ｅｐ－ｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒潜伏膜蛋白（ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ－１）的检测，结果显示，ＬＭＰ－１主要定位于细胞膜和细胞浆内，９０例喉鳞癌中ＬＭＰ－１阳性者４１例，阳性检出率为４５．５％，其中低分化鳞癌阳性率为４４％（１２／２７），中分化鳞癌为５２％（２５／４８），高分化鳞癌为２６．６％（４／１５）。提示，ＥＢ病毒不仅存在于低分化喉鳞癌中，也存在于高分化鳞癌中，喉癌的发生可能与ＥＢ病毒感染有关。     

喉癌发生中人乳头瘤病毒感染与Langerhans细胞、p53表达的关系

目的：探讨喉癌的发生机理。方法：应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法对３０例喉鳞状细胞癌人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染、Ｌａｎｇｅｒｈａｎｓ细胞（ＬＣ）及ｐ５３蛋白表达进行了研究。结果：２６．７％的病例可以检测到ＨＰＶ抗原成分。ＨＰＶ感染的癌旁粘膜内ＬＣ数量明显少于无感染者，且形态也发生改变。ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率在ＨＰＶ感染组（３７．５％）明显低于ＨＰＶ检测阴性组（８３．３３％）。结论：提示ＨＰＶ、ＬＣ、ｐ５３在喉癌发生发展过程中起一定作用，且相互影响，ＨＰＶ感染引起ＬＣ数量减少，局部免疫功能降低，ＨＰＶ感染还可能通过表达的肿瘤蛋白或其他机制使抑癌基因ｐ５３失活，进而导致肿瘤的发生。     

人乳头瘤病毒与P 53协同致膀胱移行细胞癌关系的研究

目的 研究人类乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）６、１１、１６和１８型及Ｐ５３与膀胱移行细胞癌的关系。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）方法检测了７５例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ＨＰＶ的感染,免疫组化ＳＰ法检测Ｐ５３蛋白表达情况。结果 膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ＨＰＶ６、１１、１６和１８的阳性率分别为６．７％（５／７５）,５．３％（４／７５）,３３．３％（２５／７５）和６．７％（５／７５）。低危型ＨＰＶ（６或１１）阳性率为９．３％（７／７５）,高危型ＨＰＶ（１６或１８）阳性率为３４．７％（２６／７５）。同一膀胱癌组织中两种以上（包括两种）ＨＰＶ亚型感染８例,占１０．６％。ＨＰＶ６、１６和１８型之间感染阳性率在肿瘤有无转移组中差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＨＰＶ１６、１８的阳性率在肿瘤病理分级中差异有极显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ型别     

膛胱移行细胞癌中c—erbB—2,p53及p16蛋白的表达

目的 探讨膛胱癌组织中ｐ１６、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２和ｐ５３蛋白表达与胱癌病理分级、临床分期和转移的关系。方法 应用免疫组化ＳＰ法对７５例膛胱癌组织中ｐ１６、ｐ５３及ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白表达进行检测。结果 ７５例膛胱癌中ｐ１６、ｐ５３及ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２的阳性率分别为４１．３％（３１／７５）、４４．０％（３３／７５）和４０．０％（３０／７５）,ｐ１６和ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白在膛胱癌中的阳性率与肿瘤中的阳性率     

Human papillomavirus 16/18 expression of endocervical glandular lesions: relationship with p53 and MIB-1 Expressions

The pathogenesis of endocervical glandular lesions are not clearly understood. The aims of this study are to evaluate the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 and the relationship of HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions in endocervical glandular dysplasia (EGD), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma. The materials included 14 endocervical adenocarcinoma and 5 AIS and 18 high grade EGD and 39 low grade EGD. Immunohistochemistry for p53 and MIB-1, and in situ PCR for HPV 16/18 were done. HPV 16/18 positivity was 84.2%, 16.7% and 17.9% in malignant glandular lesion (adenocarcinoma and AIS), high grade EGD and low grade EGD, respectively. P53 protein expression rates of malignant glandular lesions, high grade EGD and low grade EGD were 31.6%, 11.1%, and 0%, respectively. High MIB-1 labelling index was found in 73.7% of malignant glandular lesions, but in only 5.7% and 3.6% of high and low grade EGD, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions between malignant endocervical glandular lesions and EGD, but no significant difference in p53 and MIB-1 expressions in relation to HPV 16/18 expression. In malignant endocervical glandular lesions, HPV 16/18 infection may be a major causative factor, but not be related to p53 and MIB-1 expressions.     

子宫颈病变组织中低分子量蛋白酶体表达与HPV16感染的关系

目的观察低分子量蛋白酶体(low molecular-weight protein,LMP)在子宫颈病变组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达,探讨其与HPV16感染的关系。方法以152例新疆维吾尔族妇女正常子宫颈上皮、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化法鉴定LMP2和LMP7mRNA及蛋白表达水平;采用PCR技术检测相应标本HPV16感染情况。结果 (1)LMP2、LMP7随着子宫颈病变的加重其蛋白表达逐渐降低,且mRNA表达水平与蛋白表达趋势相一致。在CIN中LMP2、LMP7蛋白表达下调和缺失率分别为25.0%/15.6%、29.7%/23.4%;在子宫颈癌中LMP2、LMP7蛋白的表达下调和缺失率分别为17.5%/34.9%、23.8%/41.3%。临床病理参数进行分析发现LMP2、LMP7与子宫颈癌分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05)。(2)PCR结果显示,HPV16的检出率随着子宫颈病变的进展而增加,在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中阳性率分别为8%(2/25)、67.2%(43/64)和77.8%(49/63),且随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加其阳性表达率增加,各组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在CIN中LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05),子宫颈癌中LMP2和LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05)。结论 LMP基因的转录表达下调或蛋白质表达缺失与维吾尔族妇女子宫颈癌病变进程密切相关,其中HPV16感染可能是重要原因之一。     

Human papillomavirus genotyping and p16INK4a expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of adolescents.

Adolescents have high rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and persistent high-risk HPV infection can lead to the development of cervical cancer. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p16(INK4a) is overexpressed in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), probably due to a persistent and integrated HPV infection. This study investigated p16(INK4a) expression, grades of CIN, and high-risk HPV infection in adolescent cervical biopsies. Biopsies were immunohistochemically stained for p16(INK4a). The presence of wide-spectrum, low-risk, or high-risk HPV was determined by amplifying DNA extracted from the cervical biopsies. Biopsies were classified as cervicitis, 15 cases; CIN 1, 48 cases; CIN 2, 46 cases, and CIN 3, 52 cases. The distribution of p16(INK4a) staining was graded as patchy, diffuse basal, and diffuse full thickness. Pearson's chi(2) tests analyzed the relationships between p16(INK4a) staining, HPV infection, and CIN. Biopsies of cervicitis were negative for HPV and for p16(INK4a) expression. High-risk HPV 16, 18, and 31 increased from 18% in CIN 1 to 66% in CIN 2/3 (P<0.001). In CIN 1, p16(INK4a) was positive in 44% of biopsies with 35% showing patchy, 7% diffuse basal, and one case (2%) showing diffuse full thickness staining. In CIN 2/3, p16(INK4a) was positive in 97% of biopsies with 23% showing patchy, 21% diffuse basal, and 53% diffuse full thickness staining. The difference in the proportions of biopsies showing patchy p16(INK4a) staining in CIN 1 and diffuse full thickness staining in CIN 2/3 was significant (P<0.001). In CIN 1, 61% of high-risk HPV-positive biopsies were p16(INK4a) negative, while all high-risk HPV-positive CIN 2/3 biopsies were p16(INK4a) positive. Diffuse, full thickness p16(INK4a) expression discriminated low-grade from high-grade CIN and appears to be a marker of persistent high-risk HPV infection.     

宫颈癌组织中survivin和CD44v6的表达及其与HPV16/18感染的相关性

目的研究survivin、CD44v6在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与HPV16/18感染的相关性,以探讨宫颈癌的发生机制。方法用免疫组化方法进行survivin和CD44v6的检测,用PCR检测HPV16/18感染情况。结果survivin和CD44v6的阳性率在宫颈癌组织中远高于CIN和正常宫颈组织,差异显著(均P<0.01),其表达率与淋巴结转移有关(均P<0.05)。CD44v6随着临床分期、病例分级的升高阳性率升高(P<0.05),survivin的阳性率则随着病例分级的升高而增加(P<0.05)。HPV16/18在正常宫颈组织、CIN和宫颈癌中的阳性率逐渐升高(P<0.01),但与临床分期、病理分级、淋巴转移无关。survivin与HPV16/18感染有相关性(P<0.05)。结论宫颈癌组织中survivin的异常表达与HPV16/18感染有关。survivin和CD44v6与宫颈癌的恶变程度有关,可作为宫颈癌筛查预后判断的有利指标。     

Comparative evaluation of nm23 and p16 expression as biomarkers of high-risk human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2(+) lesions of the uterine cervix

Benevolo M, Terrenato I, Mottolese M, Marandino F, Muti P, Carosi M, Rollo F, Ronchetti L, Mariani L, Vocaturo G & Vocaturo A
(2010) Histopathology 57 , 580–586
Comparative evaluation of nm23 and p16 expression as biomarkers of high‐risk human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2⁺ lesions of the uterine cervix Aims: To investigate the clinical role of nm23 expression in identifying both high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) and high‐grade cervical lesions or carcinomas [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2⁺ (CIN2⁺)], and to compare it with p16 overexpression, as this latter biomarker has already been reported widely in HR‐HPV infected cervical lesions. Methods and results: Immunohistochemical evaluation of nm23 and p16 in 143 cervical biopsy specimens including negative, low‐ and high‐grade lesions and squamous carcinomas (SC). HR‐HPV testing by Digene hybrid capture 2 (HC2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the cervico‐vaginal samples of the same patients. In detecting CIN2⁺, p16 was significantly more sensitive and specific than nm23 (96.3% versus 81.8% and 66% versus 36.4%, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Concerning HR‐HPV detection by HC2, p16 showed a significantly higher specificity than nm23 (82% versus 47%, P <0.0001), although the sensitivities were comparable (71% versus 76%). We found a significantly direct correlation between nm23 and HC2 findings. However, nm23 expression did not correlate with HPV16/18 infection. In contrast, we observed a significant association between p16 overexpression and HPV16/18 genotypes. Conclusions: We confirm the diagnostic value of p16 overexpression. Moreover, despite in vitro data regarding the interaction with the HPV‐E7 protein, nm23 does not appear to be a more useful biomarker than p16 in identifying CIN2⁺ or HR‐HPV infection.     

Expression of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 and its correlation with HPV16 infection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical squamous cell carcinoma specimens

The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), piwi-like 1 (PIWIL1) and T-box 2 (TBX2) and its correlation with HPV16 infection in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). HPV16 was detected by amplifying the HPV16 E7 gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and the expression of PSCA, PIWIL1, TBX2 and HPV16 E7 in 59 CSCCs and matched adjacent normal cervix (MANC) was examined by the streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) method. Fifty-two CSCCs and MANC specimens that were positive for the E7 gene and the E7 protein were identified as infected with HPV16 and included in present study. The rate of infection with HPV16 in CSCC was 52% (27/52), but that in matched adjacent normal cervix (MANC) samples was 4% (2/52). Infection with HPV16 was found to be statistically more frequent in CSCC (P = 0.000). The expression rates of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 in MANC were 6% (3/52), 8% (4/52) and 2% (1/52), respectively, but those in CSCC were 62% (32/52), 75% (39/52) and 52% (27/52), respectively. Higher expression rates of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 were observed in CSCC than in MANC (P = 0.000). HPV16 had a statistical positive correlation with PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 in CSCC (P < 0.05). The increased expression of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 had no correlation with the patient’s age or histological grade P > 0.05). The elevated expression of PSCA and PIWIL1 was associated with invasion of CSCC (P < 0.05). Up-regulated expression of TBX2 had a positive association with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.014). These findings demonstrate for the first time the expression of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 in CSCC. Their correlation with HPV16 might provide new basic information for investigating the molecular mechanism of HPV and help us to deepen our understanding of the interaction between HPV16 and host cells the carcinogenesis of CSCC.     

Expression Status of p16 Protein Is Associated with Human Papillomavirus Oncogenic Potential in Cervical and Genital Lesions

The p16 protein (p16) is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that decelerates the cell cycle by inactivating the CDKs that phosphorylate retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Recent biological studies have revealed that p16 expression is markedly influenced by the status of Rb expression, and p16 overexpression has been demonstrated in cervical cancers because of functional inactivation of Rb by human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein. To clarify the relationship between p16 overexpression and HPV infection in cervical carcinogenesis, immunohistochemical analysis of p16 and detection of HPV by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction were performed on 139 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of cervical and genital condylomatous and neoplastic lesions. Marked overexpression of p16 protein, ie, diffuse and strong immunostaining, was observed in all cervical cancers and preneoplastic lesions with infection by high- and intermediate-risk HPVs, ie, subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 52, and 58. Condylomata acuminata and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with infection by low-risk HPV such as HPV-6/11 showed focal and weak immunohistochemical staining for p16. Our results clearly showed that the mode of p16 expression in lesions with high- and intermediate-risk HPVs differed from its expression in lesions with low-risk HPVs and thus might be attributable to differences in functional inactivation of Rb protein by different HPVs.     

Immunohistochemical assessment of p16, COX-2 and EGFR in HPV-positive cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions

The protein capsid L1 of the human papilloma virus (HPV) - a key factor in the cervical carcinogenesis - is considered, together with p16, EGFR and COX-2, a characteristic marker for the evaluation of the malignancy progression and prognostic, in terms of tumoral aggressiveness. The purpose of the present study was to make a comparative assessment between the immunohistochemical pattern of p16, EGFR and COX-2 and immunochemical expression of L1 HPV capsid protein, in low grade and high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, in order to determine the relationship of these tumoral markers with the infection status of HPV, and their practical applicability in patients diagnosis and follow-up. The study group included 50 women with cytological and histopathological confirmed LSIL (low grade SIL) and HSIL (high-grade SIL). The immunoexpression of L1 HPV protein was assessed on conventional cervico-vaginal smears and EGFR, COX-2 and p16 were immunohistochemically evaluated on the corresponding cervical biopsies. From all cervical smears, the HPV L1 capsid protein was expressed in 52% of LSIL and 23% of HSIL. From all cervical biopsies, p16 was positive in 64% of LSIL, 82% of CIN2 and 100% of CIN3, EGFR was overexpressed in 67% of HSIL (56% CIN2 and 43% CIN3) and 32% LSIL. For COX-2, the Allred score was higher in HSIL when compared to LSIL. Our data revealed 33 cases belonging to both LSIL and HSIL categories with the same Allred score. Immunochemical detection of L1 capsid protein, on cervico-vaginal smears, indicates an immune status induced by the HPV infection and may offer prognosis information, mainly in LSIL lesions. The assessment of p16, EGFR, and COX-2 allows to an integrative approach for the progression of squamous intraepithelial lesion, associated or not with the HPV infection.