一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清理治疗胸腰椎结核临床分析

目的探讨一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清理植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱结核的临床处理方法和疗效。方法2003年1月至2010年6月一期手术治疗多节段胸腰椎结核患者28例,均有脊柱后凸畸形,Cobb角16．2°～52．6°,平均32．1°,伴有神经功能损害症状20例。术前应用异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素四联药物抗结核并全身支持治疗2～3周,平均15d。手术采用后路椎弓根钉棒系统固定,前路病灶清理植骨融合。结果住院时间平均11d,切口均I期愈合,2例术后半年结核复发。脊柱后凸Cobb角恢复至9°～16°,平均12．2°。结论一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清理植骨治疗胸腰椎结核,安全有效,可以缩短病程,提高疗效,减轻患者的痛苦。     

前后路联合手术治疗腰骶段脊柱结核

目的 探讨前后路联合手术治疗腰骶段脊柱结核的优点及适应证.方法 2002年1月-2006年12月,采用前路彻底清除病灶、植骨融合结合后路器械固定、融合治疗腰骶段脊柱结核11例,男9例,女2例;年龄20～56岁.病程4～15个月,平均6个月.病变位于L5、S1 7例,L4、5、S1 2例,L5、S2 2例.累及2个节段7例,3个节段4例.术前后凸成角5～18°,平均9°.4例伴有肺结核3例伴窦道形成;3例伴不同程度的神经根受压;9例伴椎旁脓肿.所有患者均行一期手术.结果 术后切口均I期愈合,结核无复发.术后随访6个月～3年,平均18个月.疗效按Chen等标准评定,优9例,良2例.术后12个月X线片检查示融合节段有连续骨小梁形成并通过椎间隙10例,1例术后CT扫描证实前方有假关节形成.融合时间5～7个月,平均6个月,术后后凸成角0～4°,平均2°.3例神经根受压症状术后消失.血常规、血沉、肝肾功正常9例,2例肝转氨酶升高.结论 前路彻底病灶清除、植骨结合后路器械固定治疗腰骶段脊柱结核具有安全、操作简便、利于恢复脊柱的稳定性、提高植骨融合率、纠正和预防后凸畸形的优点,适用于腰骶段脊柱结核伴窦道及术前诊断尚不能排除化脓性脊椎炎者.     

一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定矫形治疗伴后凸畸形的儿童胸腰段脊柱结核的临床初步报告

[目的]探讨经后路一期病灶清除、植骨融合内固定矫形治疗伴后凸畸形的儿童胸腰段脊柱结核的可行性及疗效.[方法]7例胸腰段脊柱结核患儿,均伴有后凸畸形.其中男5例,女2例;年龄9～12岁.术前脊柱后凸角为35°～45°,平均37.9°.Frankel分级:B级2例,C级3例,D级2例.采用经后路一期病灶清除、植骨融合加钉棒系统矫形固定治疗.[结果]术后随访27～42个月,平均34个月.切口均一期愈合,无1例结核复发.Frankel分级:4例恢复2级,3例恢复1级.术后后凸角为2°～9°,较术前明显改善,最后随访时后凸角为2°～12°,较术后无明显丢失.术后3个月血沉均恢复正常;所有患儿均获得满意的植骨融合.[结论]一期后路病灶清除、后方植骨内固定矫形手术治疗伴后凸畸形的儿童胸腰段脊柱结核是矫正后凸畸形和预防晚期后凸畸形发生的有效方法.     

一期手术内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核

目的总结一期后路病灶清除、椎间植骨及后路手术内固定治疗胸腰段和腰段脊柱结核的临床疗效。探讨一期重建脊柱稳定性的必要性和安全性。方法自1999-2004年6月共收治24例胸腰段脊柱结核患者,采用一期后路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及后路内固定治疗,其中胸腰椎18例,腰椎6例,受累椎体5个椎体1例,3个椎体8例,2个椎体15例。结果经平均26个月随访,所有患者均临床治愈,无伤口感染或窦道形成,植骨完全融合,融合时间平均4.2个月。术前后凸畸形角度43°±10.6°,术后11.5°±8.3°。后凸畸形矫正角度为28.6°±9.3°。后期矫正度丢失为2.2°±3.3°。结论一期后路手术GSS固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核能有效清除病灶,矫正后凸畸形,早期重建脊柱稳定性及促进椎体间植骨的融合,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

病灶彻底切除椎间融合治疗脊柱结核

目的观察病灶切除椎体间植骨融合治疗脊柱结核的疗效。方法全组78例,男36例,女42例;年龄15～72岁,平均47岁。病变部位颈椎7例,胸椎29例,腰椎34例,腰骶椎8例。病变涉及2个节段29例,3个节段41例,4个节段以上8例。术前后凸畸形成角为13°～92°,平均34°。手术采用病灶彻底切除一期椎体间植骨融合,使用自体肋骨22例,髂骨44例,髂骨加肋骨12例。结果平均随访5.5年,优良率为98.7%,植骨融合率为97.4%,术后后凸畸形成角为5°～62°,平均22°。结论病灶彻底切除椎体间一期植骨融合,有利于恢复脊柱的即刻稳定性,骨融合率高,可纠正及预防脊柱后凸畸形,减少晚期腰背痛的发生。     

一期后路经椎弓根截骨病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

[目的]探讨治疗胸腰段脊柱结核一期完成病灶清除、矫正脊柱后凸畸形、植骨、后路钉棒固定的临床疗效。[方法]自2004年1月~2008年6月收治活动期胸腰段单节段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形患者34例,采用一期后路椎弓根截骨病灶清除(在胸椎段,先切取左右肋骨后段),钛笼植骨,后路矫形系统内固定。根据术前、术后X线分析植骨融合情况以及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果。[结果]34例患者随访时间9~28个月,平均18个月,X线片示结核病灶清除彻底,脊柱畸形矫正,Cobb角由术前20°~45°矫正到术后3°~5°,植骨块无移位,2例再次行前路补充植骨术。结核无复发。[结论]该手术入路简捷,病灶清除彻底,360°环形解除压迫,畸形矫正满意,三柱固定,植骨融合,后期脊柱稳定,缩短了卧床时间,减少了相应的并发症。     

前路病灶清除、钛网植骨融合及内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的:探讨应用钛网前路重建技术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床价值。方法:对69例胸腰椎结核患者采用前路结核病灶清除、钛网重建植骨融合及前路或后路节段内固定手术,观察围手术期并发症、融合节段后凸角度和椎间平均高度、钛网沉降率及植骨融合情况。结果:本组无术中并发症,术后伤口感染2例、腰椎结核复发合并窦道形成1例,并发症发生率4.3%,融合节段后凸角术前21.5°±2.5°,术后6.5°±2.4°(与术前比较P<0.05)。融合节段椎体间高度术前109.4±4.2mm,术后121.2±3.6mm(与术前比较P<0.05)。随访12个月～3年,平均24个月,无内固定失败,钛网在头侧和尾侧终板平均沉降率分别为27%和31%。66例钛网椎间植骨融合,3例无明显融合征象。结论:胸腰椎结核前路彻底病灶清除后应用钛网进行重建结合节段性内固定可以避免取骨区并发症和有效维持脊柱矢状位排列,但骨融合有待进一步提高。     

一期前路手术内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及前路内固定治疗脊柱结核的临床疗效,探讨一期重建脊柱稳定性的必要性和安全性。方法:自2000年5月至2003年1月共收治21例脊柱结核患者,采用一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及前路内固定治疗,其中颈椎2例、胸椎6例、胸腰段5例、腰椎8例。平均受累椎体数为2.6个。结果:经平均17个月随访,所有患者均临床痊愈,无伤口感染或窦道形成,植骨均完全融合,融合时间平均为3.6个月。术前后凸畸形角度为41.1°±15.6°,术后为13.5°±8.3°,平均17个月随访时为15.9°±6.7°。后凸畸形矫正角度平均为27.6°±9.2°,后期矫正度丢失为2.4°±3.3°。结论:一期前路手术内固定治疗脊柱结核能有效清除病灶、矫正后凸畸形、早期重建脊柱的稳定性及促进椎体间植骨的融合,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的观察前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核的效果。方法总结1997年1月至2004年6月采用前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核41例,病变位于颈椎3例、胸椎3例、胸腰椎20例、腰椎14例、腰骶椎1例,术前有后凸成角畸形9~°71,°平均32°。Ⅰ期前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定31例,Ⅰ期前路病灶清除、植骨、后路内固定6例,Ⅱ期后路内固定4例。结果平均随访1.6 a,优良率为87.8%,植骨融合率为92.7%,平均矫正后凸角度15.3(°P<0.05),随访期间无1例复发。结论前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核有利于恢复脊柱的早期稳定性,融合率高,可预防及矫正脊柱后凸畸形。     

经皮穿刺引流联合后路病灶清除椎间植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴巨大脓肿

目的探讨经皮穿刺引流联合后路病灶清除椎间植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴巨大脓肿的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾自2007-05—2012-04诊治胸腰段脊柱结核伴巨大脓肿9例。所有患者先行CT引导下穿刺,灌洗引流1~2周后再行后路开放减压、病灶清除、植骨融合内固定术。观察比较手术前后血沉(ESR)、后凸角度、神经功能及植骨融合情况。结果 9例均获得随访18~56个月,平均35个月。手术时间120~260 min,平均165 min;术中失血量300~1 600 ml,平均650 ml。患者术后切口均一期愈合,无窦道形成。术后3个月ESR恢复正常,平均21 mm/h。术后后凸角度3°~16°,平均7°。末次随访时Frankel分级:C级1例,D级4例,E级4例。植骨融合时间3~6个月,平均4个月。结论对于胸腰段脊柱结核伴巨大脓肿者采用经皮穿刺引流联合后路病灶清除椎间植骨内固定是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

---

Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.