SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路在骨性关节炎病理进程中的作用

背景：骨性关节炎的发病机制错综复杂,其预防与治疗是当今医学界的难题之一,与其相关的信号通路的研究已成为国内外研究的热点,其靶向治疗有望成为攻克骨性关节炎的关键。 目的：总结SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路在诸多疾病尤其是在骨性关节炎发病中的作用,为骨性关节炎的靶向治疗提供科学依据。 方法：应用计算机检索PubMed和CBM数据库中2008-09/2010-07发表的相关文献。以主题检索为主要检索方法,结合限定检索等方法,以“SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路、骨性关节炎”和“SDF-1/CXC4 signaling pathway, osteoarthritis”为中英文检索词,选择与骨性关节炎SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路有关的文献,排除内容陈旧、重复的文章。 结果与结论：共检索到2 147篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,保留32篇文章进行综述。目前,SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路在诸多疾病的发生发展过程中具有重要作用,已成为目前世界医学的研究热点之一。有研究表明,SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路可能在骨性关节炎的发病中具有重要作用,而对该信号通路的干预可能成为预防与治疗骨性关节炎的靶点,有望成为今后骨性关节炎防治方面研究的热点。     

骨髓单个核细胞移植对心肌基质细胞衍生因子1-CXCR4轴的影响

背景：心脏干细胞移植后心肌基质细胞衍生因子1-CXCR4轴表达及其作用越来越受到人们的关注。 目的：观察经心外膜注骨髓单个核细胞对心衰犬心脏基质细胞衍生因子1-CXCR4轴 mRNA表达的影响。 方法：16只杂种犬随机数字表法均分为移植组和对照组,植入永久起搏器。右室快速起搏三四周后建立心衰模型。移植组犬经心外膜多点注射骨髓单个核细胞悬液,对照组注射等量生理盐水。 结果与结论：快速起搏三四周后,各项超声参数及血流动力学参数较起搏前改变明显,差异有显著性意义。定量PCR检测细胞移植组基质细胞衍生因子1 mRNA及CXCR4 mRNA表达水平高于对照组(P < 0.01)。说明经心外膜注射的骨髓单个核细胞可提高心肌基质细胞衍生因子1 mRNA及CXCR4 mRNA表达水平。     

SDF-1-CXCR4轴与缺血性心脏病的干细胞治疗

干细胞治疗为缺血性心脏病患者提供了一种简单、经济、有效的全新治疗方法,其早期临床实验也取得了令人振奋的结果,然而更广泛的临床应用亟需更深入的基础研究的支持。SDF-1-CXCR4轴在干细胞的动员和归巢中起着关键作用,将SDF-1与干细胞治疗结合将为缺血性心脏病的细胞治疗提供一个新的途径。本文就缺血性心脏病的干细胞治疗,SDF-1-CXCR4轴在干细胞动员和心脏损伤、修复中的作用作一综述。     

DHA对糖尿病认知障碍大鼠海马神经元SDF-1/CXCR4通路的影响

目的:研究DHA对糖尿病认知障碍大鼠空间学习记忆的作用,探讨DHA对糖尿病大鼠海马神经元SDF-1/CXCR4表达的影响。方法:采用SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、对照+DHA组、糖尿病组和糖尿病+DHA组,以高脂膳食加小剂量链脲佐菌素诱发大鼠糖尿病。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,ELISA法、PCR法检测海马神经元SDF-1、TNF-α含量,免疫组化法检测CXCR4受体表达情况,Western Blot法检测海马神经元JNK磷酸化水平。结果:DHA可在一定程度上改善糖尿病大鼠学习记忆能力。糖尿病大鼠海马神经元TNF-α和p-JNK水平升高,SDF-1水平明显降低,CXCR4受体阳性神经元数量明显减少。DHA抑制TNF-α和JNK磷酸化,增加CXCR4的表达,升高SDF-1的含量。结论:DHA可减轻糖尿病大鼠的认知损伤,其机制可能与提高SDF-1水平,抑制海马神经元JNK磷酸化,降低炎性因子水平有关。     

电针结合康复训练通过SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路对癫痫大鼠的保护机制研究

目的 探讨电针结合康复训练通过SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路对癫痫大鼠的保护机制.方法 70只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=10)、模型组(n=30)、治疗组(n=20)与中和组(n=10),采用氯化锂联合戊四氮致构建癫痫大鼠模型,观察癫痫大鼠认知功能、癫痫发作频次、持续时间;TUNEL方法检测癫痫大鼠海马区凋亡程度...     

The SDF-1-CXCR4 axis stimulates VEGF secretion and activates integrins but does not affect proliferation and survival in lymphohematopoietic cells

To better define the role HIV-related chemokine receptor-chemokine axes play in human hematopoiesis, we investigated the function of the CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors in human myeloid, T- and B-lymphoid cell lines selected for the expression of these receptors (CXCR4(+), CXCR4(+) CCR5(+), and CCR5(+) cell lines). We evaluated the phosphorylation of MAPK p42/44, AKT, and STAT proteins and examined the ability of the ligands for these receptors (stromal-derived factor-1 [SDF-1] and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta [MIP-1beta]) to influence cell growth, apoptosis, adhesion, and production of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in these cell lines. We found that A) SDF-1, after binding to CXCR4, activates multiple signaling pathways and that in comparison with the MIP-1beta-CCR5 axis, plays a privileged role in hematopoiesis; B) SDF-1 activation of the MAPK p42/44 pathway and the PI-3K-AKT axis does not affect proliferation and apoptosis but modulates integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin, and C) SDF-1 induces secretion of VEGF, but not of MMPs or TIMPs. Thus the role of SDF-1 relates primarily to the interaction of lymphohematopoietic cells with their microenvironment and does not directly influence their proliferation or survival. We conclude that perturbation of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis during HIV infection may affect interactions of hematopoietic cells with the hematopoietic microenvironment.     

圣愈汤对胶原诱导性关节炎小鼠踝关节组织SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路的影响

目的 探讨圣愈汤对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)小鼠的治疗作用,及对基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)/趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)信号轴的调控作用.方法 取DAB/1小鼠72只,用随机数字表法分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组(甲氨蝶呤,0.1 mg/kg)组和低(9g/kg)、中(18 g/kg)、高(36 g/kg)剂...     

Trafficking of normal stem cells and metastasis of cancer stem cells involve similar mechanisms: pivotal role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis

The alpha-chemokine stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 and the G-protein-coupled seven-span transmembrane receptor CXCR4 axis regulates the trafficking of various cell types. In this review, we present the concept that the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is a master regulator of trafficking of both normal and cancer stem cells. Supporting this is growing evidence that SDF-1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of trafficking of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their homing/retention in bone marrow. Moreover, functional CXCR4 is also expressed on nonhematopoietic tissue-committed stem/progenitor cells (TCSCs); hence, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis emerges as a pivotal regulator of trafficking of various types of stem cells in the body. Furthermore, because most if not all malignancies originate in the stem/progenitor cell compartment, cancer stem cells also express CXCR4 on their surface and, as a result, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is also involved in directing their trafficking/metastasis to organs that highly express SDF-1 (e.g., lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones). Hence, we postulate that the metastasis of cancer stem cells and trafficking of normal stem cells involve similar mechanisms, and we discuss here the common molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Finally, the responsiveness of CXCR4+ normal and malignant stem cells to an SDF-1 gradient may be regulated positively/primed by several small molecules related to inflammation which enhance incorporation of CXCR4 into membrane lipid rafts, or may be inhibited/blocked by small CXCR4 antagonist peptides. Consequently, strategies aimed at modulating the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis could have important clinical applications both in regenerative medicine to deliver normal stem cells to the tissues/organs and in clinical hematology/oncology to inhibit metastasis of cancer stem cells.     

Inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway: molecular treatment strategy of periodontitis-associated atherosclerosis

The accumulation of epidemiologic, pathologic, and animal model studies suggests that periodontal infection may be a contributing risk factor for atherosclerosis. The Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling pathway plays an important role in the initiation and progression of periodontitis-associated atherosclerotic disease. We postulate that suppression of TLR4 signaling pathway can be an effective treatment for atherosclerosis. These strategies include prevention of ligand binding to TLR4, blocking the interactions of TLR4s and adaptors in signaling pathways, blocking the enzymes in signaling pathways, and immunostimulation with vaccine adjuvants. However, we should be aware that there may be unknown risks about the new technologies and these drugs, which may cause some unknown side effects in long-term administration.     

Mobilization of myeloma cells involves SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling and downregulation of VLA-4

Adhesion molecules and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 signaling play key roles in homing and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Active signaling through SDF-1/CXCR4 and upregulation of adhesion molecules are required for homing, whereas downregulation of adhesion molecules and disruption of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling are required for mobilization of HSC. We studied the surface expression of CXCR4 very late activation antigen (VLA)-4 and VLA-5 on myeloma cells mobilized with cyclophosphamide and GM-CSF in 12 multiple myeloma patients undergoing HSC mobilization for autologous transplantation. We also studied the plasma levels of SDF-1 in apheresis collection of these patients. We observed a statistically significant decrease in the levels of SDF-1 and surface expression of CXCR4 on myeloma cells in four consecutive apheresis collections compared with premobilization bone marrow specimens. We also observed a statistically significant decrease in surface expression of VLA-4 in myeloma cells in the apheresis collections compared with premobilization bone marrow samples. Furthermore, myeloma cells derived from apheresis collections had decreased adhesion and trans-stromal migration in response to SDF-1, which could be reversed by short incubation with interleukin-6. Hence, mobilization of myeloma cells involves SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling and downregulation of VLA-4.     

The CXCR4/CXCL12 (SDF-1) signalling pathway protects non-obese diabetic mouse from autoimmune diabetes

Chemokines and their receptors are part of polarized T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-mediated immune responses which control trafficking of immunogenic cells to sites of inflammation. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 CXCL-12 (SDF-1) and its ligand the CXCR4 chemokine receptor are important regulatory elements. CXCR4 is expressed on the surface of CD4(+) T cells, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. Levels of CXCR4 mRNA were increased in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) of 4-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice in comparison to Balb/C mice. However, a significant reduction of CXCR4 was noticed at 12 weeks both at the mRNA and protein levels while expression increased in the inflamed islets. The percentage of SDF-1 attracted splenocytes in a transwell chemotaxis assay was significantly increased in NOD versus Balb/c mice. SDF-1 attracted T cells completely abolished the capacity of diabetogenic T cells to transfer diabetes in the recipients of an adoptive cell co-transfer. When T splenocytes from NOD females treated with AMD3100, a specific CXCR4 antagonist, were mixed with diabetogenic T cells during adoptive cell co-transfer experiments, prevalence of diabetes in the recipients rose from 33% to 75% (P < 0.001). This effect was associated with an increase of interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA and a reduction of interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA levels both in PLNs and isolated islets. AMD3100 also reduced IL-4 and IL-10 production of plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-stimulated splenocytes. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that AMD3100 reduced the number of CXCR4(+) and SDF-1 positive cells in the inflamed islets. We can conclude that the CXCL-12/CXCR4 pathway has protective effects against autoimmune diabetes.     

毛蕊花糖苷通过调控BDNF-TrkB信号通路改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为

目的:观察毛蕊花糖苷(acteoside)对慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)大鼠抑郁样行为的影响,并探讨脑源性神经营养因子-原肌球蛋白受体激酶B(brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B,BDNF-TrkB)信号通路在其中的作用机制。方法:采用CUMS结合孤养的方式制备抑郁模型大鼠,成模后随机分为模型组、盐酸氟西汀(20 mg/kg)组和毛蕊花糖苷(30 mg/kg、60 mg/kg和120 mg/kg)组,每组18只,另取18只正常大鼠作为对照组,连续灌胃给药3周。采用强迫游泳实验和糖水偏好实验检测大鼠抑郁样行为的变化;免疫荧光和Western blot法检测大鼠海马BDNF-TrkB信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况;ELISA法检测脑组织中单胺类神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的含量。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠强迫游泳不动时间明显延长,糖水偏好量明显下降,海马BDNF和TrkB的表达均明显降低,脑组织中5-HT、DA和NE含量均显著减少;与模型组比较,盐酸氟西汀组和毛蕊花糖苷各剂量组以上各检测指标均得到显著逆转(P0.05)。结论:毛蕊花糖苷可能通过上调海马BDNF-TrkB信号通路、增加脑内单胺类神经递质含量而改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为。     

Baicalin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration of hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by up-regulating A2a receptor via the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway

Background

Baicalin is a flavonoid compound that exerts specific pharmacological effect in attenuating the proliferation, migration, and apoptotic resistance of hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. Although our previous studies had indicated that activation of A2aR attenuates CXCR expression, little is known about the relationship between A2aR and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in hypoxic PASMCs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of A2aR on the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in hypoxic PASMCs, the mechanism underlying this effect, and whether baicalin exerts its protective functions though A2aR.

Methods

Rat PASMCs were cultured under normoxia/hypoxia and divided into nine groups: normoxia, hypoxia, hypoxia + AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), hypoxia + baicalin, hypoxia + negative virus, normoxia + A2aR knockdown, hypoxia + A2aR knockdown, hypoxia + CGS21680 (an A2aR agonist), and hypoxia + A2aR knockdown + baicalin. Lentiviral transfection methods were used to establish the A2aR knockdown model in PASMCs. Cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions for 24 h. Expression levels of A2aR, SDF-1, and CXCR4 were detected using RT-qPCR and western blot. The proliferation and migration rate were observed via CCK-8 and Transwell methods. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) and the In-Situ Cell Death Detection kit (Fluorescein).

Results

Under hypoxic conditions, levels of A2aR, SDF-1, and CXCR4 were significantly increased compared to those under normoxia. The trend of SDF-1 and CXCR4 being inhibited when A2aR is up-regulated was more obvious in the baicalin intervention group. Baicalin directly enhanced A2aR expression, and A2aR knockdown weakened the function of baicalin. SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression levels were increased in the hypoxia + A2aR knockdown group, as were the proliferation and migration rates of PASMCs, while the apoptotic rate was decreased. Baicalin and CGS21680 showed opposite effects.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that baicalin efficiently attenuates hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation, migration, and apoptotic resistance, as well as SDF-1 secretion, by up-regulating A2aR and down-regulating the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.

     

Antidepressant effect of electroacupuncture on modulating the expression of c-Fos/AP-1 through the JNK signaling pathway

The effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture (EA) for depression have been identified by abundant clinical trials and experimental findings. The c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is considered to be involved in the antidepressant mechanism of EA. However, the antidepressant effect of EA via modulating the expression of c-Fos/activator protein-1 (AP-1) under the condition of JNK inhibition remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effect and possible mechanism of EA in regulating the expression of c-Fos/AP-1 under the condition of JNK inhibition by SP600125 in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The depression-like behaviors were evaluated by the body weight, sucrose preference test (SPT), and open field test (OFT). The expression levels of c-Jun in the hypothalamus, c-Fos in the pituitary gland, and c-Fos and AP-1 in the serum of CUMS induced rat model of depression were detected by ELISA. The results indicated that treatment with EA and fluoxetine can reverse the CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors in rats and can up-regulate the expression levels of c-Jun in the hypothalamus, c-Fos in the pituitary gland, and c-Fos and AP-1 in the serum. Of note, the data demonstrated that SP600125, the inhibitor of JNK signaling pathway, can exert synergistic effect with EA in regulating CUMS-induced abnormal activation of the JNK signaling pathway. The antidepressant effect of EA might be mediated by modulating the expression of c-Fos/AP-1.     

基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4在肿瘤转移中的作用

基质细胞衍生因子-1(Stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4与人类多种肿瘤转移密切相关,CXCR4在一些肿瘤细胞系、原发肿瘤组织均呈高表达。SDF-1在肿瘤细胞潜在转移靶器官的表达量比非常规转移靶器官高,肿瘤细胞利用CXCR4与其天然配体间的趋化效应实现远距离转移。SDF-1/CXCR4驱动癌细胞转移模式的提出及其相互作用机制的深入研究对于肿瘤治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

TCL1 as a hub protein associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on proteomics methods

This study aimed to investigate the hub protein related to the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We used proteomics methods (iTRAQ) to explore the differentially expressed proteins in the non-germinal center B-cell -like (non-GCB) DLBCL in our previous study. In this study, a total of 137 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded DLBCL tissue samples were analyzed via immunohistochemistry to verify the expression of TCL1, AKT1 + 2+3, IKKβ and to determine the differentially expressed proteins associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between these proteins, and survival analysis was used to investigate their effects on prognosis. Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that TCL1, AKT1 + 2+3, and IKKβ were highly positively expressed in DLBCL. Results showed that the expression of TCL1 was related to ethnicity (p = 0.022), primary site (p = 0.045), Ann Arbor stage (p = 0.037), the International Prognostic Index (p = 0.005), β2-microglobulin (p = 0.030), BCL2 expression (p < 0.001), and Ki-67 expression (p = 0.008). A positive correlation was found between TCL1 and AKT1 + 2+3 (p < 0.001; r = 0.475). A positive correlation was also found between AKT1 + 2+3 and IKKβ (p < 0.001; r = 0.342). In survival analysis, anemia, non-treatment with R‑CHOP, positive TCL1 expression, and Ki-67 expression≥50% independently predicted short progression-free survival and overall survival in the total cohort (p < 0.05). Thus, TCL1 as a hub protein is associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in DLBCL. TCL1 expression indicated a poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL. With further studies, TCL1 may be established as a reliable prognostic biomarker and potential immunotherapeutic target for improving therapeutic efficacy for DLBCL in the future.     

A novel mechanism for endothelial progenitor cells homing: The SDF-1/CXCR4-Rac pathway may regulate endothelial progenitor cells homing through cellular polarization

The term "homing" describes the migration of circulating stem/progenitor cells into a target tissue. Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and regulation of their homing to ischemic tissues has become a novel therapy for accelerating endothelial repair in ischemic heart disease. However, the mechanisms for EPCs' directional migration and homing remain uncertain. Migrating cells, including EPCs, are characterized by their cellular polarity and polarity change (polarization). Polarization is a critical first step for cellular direction modulation by which cells form the "directing edge" and move towards chemokines during cell mobilization. In the process, Rac proteins act a crucial regulation proteins, also named as "compass" protein, which play an essential role in manipulation intracellular signaling of cells responsible for migration and homing. It is also well established that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), mediates trafficking and homing of EPCs to injury microenvironment. We hypothesize that SDF-1 maybe directs EPCs homing through a novel pathway. In this way, SDF-1α changes EPCs' polarity through activating SDF-1/CXCR4 axis downstream Rac GTPases and thus regulates their migration and homing. By revealing the intrinsic relation of SDF-1α and Rac and underlying mechanism on EPCs' homing, a new target to regulate EPCs' homing can be found.