双极电凝热灼联合病灶切除治疗涉及功能区癫癎的疗效观察

目的观察双极电凝热灼功能区致灶联合非功能区致灶切除治疗涉及功能区癫癎病人的疗效。方法回顾性分析40例致灶涉及功能区的癫癎病人的临床资料,行功能区致癎皮质电凝热灼及非功能区致癎灶切除。结果术后随访18-48个月,平均25个月。5例病人术后对侧有轻度的偏瘫,2例病人术后有轻度的感觉性失语,所有并发症均在1年内恢复。术后观察疗效：EngelⅠ级18例（45%）,EngelⅡ级8例（20%）,EngelⅢ级8例（20%）,EngelⅣ级6例（15%）。结论脑皮质电凝热灼术是治疗功能区癫癎有效且安全的方法,通过病灶切除联合脑皮质电凝热灼术治疗涉及功能区的癫癎,可取得良好的疗效。     

术前埋植硬膜下电极定位功能区和近功能区致癎灶的准确性研究(附24例报告)

目的探讨术前埋植硬膜下电极定位功能区和近功能区致癎灶的准确性和手术效果.方法术前根据EEG、MRI、PET表现,对24例癫癎病人埋植硬膜下电极,记录皮质脑电信号,定位致癎灶,并采用点对点刺激定位功能区.在术中皮质脑电监测下行致癎灶切除和(或)热凝癎灶皮质.结果4例致癎灶位于左侧语言功能区,3例位于语言功能区和周边,3例临近语言功能区;左侧3例、右侧5例位于中央前回运动区,左侧2例、右侧1例位于运动区和周边;左侧1例、右侧2例临近运动区.行单纯病灶切除4例,单纯皮质热凝10例,病灶切除加热凝10例.术后13例癫癎表现完全消失,9例发作减少75%以上,2例发作减少50%以上.无神经功能缺失.结论术前埋植硬膜下皮质电极可对功能区和致癎灶精确定位,提高了手术切除致癎灶的可能性和安全性.     

颅内电极置入与脑功能区定位技术在功能区难治性癫疒间手术的应用

目的探讨颅内电极埋藏与脑功能区定位技术在功能区起始的难治性癫疒间手术的评估价值。方法回顾性分析7例难治性癫疒间的临床资料,头皮视频脑电图长程监测均考虑致疒间灶可能累及功能区,故行颅内电极置入术,再行皮质电极视频脑电图长程监测,记录发作间期和发作期脑电图,以判断致疒间皮质,并采用皮质电刺激行脑功能区定位,在指导术中尽可能切除致疒间皮质的同时,最大限度保护脑功能。结果癫疒间发作起始区切除2例,癫疒间起始区部分切除加周围皮质热灼5例。随访6个月~1年,术后运动及语言功能均保护良好6例,对侧肢体出现短暂运动障碍后恢复1例。结论颅内电极埋藏与脑功能区定位技术是功能区难治性癫疒间手术必要评估手段,有助于术前明确脑功能区和皮质放电区域,以及两者之间的关系,指导设计手术方式,最大限度提高病人术后生活质量。     

涉及中央区难治性癫(癎)的外科治疗

目的 探讨涉及中央区难治性癫(癎)的手术治疗.方法 3例患者术前除常规致癫(癎)灶评估外,还应用fMRI作皮质功能区定位.术中通过皮层EEG(ECoG)对致癫(癎)灶定位,通过皮层诱发电位(SEP)及皮质电刺激定位脑功能区,对位于功能区以外的致疒间灶行切除性手术,功能区内的致疒间灶行软脑膜下横行纤维切断术.结果 术后无神经功能障碍,术后3月,2例病人无癫(癎)发作,1例偶有部分性发作;术后8月,1例无发作,1例偶有部分性发作,1例减少75%发作. 结论术前功能区评估、术中电生理监测有助于保护皮质重要功能和提高手术癫(癎)控制率.     

MRI阴性难治性儿童额叶癫的脑电图特点及外科治疗(附25例分析)

目的总结分析MRI阴性难治性儿童额叶癫的脑电图特点及手术治疗方法和预后。方法回顾性分析25例MRI阴性难治性儿童额叶癫病例的治疗经验。根据病儿发作的症状及头皮脑电图特点,在可疑的癫灶起源区植入颅内电极,行皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测,根据其间期、发作期特点制定癫灶切除计划。病灶位于功能区时术中行皮质电刺激,进行癫灶及功能区定位。结果本组行单纯前额叶切除7例,前额叶切除加局限性皮质切除4例,局限性皮质切除加皮质热灼6例,前额叶外侧切除加局限性皮质切除3例,前额叶内侧切除加局限性皮质切除5例(其中3例加胼胝体切开);对其中6例灶位于功能区病人于局限性皮质切除后加行皮质热灼。无手术死亡及严重并发症发生,随访12～24个月,手术后疗效按Wilson标准评判,癫发作完全消失7例,发作次数显著减少8例,发作程度减轻6例,无明显改善4例;优良率为84%。结论分析头皮脑电图初步定位癫灶后,再应用颅内电极进行精确致灶及功能区定位,制定个体化治疗计划,选择前额叶切除、局限性皮质切除、皮质热灼、胼胝体切开或根据需要联合多种术式,是治疗MRI阴性难治性儿童额叶癫的有效方法。     

颅内电极在语言功能区相关癫癎灶手术中的应用

目的探讨颅内电极在语言功能区相关癫癎灶手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析66例涉及语言功能区的癫癎病人的临床资料,在颅内电极监测确定癫癎灶位置之后,应用皮质电刺激技术确定语言功能区位置,二者结合制定手术方案后进行外科手术治疗。结果 11例癫癎起始区与癫癎灶部分重叠,32例皮质电极癫癎起始区与语言功能区邻近（0-1.5 cm）,23例皮质电极癫癎起始区与语言功能区相近（1.6-3.0 cm）。行前颞叶与内侧结构切除术33例,额叶癫癎灶切除术15例,多脑叶切除术16例,选择性海马切除术2例。术后5例病人出现短暂语言功能障碍,均于3个月内恢复。术后随访时间1.5~8年,术后EngelⅠ级46例（70%）,EngelⅡ级8例（12%）,EngelⅢ级7例（11%）,EngelⅣ级5例（7%）。结论颅内电极置入后的皮质脑电图监测及皮质电刺激语言功能区的定位为癫外科精确切除癫癎灶同时保护语言功能提供保证。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤继发癫(痫)的外科治疗

目的总结胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)继发癫癎的外科治疗经验。方法回顾性分析4例DNT的临床资料,根据脑磁图大体确定功能区范围,在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮质电刺激刺激相应区域皮质,明确功能区、致癎灶和DNT边界。显微镜下切除DNT及致癎灶。结果 DNT全切除3例,大部分切除1例;致癎灶全切除1例,大部分切除3例。术后随访16～21个月,未出现癫癎发作3例,偶尔出现单纯部分性发作1例;视频脑电图复查均未见棘波放电。结论联合应用脑磁图与术中唤醒技术显微手术切除DNT、致癎灶是治疗继发癫癎的DNT安全、有效方法。     

顽固性癫痫的手术治疗(附16例报告)

目的探讨顽固性癫癎的致癎灶定位和术式选择。方法回顾分析16例顽固性癫癎患者的临床资料,术前均行视频脑电监测(VEEG)和CT／MR检查,结合临床症状定位致癎灶。采用病灶及周围皮层切除7例;前颞叶切除加杏仁核和大部分海马切除4例;病灶及周围皮层切除加低功率皮层热灼术5例。结果经6个月至2年的随访,满意6例,显著改善6例,良好2例,效差2例。结论准确定位致癎灶,选择恰当的手术方式是外科治疗顽固性癫癎取得良好效果的关键。     

皮层脑电图监测在颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)手术中的应用

目的 探讨皮层脑电图监测在颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析58 例皮层脑电监测下手术切除病变及致(癎)灶患者临床资料.结果 所有患者在切除病变后复查皮层脑电图仍有(癎)样放电,其中37 例行扩大皮层切除,18 例加行皮层热灼术,3 例加行MST.术后1 /2 ～6 年随访发现癫(癎)控制达到EngelⅠ级32 例,EngelⅡ12 例,Engel Ⅲ级3 例,Engel Ⅳ 11 例,术后癫(癎)控制有效率为84.48%.结论 对于颅脑病变伴发癫(癎)的患者,应在皮层脑电图监测下进行手术,且在切除病变的同时一并将致(癎)灶切除.     

手术方法治疗顽固性癫癎

目的对顽固性癫癎病人联合采用几种手术方法,对其临床疗效进行评价,以探讨不同类型顽固性癫癎的最佳治疗方案.方法手术治疗顽固性癫癎51例.术前均行头皮脑电视频连续监测,及MRI、SPECT检查.行单纯局部致癫癎病灶切除术7例,加行皮质软膜下横纤维切断术3例,加行皮质热灼术12例,加行皮质热灼术及胼胝体切开术5例;前颞叶切除术+皮质热灼术17例,立体定向核团毁损术6例,迷走神经刺激术1例.结果无手术死亡及术后并发症,随访3～24个月,手术总有效率90.2%,优良率70.6%.结论多种手术联合治疗顽固性癫癎病人安全、有效.     

Magnetoencephalographic localization of epileptic cortex—impact on surgical treatment

A 24-channel, Planar, superconducting quantum interference device gradiometer, sampling a fourth of the head surface over brain tissue, was used to determine the site of an epileptic focus in a 36-year-old woman with intractable complex partial epilepsy. The other presurgical findings appeared divergent: a large arachnoid cyst over the right parietal convexity, dissimilar interictal electroencephalographic patterns, and several neuropsychological dysfunctions. The equivalent current sources of magnetoencephalographic spikes were in the right posterior temporal region of the cortex, 4 cm apart from the cyst. Surgical exploration of the area pinpointed by magnetoencephalography revealed a pachygyric patch of cortex displaying focal discharges on the electrocorticogram. After resection, a dramatic reduction of seizures occurred. The good agreement between electrocorticography and magnetoencephalography warrants future investigation of multichannel magnetoencephalography as a potential alternative to invasive presurgical recordings.     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿伴发癫痫的手术治疗

目的 通过对37例颅内蛛网膜囊肿(intracranial arachnoid cyst,IAC)伴发癫痫患者手术治疗情况的回顾分析,以期对此类患者手术方法的选择提供依据.方法 25例患者归为囊肿手术组,方法有囊肿壁切除术、囊肿-腹腔分流术和囊肿造瘘术;12例患者归为癫痫手术组,行囊肿壁切除术同时,切除囊肿周围萎缩变性致痫脑组织,如果患者残存颞叶内侧及杏仁核、海马结构,也予以切除,如囊肿周围邻近功能区,则通过体感诱发电位确定中央沟后于功能区行多处软膜下横切术,必要时行脑皮质离断术和胼胝体切开术,12例均行术中皮层脑电图监测.结果 术后37例患者中6例囊肿消失,17例减小,14例无变化,两组相比无显著性差异;囊肿手术组2例无发作,8例改善,15例无效,手术总有效率40%;癫痫手术组7例无发作,3例改善,2例无效,手术总有效率83.3%,两组相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 IAC伴发癫痫患者术前进行癫痫灶的确认,术中行囊肿壁切除术同时切除癫痫灶,大大提高IAC伴发癫痫的手术疗效.     

显微外科治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的疗效观察

目的 探讨显微手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的效果。方法 回顾性分析42例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者采用显微手术治疗的疗效。结果 囊肿全切除23例,大部切除14例,部分切除加脑池交通术5例。术后复查CT,29例囊肿消失或明显缩小。平均随访1年,患者症状与体征均改善。结论 显微手术治疗蛛网膜囊肿疗效满意。充分建立囊腔与脑池和蛛网膜下腔的交通,是手术成功的关键。     

Significance of Sharp Waves in Routine EEGs After Epilepsy Surgery

We retrospectively analyzed the presence of sharp waves in 2-h EEGs performed 6 months after epilepsy surgery in 59 patients. To study the significance of the postoperative interictal epileptiform activity in the tissue remaining after resection, we included only patients with a single epileptic focus (as defined preoperatively by prolonged video/EEG recordings and subdural electrode arrays studies) and no progressive structural lesions. Temporal lobectomy was performed in 51 patients (86%); extratemporal resections were performed in the remainder. The epileptogenic focus was completely resected in 26 patients (44%). The immediate postoperative electrocorticograms (EcoG) showed spikes in 13 patients (22%). At 6-month follow-up, 43 patients (73%) were seizure-free or had auras only and 12 patients (20%) had epileptiform activity on EEG. A significant correlation was noted between presence of sharp waves in the 6-month postoperative EEG and recurrence of seizures (Fisher's exact test p = 0.011) and also with the extent of the resection (complete vs. incomplete p = 0.042). We noted no correlation between postoperative epileptiform activity and location of the resection (temporal vs. extratemporal), presence of spikes in immediate postoperative EcoG, or occurrence of auras only at 6-month follow-up.     

Epilepsy associated with a cerebellar arachnoid cyst: seizure control following fenestration of the cyst

Objective The role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of seizures remains controversial. Cerebellar origin of seizures, albeit rare, has been described in the literature in association with intrinsic lesions of the cerebellum. We present a unique case of a patient with medically intractable, secondary generalized epilepsy, associated with a superior cerebellar quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst. Clinical presentation A 9-year-old child presented with medically refractory secondary generalized epilepsy associated with recurrent headaches since 6 months of age. The child also had moderate intellectual impairment and autism. On the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head, he was noticed to have a small superior cerebellar arachnoid cyst in the quadrigeminal area that had increased in size slightly. Interictal electroencephalograph (EEG) was unable to localize the site of the epilepsy. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Intervention A suboccipital craniotomy and supracerebellar infratentorial approach to the cyst was performed at 9 years of age. Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECOG) demonstrated epileptic activity from the cerebellar tissue adjacent to the cyst. The cyst was fenestrated, and the cyst wall was sent for histology. Seizure control improved dramatically after fenestration of the cyst. Conclusion This case provides strong evidence that, albeit rare, the cerebellum may be a source of epileptic activity due to compression by a lesion in the posterior fossa. Hence, in cases with intractable epilepsy of unknown supratentorial source, the differential diagnosis should include a posterior fossa lesion. The finding of a posterior fossa lesion in such cases, even if it is small and appears benign, should precipitate a discussion about the possible relationship between the posterior fossa lesion and the epilepsy.     

颅脑病变继发癫痫术中皮层脑电图监测96例效果分析

目的总结术中皮层脑电图（ECoG）用于神经外科手术治疗继发性癫痫的临床经验。方法使用多功能电生理监测仪,共对96例继发性癫痫患者术中皮层脑电图监测,对原发灶切除结合外周皮层电灼的方法,分析ECoG在继发性癫痫手术中的意义。结果通过术中皮层脑电图监测,其中88例在原发灶外周监测发现棘波（占91．6％）,切除原发灶及扩大手术范围行低功率电灼皮层后,85例棘波完全消失或明显减少（占96．6％）,术后复查常规脑电图（EEG）显示癫痫控制率为96．8％。结论术中皮层脑电图监测在颅脑病变合并继发性癫痫的患者治疗中,单纯切除原发灶及扩大范围电灼虽不能完全消除癫痫灶,但ECoG监测对于指导癫痫灶的处理是术中必不可少的监测手段。     

Extent of neocortical resection and surgical outcome of epilepsy: Intracranial EEG analysis

Purpose: Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is an important process in the presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The objective of this study was to identify the ideal resection margin in neocortical epilepsy guided by subdural electrodes. For this purpose, we investigated the relationship between the extent of resection guided by subdural electrodes and the outcome of epilepsy surgery. Methods: Intracranial EEG studies were analyzed in 177 consecutive patients who had undergone resective epilepsy surgery. We reviewed various intracranial EEG findings and resection extent. We analyzed the relationships between the surgical outcomes and intracranial EEG factors: the frequency, morphology, and distribution of ictal‐onset discharges, the propagation speed, and the time lag between clinical and intracranial ictal onset. We also investigated whether the extent of resection, including the area showing ictal rhythm and various interictal abnormalities—such as frequent interictal spikes, pathologic delta waves, and paroxysmal fast activity—influenced the surgical outcome. Results: Seventy‐five patients (42%) were seizure free. A seizure‐free outcome was significantly associated with a resection that included the area showing ictal spreading rhythm during the first 3 s or included all the electrodes showing pathologic delta waves or frequent interictal spikes. However, subgroup analysis revealed that the extent of resection did not affect the surgical outcome in lateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Conclusions: The extent of resection is closely associated with surgical outcome, especially in extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Resection that includes the area with total pathologic delta waves and frequent interictal spikes predicts a good surgical outcome.     

颞叶癫 的EEG和MR术前定位研究

目的：探讨 ＥＥＧ、ＭＲ对颞叶癫癎（ＴＬＥ）术前定位。方法：用 ＭＲ、ＥＥＧ对 ２０例 ＴＬＥ病例进行术前定位,与术中 ＥＥＧ和术后随访结果比较。结果：２０例病例中１７例依据ＭＲ及ＥＥＧ获得定位,主要在海马区域病变１２例,前颞叶５例．另３例ＭＲ检查正常,依据多次ＥＥＧ检查获得定位,随访疗效满意。结论：ＥＥＧ是诊断ＴＬＥ的重要手段,ＭＲ可对继发性ＴＬＥ作出正确诊断,ＭＲ对海马硬化检查可协助ＥＥＧ对ＴＬＥ定位诊断。     

Diencephalic epilepsy with congenital suprasellar arachnoid cyst in an infant

The authors report the case of a 2-year-old infant who presented with paroxysm and short changes characterized by acute drowsiness, cold sweats, ocular reversion, facial cyanosis, and bradycardia. Between these attacks, the condition was normal, suggesting diencephalic seizures. Over 2 months five fits were observed by the parents when some to-and-fro bobbing of the head onto the trunk appeared during drowsiness. One electroencephalogram was normal without a slow background or spikes discharges. As the skull radiographs showed erosion of the jugum and chronic intracranial hypertension features, a CT scan was performed and showed hydrocephalus associated with a congenital suprasellar cyst. The cyst was opened into basal cisterns with cystoperitoneal shunt. The histological examination revealed that it was an arachnoid cyst. Six months later, the infant was free of diencephalic seizures and head bobbing. Thus, we can assert that there was a direct relationship between this cyst and the diencephalic seizures. From this case, the authors make a review of the clinical features of diencephalic epilepsy, and their different causes and show that both diencephalic epilepsy and suprasellar arachnoid cysts are not common.     

皮层脑电图监测在致痫灶切除术中的应用(附96例报告)

目的 探讨皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测在癫痫手术中指导切除致痫灶的价值.,方法 2005年12月至2008年6月期间,96例难治性癫痫患者在经过详细的术前评估后,进行了手术治疗.术中先切除癫痫病灶,再行描记EcoG,监测异常放电是否消失;若癫痫波仍大量存在,则进一步切除病灶周围的致痫灶,直至EcoG监测异常放电消失或明显减少.结果 术后随访12～44个月.根据Engel疗效分级标准进行疗效评价.Engel Ⅰ级45例,Ⅱ级22例,Ⅲ级17例,Ⅳ级12例.手术有效率达到87.50%.结论 术中应用EcoG监测能大大提高致痫灶空间定位的准确性,有效地指导癫痫的手术.