多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉支架术后的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉支架术后的应用价值。方法：21例患者在放置冠状动脉支架后行MSCT冠状动脉成像，其中5例与选择性冠状动脉造影进行了对照。结果：21例的27枚冠状动脉支架中，能满足影像学评价的有25枚，占92％，不能满足评价的有2枚，占8％；5例同时作导管法冠状动脉造影者两种检测方法结果相同。结论：MSCT冠状动脉成像是一种简便易行，安全有效的无创性检查方法，可作为冠状动脉支架术后随访观察的手段。     

Avances en el tratamiento mediante intervención coronaria percutánea: el stent del futuro

First generation drug-eluting stents have considerably reduced in-stent restenosis and broadened the applications of percutaneous coronary interventions for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The polymer is an integral part of drug-eluting stents in that, it controls the release of an antiproliferative drug. The main safety concern of first generation drug-eluting stents with permanent polymers—stent thrombosis—has been caused by local hypersensitivity, delayed vessel healing, and endothelial dysfunction. This has prompted the development of newer generation drug-eluting stents with biodegradable polymers or even polymer-free drug-eluting stents. Recent clinical trials have shown the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer, with proven reductions in very late stent thrombosis as compared to first generation drug-eluting stents. However, the concept of using a permanent metallic prosthesis implies major drawbacks, such as the presence of a foreign material within the native coronary artery that causes vascular inflammation and neoatherosclerosis, and also impedes the restoration of the vasomotor function of the stented segment. Bioresorbable scaffolds have been introduced to overcome these limitations, since they provide temporary scaffolding and then disappear, liberating the treated vessel from its cage. This update article presents the current status of these new technologies and highlights their future perspectives in interventional cardiology.     

Noninvasive assessment of coronary stents in patients by 16-slice computed tomography

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of thin-slice multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has been highly expected to assess the lumens of coronary artery stents. We evaluated the usefulness of 16-slice MDCT to assess the in-stent lumen after coronary artery stenting. METHODS: In 42 consecutive patients after coronary artery stenting, retrospective ECG-gated CT-angiography using 16-slice MDCT (0.5-s rotation time, 16x0.625-mm detector collimation) was performed. The qualitative assessability of the lumens of 61 coronary stents (14 different types) by MDCT and the reasons for non-assessability were investigated. Furthermore, the evaluation of in-stent restenosis in 21 assessable stents of 16 patients, including quantitative density analysis by MDCT, was performed and the results were compared with those of conventional coronary angiography (CAG). RESULTS: Of 61 stents, 42 (68.9%) were assessable. The assessability of diameter > or =3.5-mm stents made of stainless steel or cobalt was high (88.6%, 31/35), that of 3.0-mm stents was low (57.9%, 11/19) and all 2.5-mm stents were non-assessable due to partial volume effects and metal artifacts of stents. The lumens of stents made of tantalum were totally obscured and the metal artifacts of Bestent2 (gold markers) and S670 were severer than others. All non-assessable stents due to banding artifact and calcification were implanted in segment #1-3 and #6, respectively. In comparison to CAG, MDCT correctly detected the 5 in-stent restenoses and identified absence of restenoses was influenced strongly by the stent strut. CONCLUSION: Despite some limitations, 16-slice MSCT is sufficiently useful for assessment of various coronary stents in patients and can detect in-stent restenoses of assessable stents with high accuracy in comparison to CAG.     

Successful stent ablation with rotational atherectomy.

We describe the findings from two patients with coronary artery disease treated with stents who had unexpandable rings after deployment. These covered rings were successfully ablated with rotational atherectomy. The treated segment was then scaffolded with a new stent. Our observations confirm the efficacy of rotational atherectomy for stent ablation.     

Angiographic pattern of restenosis following implantation of overlapping sirolimus-eluting (Cypher) stents

Sirolimus-eluting stents (Cypher) have been shown to reduce the frequency of neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis compared with bare metal stents. However, the clinical implication of overlapping stents with regard to the pattern of restenosis is unclear. All patients who underwent angiography at our institution from May 2003 to March 2005 who had previously received 2 overlapping Cypher stents in native coronary lesions and had binary restenosis were included in our study. Quantitative coronary analysis was performed to determine the degree and location of the restenotic lesion with respect to the overlapping stented segment. The primary end point was to determine how often restenotic lesions occurred at the overlapped segment versus the nonoverlapped stented segments. During the study, 11 patients fit the inclusion criteria for our study; 91% were men and 55% had diabetes mellitus. The mean total stent length was 33.7 +/- 8.2 mm. The mean length of the overlapped segment was 5.9 +/- 3.8 mm, equating to 19 +/- 16% of the total stented area. The average time to follow-up angiography was 277 +/- 126 days. All 11 lesions exhibited type 1 (focal) restenosis. Of these 11 lesions, 10 had focal restenosis at the overlapped segment (p = 0.01, binomial test). The single case involving in-stent restenosis in the nonoverlapped segment occurred at the proximal stent edge. In conclusion, the pattern of restenosis observed in our study suggests a higher relative incidence of binary restenosis in the overlapped stented segment in patients who receive 2 overlapping Cypher stents.     

Drug-coated balloon in peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is highly prevalent but is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Lower extremity PAD can often be life style limiting. Revascularization in carefully selected lower extremity PAD patients improves symptoms and functional status. Surgical revascularization used to be the only available strategy, but in the recent years, endovascular strategies have gained popularity due to faster recovery times with low morbidity and mortality rates. Endovascular procedures have increased significantly in the United States in the past few years. That being said, higher restenosis rates and low long-term patency rates have been the limiting factors for this strategy. Drug eluting stents have been introduced to help with lowering restenosis, however lower extremity PAD involves long segment where the outcomes of stents are suboptimal. Also, the disease often crosses joint line that makes it less ideal for the stents. Drug-coated balloons (DCB) have been introduced to improve patency rates following endovascular intervention for lower extremity PAD. They have gained popularity among endovascular specialists due to its ease of use and the concept of “leave nothing behind”. This is a review of scientific evidence supporting DCB use in PAD.     

Use of self expanding stents in stenotic aortopulmonary shunts in adults with complex cyanotic heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of self expanding stents in treating long segment stenosis of aortopulmonary shunts (APS) in adults. DESIGN: Clinical records, catheterisation data, cineangiograms, and operation notes of four consecutive patients undergoing stent implantation since December 1994 were studied retrospectively. SETTING: A tertiary referral centre for cardiac disease. SUBJECTS: Four patients underwent cardiac catheterisation because of clinical deterioration. Their age ranged between 23 and 32 years. The underlying diagnosis was complex cyanotic heart disease in all. Three had a stenotic interposition graft, and one had a classic Blalock shunt. RESULTS: There was one technical failure owing to migration of the stent distal to an ostial stenosis. The ability index, resting oxygen saturation, and exercise tolerance improved in the remainder. Their medium term results have been excellent. CONCLUSIONS: This technique may further palliate adult patients with complex congenital heart disease, though the long term patency of stents is unknown.     

药物洗脱支架置入后血栓形成的原因分析

目的探讨药物洗脱支架置入后血栓形成的发生率以及血栓形成的原因。方法本研究为单中心药物洗脱支架的注册研究,自2001年12月至2005年12月共计3345例冠心病患者接受了药物洗脱支架的治疗,其中使用雷帕霉素洗脱支架（SES）2165例,使用紫杉醇洗脱支架（PES）1180例,完成10个月临床随访为2296例;所有患者均同时口服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷至少9个月。结果3345例患者中9例发生急性血栓形成（O．27％）,其中7例为SES、2例为PES所致（0．32％比0．17％,P=0．637）;7例发生亚急性血栓形成（0．21％）,其中5例为SES、2例为PES所致（0．23％比0．17％,P=0．526）;急性和亚急性血栓发生率为0．48％（16／3345）;13例有晚期血栓形成,5例为SES、8例为PES所致（0．34％比0．95％,P=0．114）;4例晚期血栓形成的主要原因为提前中断抗血小板药物,既往患有心肌梗死病史,心功能差,药物洗脱支架置入后晚期发生血栓致猝死6例。结论支架置入不满意,特别是分叉病变以及支架未能完全覆盖受损伤的病变段是急性和亚急性血栓形成的主要原因;中断抗血小板药物和左心功能不全是晚期血栓形成的主要原因。     

光学相干断层成像在冠心病介入治疗中的应用价值

目的应用光学相干断层成像（OCT）技术评价冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块、血管对置入支架后即刻和中远期的反应。方法20例冠心病患者,有22支血管在完成冠状动脉造影或介入治疗后进行OCT成像。同时获取23个支架OCT成像,在23个支架中有15个为支架术后4～35个月随访,其中7个为雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架,8个为金属裸支架,另外8个为支架置放后即刻成像。结果入选的20例患者均成功进行OCT检查,并获取22支血管和23个支架满意的图像。通过OCT成像清晰地显示8处纤维斑块、3处钙化斑块、9处富含脂质斑块、2处血栓形成、斑块破裂3处及血管壁上夹层、粥样硬化斑块微小裂口和夹层等。7个置入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架后OCT随访,均未发现有明显再狭窄,支架表面有少量内膜覆盖,部分支架表面没有内膜覆盖,其中1个支架血管出现瘤样扩张、支架与血管壁分离、支架表面没有内膜覆盖,有1个支架没有充分扩张。8个金属裸支架后用OCT随访发现,所有置入金属裸支架后支架表面内膜增殖明显,其中有3个支架因为内膜过度增殖而出现再狭窄,并再次接受介入治疗。8个支架术后即刻OCT检查显示,与血管贴壁均良好、支架扩张充分有3个支架,4个支架充分扩张,但可见到斑块裂片通过支架网眼突入管腔,1个支架支撑杆分布不均,可见支架与血管壁分离,在8个支架中有2个为支架内套叠支架。结论OCT成像技术可清晰显示各种冠状动脉粥样斑块情况,并可用于评价冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。     

下腔静脉恶性梗阻的支架介入治疗

目的 评价下腔静脉恶性梗阻支架介入治疗的疗效。方法 对36例下腔静脉恶性梗阻患者采用Z形自膨胀式金属支架治疗。术前、术后对患者下腔静脉闭塞、狭窄段内径、患者梗阻症状的积分进行比较。术后1周采用CT增强扫描对比观察。结果36例下腔静脉闭塞、狭窄段长度为3.0～14.2cm(中住值为7.3cm),下腔静脉狭窄段内径由术前0～0.6cm(中位值为0.3cm),扩张至术后内径1.2～2.1cm(中位值为1.5cm)(Z=-54.435,P<0.0001),二者比较差异有显著性。共用支架47个,支架释放成功率100％。结论 Z形自膨胀式金属支架介入治疗是下腔静脉恶性梗阻有效姑息的治疗方法。     

The Potential Effects of New Stent Platforms for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Diabetes

Coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by extensive atherosclerosis, longer lesions, and diffuse distal disease. Consequently, these patients have worse outcomes after coronary revascularization, regardless of the modality used. Traditionally, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been regarded as more effective than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with DM, likely because of more complete revascularization and protection against disease progression in the bypass segment. Revascularization with balloon angioplasty, bare-metal stents, and first-generation drug-eluting stents have all been shown to be inferior to CABG in patients with DM. Current professional society guidelines reflect these findings, strongly recommending CABG over PCI in this setting. Newer stent platforms, however, have challenged this notion. The use of thinner struts, biocompatible polymer coating, and newer antiproliferative agents have improved the rates of cardiovascular events in patients with DM revascularized percutaneously. Since the publication of current guidelines, new studies suggested acceptable outcomes in patients with DM revascularized with second-generation drug-eluting stents, even though these conclusions are drawn from small subgroup analyses or nonrandomized studies. Robust registry data suggest similar mortality with lower rates of stroke after PCI compared with surgery, at the expense of increased rates of repeat revascularization. If complete revascularization can be achieved, similar rates of myocardial infarction are also observed. Therefore, contemporary revascularization in patients with DM with multivessel coronary artery disease should involve a multidisciplinary approach, in which interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons involve their patients to individualize treatment choices, and balance the risks and effectiveness of each modality.     

Dynamic nutcracker-like compression of saphenous vein graft by adjacent stents

Systolic compression of coronary flow is a rare angiographic finding and usually results from intramyocardial bridging. In this article, the first reported case of iatrogenic dynamic saphenous vein graft compression by adjacent stents is presented. The cyclic movements of the stents resemble the action of a nutcracker with the involved segment at the fulcrum. Previous angiography 4 months prior showed no evidence of such flow impairment, thereby excluding intramyocardial bridging as a potential etiology. Progressive scarring and fibrosis may result in adhesion of a noncoronary conduit to a stationary mediastinal structure. Thus, conceptually, such vessels would be more prone to systolic compression and torsion, as they do not move with the cardiac cycle. Although the stent deployment may be beneficial in some scenarios, complications of vessel rupture and stent collapse can occur. The pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment of dynamic vessel compression are briefly reviewed.     

9种类型冠状动脉支架的临床应用体会

对 4 0例冠心病患者的 4 1支冠状动脉 4 2处病变植入 51枚冠脉内支架。植入的支架类型包括 :Bestent支架 ,BardXT支架 ,Angio支架 ,AVE支架 ,Devon支架 ,Multi-link支架 ,Wiktor支架 ,CVD支架及Gianturco -RoubinⅡ支架等 9种。支架选择按靶病变长度、近端血管内径大小及病变特点进行。支架释放压力为 6～ 14个atm ,时间为 30～ 6 0秒 ,之后经 2个以上的相互垂直平面造影证实支架充分扩展 ,远端血流达TIMIⅢ级为手术成功 ,手术成功率 96 .1%。其中 5例病人拔除动脉鞘管后压迫股动脉时出现窦缓伴血压下降 ,经静脉推注阿托品后好转 ,2例穿刺部位出现血肿。术后随访 1～ 2 9个月 ,有 4例再发心绞痛 ,其中 3例经造影证实植入支架血管血流正常 ,其它支发生再狭窄导致。我们认为冠状动脉支架术是安全而有效的冠心病介入性治疗方法 ,手术成功率高 ,并发症少。根据靶血管病变特征合理选用不同类型的支架是保证支架植入成功的重要环节。     

Treatment of long, diffuse in-stent restenosis with sirolimus-eluting stents

Treatment of long, diffuse in-stent restenosis remains a therapeutic challenge. We report the successful use of multiple sirolimus-eluting stents (three 33-mm long stents) in a long, diffuse in-stent restenotic lesion. No major adverse cardiovascular events, including acute/subacute/delayed stent thrombosis, were noted at ten months. Angiography at six months showed widely patent stents with 19% restenosis only at the worst segment.     

Intravascular ultrasound study of effects of overlapping sirolimus-eluting stents

Drug-eluting stents have been investigated as a treatment option for in-stent restenosis after bare metal stenting. However, it remains unclear whether overlapping drug-eluting stents have a toxic effect on the vessel wall. The aim of this study was to analyze the 1-year intravascular ultrasound findings after 2 overlapping sirolimus-eluting stent implantations in patients with in-stent restenosis lesions. Eight patients required 2 sirolimus-eluting stents, 18 mm in length, for full lesion coverage; these stents were implanted with >1-mm overlap. At 1-year follow-up, there were no significant quantitative changes in intravascular ultrasound measurements within the overlapped segment.     

The Italian stallions of CLI “value care” delivery

• Critical Limb ischemia with long segment occlusive disease typically reserved for surgery can be treated with a high degree of success in expert centers via an endovascular approach
• Nitinol woven stents appear to have high patency with proper deployment in all PAD groups
• Increased early expense that is associated with decreased re‐intervention can be cost effective

     

支架成形术治疗椎动脉起始段狭窄的疗效观察

目的评价椎动脉起始段狭窄患者行支架成形术的有效性与安全性。方法对21例椎动脉起始段狭窄患者行支架成形术,使狭窄段管径恢复正常。结果21例患者共放置24枚支架,椎动脉起始段狭窄率术前为73.6%,术后25.5%,术后脑血管造影显示狭窄段全部成形良好,无并发症发生。随访3～18个月,患者临床症状消失17例,症状明显改善3例,症状复发1例。结论支架成形术治疗椎动脉起始段狭窄是安全有效的方法。     

Giant coronary aneurysm culprit of an acute coronary syndrome

A 66-year-old male ex-smoker with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia was admitted due to a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The catheterisation depicted an extensive and calcified disease: chronic total obstruction of the right coronary and severe disease with a giant aneurysm at the first marginal branch as the culprit vessel. After discussion, the right coronary was treated before the circumflex-giant aneurysm was closed with a stent graft and its multiple severe stenosis solved with two drug-eluting stents. We provide a multimodality approach for a complex case and briefly discuss the available options.     

进口与国产药物洗脱支架治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的预后分析

目的 进口和国产药物洗脱支架（DES）治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）的住院期间与远期预后比较.方法 连续入选2009年1月至2010年8月的197例确诊急性STEMI并行冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,按照支架的类型分为国产DES组和进口DES组,比较两组住院期间和长期心脑血管事件发生率.结果 国产DES组共113例（57.4％）,进口DES组84例（42.6％）,两组住院期间全因死亡率（2.7％比4.8％,P=0.515）、严重心力衰竭发生率（2.7％比0,P=0.053）、恶性心律失常发生率（10.6％比3.6％,P=0.098）差异均无统计学意义;两组患者随访中位数41个月,随访期内两组的无事件生存率分别为91.5％和90.9％ （P=0.885）.多因素分析显示,高龄（HR=1.872,95％ CI：1.008～2.118,P=0.023）、高血压史（HR=6.018,95％ CI：1.307～21.716,P=0.021）、脑血管病史（HR=4.995,95％ CI：1.536～16.242,P=0.008）、心功能Killip分级（HR=3.947,95％ CI：1.809～8.612,P=0.001）、高尿酸血症（HR=1.006,95％ CI：1.003～1.010,P＜0.001）是患者远期发生全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、再次血运重建、严重心力衰竭、脑血管病的独立危险因素.结论 急性STEMI患者,应用国产与进口DES住院期间及远期预后差异无统计学意义.     

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel-eluting coroflex please stents and paclitaxel-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized PIPA trial

Objectives : To compare the safety and efficacy of the new Coroflex? Please stents with conventional Taxus? Liberte stents in patients with coronary artery lesions. Background : The Coroflex? Please stent is a new version of paclitaxel‐eluting stent, and observational cohort studies have reported similar angiographic and clinical outcomes as with the first‐generation stents. However, it has not been directly compared with the early generation paclitaxel‐eluting stents in a multicenter, prospective, and randomized study. Methods : We randomly assigned 319 patients to receive Coroflex? Please stents (159 patients; 198 lesions) or Taxus? Liberte stents (160 patients; 232 lesions). The primary end point was angiographic in‐segment late luminal loss at 9 months. Results : Most baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between these two groups. The Coroflex? Please and Taxus? Liberte stents showed similar in‐segment late loss (0.40 ± 0.53 mm vs. 0.39 ± 0.52 mm, P = 0.98) and rates of in‐segment binary restenosis (22.2% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.48) at 9 months. After clinical follow‐up for 12 months, the two groups had similar rates of death (1.3% vs. 1.3%, P > 0.99), myocardial infarction (3.8% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.22), stent thrombosis (2.5% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.72), and target‐lesion revascularization (7.5% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.99). Conclusions : The Coroflex? Please stent resulted in similar angiographic and clinical outcomes as the Taxus? Liberte stent in patients with coronary artery lesions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.