Anticonvulsants and thyroid function

Serum total and free thyroid hormone concentrations were estimated in 42 patients with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine either singly or in combination). There was a significant reduction in total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the treated group compared with controls. Free hormone concentrations were lower than total hormone concentrations, suggesting that increased clearance of thyroid hormones occurs in patients receiving anticonvulsants. Detailed analysis indicated that phenytoin had a significant depressant effect on TT4, FT4, FT3, and reverse T3 (rT3). Phenobarbitone and carbamazepine had no significant main effects, but there were significant interactions between phenytoin and carbamazepine for TT4 and FT4. phenobarbitone and carbamazepine for FT3, and phenytoin and phenobarbitone for rT3.     

皮质醇增多症治疗控制对促甲状腺素和甲状腺激素水平的影响

观察10例皮质醇增多症未治患者和8例治疗控制患者血中促甲状腺素（TSH）和甲状腺激素浓度的改变。结果显示未治组平均TSH、TT3、FT3血浓度明显低于正常低限，TT4稍低于正常，FT4略高于正常低限。治疗控制组平均TSH、TT3、FT3浓度明显上升，与未治组比较差别有显著性意义；TT4、FT4稍上升，与未治组比较差别无挺着性意义。在治疗技制组除TT3略低于正常外，TSH、FT3、TT4平均值均恢复正常。提示皮质醇增多症治疗控制后，合并存在的下丘脑－垂体－甲状腺轮功能紊乱可随之恢复。     

早产儿暂时性甲状腺功能障碍分析与治疗

目的探讨早产儿暂时性甲状腺功能障碍的情况及左旋甲状腺素治疗的疗效。方法对165例早产儿进行血清FT4、T4、FT3、T3、TSH检测,对FT4、T4降低的早产儿按甲状腺功能低下症状有无分为观察组与对照组,对T3降低的早产儿随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组予左旋甲状腺素治疗,定期复查血清FT4、T4、FT3、T3、TSH。结果①早产儿暂时胜甲状腺功能障碍发生率为47．27％,胎龄越小,发生率越高。其中胎龄28～30周发生率为77．27％,30。32周75％,32—34周39．47％,34～36周32．47％。②低甲状腺素血症观察组早产儿经左旋甲状腺素治疗后症状消失,血清FT4及T4恢复正常时间较对照组快。生后14天观察组FT4、T3 100％恢复正常,对照组44．4％恢复正常,P=0．00。③低T3综合征早产儿观察组与对照组的TSH、T3恢复正常所需时间无差别。生后28天观察组TSH、T315％恢复正常,对照组10％恢复正常,P=1．00。结论早产儿生后甲状腺功能暂时性低下,胎龄越小,功能越低。对于有甲状腺功能低下临床症状的早产儿予短期左旋甲状腺素治疗有助于改善甲状腺功能。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭患者甲状腺素的变化

目的 研究甲状腺激素(thyroid hormone,TH)水平与慢性充血性心力衰竭(congestive heart failure,CHF)的关系.方法 应用微粒子发光法检测100例老年慢性充血性心力衰竭住院患者及50例健康对照者的血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、反三碘甲腺原氨酸(rT3)及促甲状腺素(TSH)结果老年慢性充血性心力衰竭患者甲状腺素T3水平明显低于健康对照组,低T3综合征的老年CHF患者心力衰竭程度严重.结论 在早期慢性心力衰竭的患者,其T3水平是降低的,且与心力衰竭的严重程度有关.     

甲状腺功能亢进症合并肝功能损害的临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)合并肝功能损害的临床特点及影响因素.方法 选取2010年1月至2015年6月本院50例甲亢合并肝功能损害患者作为研究组,同期50例甲亢无肝功能损害患者作为对照组,检测两组患者血清甲状腺激素水平及肝功能指标.结果 研究组患者血清总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)及游离甲状腺素(FT4)分别为(6.16±1.54) nmol/L、(265.36±24.56) nmol/L、(20.13±3.65) pmol/L、(56.82±7.55) pmol/L,均高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.922 6、18.632 3、10.647 2、14.331 1,P＜0.001),两组患者促甲状腺素(TSH)比较差异无统计学意义(t=2.142 9,P＞0.05).研究组患者常见的肝功能异常指标为ALP、TBIL、ALT、AST和γ-GT,所占比例分别为54.0％、10.0％、22.0％、20.0％和12.0％.结论 甲状腺功能亢进症与肝损伤相互影响,甲亢性肝损害与患者甲状腺激素水平密切相关.     

Relationships Between Plasma Levels of Organochlorines,Retinol and Thyroid Hormones from Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard

Associations were determined between retinol and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), respectively, and the organochlorine contaminants (OCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in blood plasma from polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) caught at Svalbard. The blood samples were collected from free-ranging polar bears of different age and sex in 1991-1994. The retinol concentration and the ratio of total T4 (TT4) to free T4(FT4) (TT4/FT4 ratio) decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of PCBs and HCB. Retinol was also negatively associated with HCHs, while the TT4/FT4 ratio was positively associated with DDE. The concentrations of retinol and thyroid hormones were significantly higher in females than in males. However, the TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios were significantly higher in males than in females. The concentrations of thyroid hormones were negatively correlated with age in male bears, while in females, thyroid hormones did not change with age. The OCs were found to explain 12, 30, and 7% of the variation of retinol concentrations and the TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios, respectively, after correcting for age and sex. The potential consequence of these associations for the individual and the population is unknown.     

老年2型糖尿病甲状腺激素水平与代谢指标相关性分析

目的分析老年2型糖尿病甲状腺激素水平与代谢指标的相关性。方法选择2010年1月至2012年6月于我院就诊的300例老年2型糖尿病患者作实验组,并按照糖化血红蛋白水平分为四组。选择健康体检者300例作正常对照组。分别检测所有试验者的甲状腺素总量（TT4）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、游离甲腺原氨酸（FT3）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）和血清三碘甲腺原氨酸总量（TT3）,并对其进行比较。结果实验组患者的FT3、TT3均明显低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;GHbAIc〈6．5％组患者的Fr3、Tr3明显高于GHbAl（6．5％-7．5％）组、GHbAle（7．6％-10．0％）组、GHbAlc〉10．0％组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。各组患者的TT4、FT4、TSH比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论准确检测患者的甲状腺激素代谢指标对老年2型糖尿病患者的病情控制有重要意义。     

Relationships between plasma levels of organochlorines, retinol and thyroid hormones from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard

Associations were determined between retinol and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), respectively, and the organochlorine contaminants (OCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1, 1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in blood plasma from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) caught at Svalbard. The blood samples were collected from free-ranging polar bears of different age and sex in 1991-1994. The retinol concentration and the ratio of total T4 (TT4) to free T4(FT4) (TT4/FT4 ratio) decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of PCBs and HCB. Retinol was also negatively associated with HCHs, while the TT4/FT4 ratio was positively associated with DDE. The concentrations of retinol and thyroid hormones were significantly higher in females than in males. However, the TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios were significantly higher in males than in females. The concentrations of thyroid hormones were negatively correlated with age in male bears, while in females, thyroid hormones did not change with age. The OCs were found to explain 12, 30, and 7% of the variation of retinol concentrations and the TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios, respectively, after correcting for age and sex. The potential consequence of these associations for the individual and the population is unknown.     

甲状旁腺腺瘤大小与甲状旁腺功能及甲状腺功能的相关性研究

目的　分析甲状旁腺腺瘤（PTA）患者合并甲状腺疾病的情况,探讨PTA的大小与甲状旁腺功能及甲状腺功能的关系。方法　选取华北理工大学附属医院收治的100例PTA患者,依据是否合并甲状腺疾病将患者分为合并甲状腺疾病组（n=55）和非合并甲状腺疾病组（n=45）。收集患者临床资料,分析年龄、病程以及术前碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、校正血钙、血磷、肌酐、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT3）、总甲状腺激素（TT4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平与PTA大小的相关性。采用Logistic回归分析偏大腺瘤的危险因素,绘制受检者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析术前指标预测偏大腺瘤的临床价值。结果　合并甲状腺疾病组患者较非合并甲状腺疾病组患者腺瘤的病程短（P＜0.05）。PTA大小与校正血钙、PTH、血肌酐及病程呈正相关,与FT4呈负相关（P＜0.01）;术前PTH与校正血钙、ALP、肌酐水平及病程呈正相关,与血磷、TT4和FT4呈负相关（P＜0.01）;术前TT4水平与校正血钙、ALP、肌酐水平及病程呈负相关,与血磷、FT4水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）;术前FT4水平与校正血钙、FT3水平及病程呈负相关（P＜0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示术前PTH高及病程长为预测偏大腺瘤的危险因素。ROC曲线提示术前PTH及病程联合检测可进一步提高预测偏大腺瘤的敏感度。结论　PTA大小与术前PTH水平呈正相关性,术前PTH水平及病程的联合考虑可成为偏大PTA的预测因子,推测甲状旁腺功能亢进对甲状腺的功能起到抑制性的作用。     

慢性心力衰竭患者甲状腺激素水平的变化

目的 探讨充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清甲状腺激素水平的改变情况及其与病情的关系.方法 采用放射免疫法测定50例CHF患者（心功能Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级19例,Ⅳ级24例）和30例健康人血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、四碘甲状腺原氨酸（T4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）.结果 CHF组T3、FT3含量（1.95±0.55）nmol/L、（2.20±0.39）nmol/L,低于对照组的（2.4±0.50）nmol/L、（5.89±0.45）nmol/L（t=2.415,2.325,P〈0.05）;治疗后T3、FT3含量（2.19±0.53）nmol/L、（3.69±0.57）nmol/L,较治疗前显著升高（t=2.375,2.405,P〈0.05）;CHF心功能Ⅳ级患者T3、FT3含量（1.76±0.7）nmol/L、（1.99±0.45）nmol/L,明显低于对照组（t=2.245,2.375,P〈0.05）;血清TT3、TT4与心功能分级呈负相关（r=-0.933,-0.383,P均〈0.05）,血清FT3、FT4、TSH与心功能分级均无相关性.结论 血清甲状腺激素水平的改变可作为判断CHF严重程度的指标之一.     

肝硬化病人下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的功能变化及临床意义

目的 探讨不同级别肝硬化(LC)病人下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的变化及临床意义.方法 91例LC病人按Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)计分评级分为三组:LC-A组25例,LC-B组35例,LC-C组31例;另选27名健康人作为对照组.血清总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离T3(FT3)、反T3(rT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4) 及促甲状腺激素(TSH) 均采用化学发光法检测,肝功能生化指标用RXL生化分析仪检测,凝血酶原时间(PT)用全自动血凝仪(血凝固法)检测.结果 从LC-A组到LC-C组随着肝硬化级别的增加,血清TT3和FT3水平逐渐降低,rT3渐次增高,TT4/rT3比值顺次下降,血清TT3分别与白蛋白、前白蛋白、载脂蛋白-A1和胆碱酯酶呈显著正相关(df=89,r值分别为0.568,0.260,0.317和0.599,P<0.05),与CTP分值及PT呈显著负相关(df=89,r值分别为-0.447和-0.297,P<0.01),TSH在各组间差异无统计学意义.共26例LC病人出现低T3综合征,LC-A组为0,LC-B组8例(22.9%),LC-C组18例(58.1%).经保肝、支持治疗1~2周后,随着肝功能好转低T3综合征也随之消失.心得安试验仅见FT4有所下降(16.84±3.16)vs (14.00±2.45) pmol·L-1,地塞米松试验未见甲状腺激素及TSH有明显变化.结论 肝硬化失代偿期随着肝功能的下降,发生低T3综合征的比例增多,与甲状腺激素转运蛋白合成功能减退、T4向T3转化减少有关,但随着病情好转低T3综合征便逐渐消失,无须补充甲状腺素.心得安或地塞米松试验对甲状腺功能未产生明显的影响,提示短期适量应用此类药物是安全的.     

Levels and patterns of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and their associations with thyroid hormones in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) mother-pup pairs

Blood (plasma/serum) samples from 14 adult female and their pups (1-4 days old) captured in the West Ice, east of Greenland were analysed for concentrations of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine (TT4, FT4, TT3, FT3), and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). The levels of all thyroid hormones (THs) were significantly higher in pups than in mothers. Sum OH-PCB levels (ΣOH-PCBs: 4-OH-CB107, 3'-OH-CB138, 4-OH-CB146, 4'-OH-CB172, 4-OH-CB187) were significantly higher in mothers (3.98 ± 1.55 pmol/g; 1.40 ± 0.54 ng/g wet weight) as compared to pups (1.95 ± 0.78 pmol/g; 0.68 ± 0.28 ng/g wet weight). Plasma levels of TT4 and FT4 in mothers increased as a function of pup age, as did levels of individual OH-PCBs in both mothers and pups. The pattern of OH-PCBs in the pups was similar to their mothers. We suggest that OH-PCBs found in pups are transferred from their mothers during gestation and that the transfer also continues after parturition via milk. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that in pups, 4-OH-CB107 and 3'-OH-CB138 were negatively associated with FT4:FT3 and TT3:FT3 ratios, respectively. These relationships were confirmed by partial correlation analysis correcting for pup age. PCA suggested that 4'-OH-CB172 and 4-OH-CB187 were negatively associated with TT3 in mothers. However, this was not confirmed by correlation tests. Although statistical relationships should be interpreted with caution, the study indicates that young developing seals are more sensitive compared to adults with respect to TH-related effects of OH-PCBs.     

丙基硫氧嘧啶联合地塞米松治疗甲状腺功能亢进疗效观察

目的探讨丙基硫氧嘧啶联合地塞米松治疗甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）的临床疗效。方法将昆山市第一人民医院2011年8月至2012年12月收治的50例甲亢患者分为治疗组和对照组,对照组采用丙基硫氧嘧啶治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上采用局部注射地塞米松治疗,两组均以8周为一个疗程,比较两组的治疗效果。结果治疗组治疗后的甲状腺体积、总三碘甲状腺原氮酸（TT3）、总甲状腺激素（TT4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）显著优于对照组（P〈0．05）;且治疗组的症状缓解时间、各指标恢复正常时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论丙基硫氧嘧啶联合地塞米松治疗甲亢疗效满意,值得临床推广。     

JNK pathway decreases thyroid hormones via TRH receptor: A novel mechanism for disturbance of thyroid hormone homeostasis by PCB153

PCBs, widespread and well-characterized endocrine disruptors, cause the disruption of thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in humans and animals. In order to verify the hypotheses that MAPK pathways would play roles in disturbance of TH levels caused by PCBs, and that TH-associated receptors could function in certain MAPK pathway, Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with PCB153 intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 0, 4, 16 and 32mg/kg for 5 consecutive days, and Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were treated with PCB153 (0, 1, 5, 10μM) for 30min. Results showed that after the treatment with PCB153, serum total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were decreased, whereas free triiodothyronine (FT3) and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were not altered. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that JNK pathway was activated after PCB153 exposure. Moreover, TRH receptor (TRHr) level was suppressed after the activation of JNK pathway and was elevated after the inhibition of JNK pathway, but TSH receptor (TSHr) level was not affected by the status of JNK pathway though it was reduced after PCB153 treatment. The activated signs of ERK and P38 pathways were not observed in this study. Taken together, observed effects suggested that JNK pathway could decrease TH levels via TRHr, and that would be one novel mechanism of PCB153-mediated disruption of THs.     

脓毒症患者甲状腺激素动态变化和预后分析

目的探讨脓毒症患者血清甲状腺激素水平变化后预后关系。方法对117例脓毒症患者总T3(total T3,TT3)、游离T3(free T3,FT3),总T4(total T4,TT4)、游离T4(free T4,rT4),垂体促甲状腺激素(thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH)浓度水平与APACHEⅡ评分和死亡病例的相关性进行分析。结果脓毒症患者血清TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4均低于正常值,APACHEⅡ≤19分组与APACHEⅡ≥20分组比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),死亡组与生存组比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TSH无明显改变。结论脓毒症患者血清甲状腺减激素水平与脓毒症病情危重程度呈负相关,病情越严重,血清TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4越低,死亡风险越大,可以作为脓毒症患者预后的临床参考指标。     

Dose-response and time course of hypothyroxinemia and hypoinsulinemia and characterization of insulin hypersensitivity in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered i.p. various doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in corn oil. At several time points thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and insulin were determined in serum using radioimmunoassays, and glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method. TSH and TT3 were not affected by any dose at any time point of measurement. TT4 and FT4 were decreased in a somewhat dose-dependent manner by days 2 to 4 after dosing. Return of TT4 and FT4 to normal values by day 32 after TCDD dosage also occurred in a dose-dependent manner, except in rats that died later. rT3 was also decreased at each dose level early and returned to normal levels in a somewhat dose-dependent fashion. Rats in the 2 highest dose groups became hypoinsulinemic and in the highest dose group also hypoglycemic by day 8 after dosing. Serum insulin and glucose remained suppressed in non-survivors of TCDD until death ensued. In survivors, serum insulin returned to normal values by day 32 after dosing. The hypoinsulinemic state was further characterized by hypersensitivity towards insulin, i.e. injection of an otherwise non-toxic dose of insulin 3 days after administration of 125 micrograms/kg TCDD was lethal to 80% of the rats within 24 h. Insulin hypersensitivity preceded both hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. These findings suggest that hypothyroxinemia and hypoinsulinemia may be part of an adaptive process whereby rats attempt to diminish the toxic insult of TCDD.     

猫爪草粗多糖治疗自身免疫性甲状腺炎的实验研究

目的 研究猫爪草粗多糖对实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎（EAT）小鼠免疫干预作用。方法 雌性BALB/C小鼠多点皮下注射甲状腺球蛋白辅以佐剂,配合饮用高碘水,形成实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎模型,用药干预。用化学发光法检测实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎小鼠血清甲状腺素（TT4）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、高灵敏人促甲状腺激素（TSH）;用放射免疫法检测抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体（TMAb）。结果 与正常组相比,实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎小鼠血清甲状腺素、游离甲状腺素、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸显著降低（P<0.01）,高灵敏人促甲状腺激素、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体显著升高（P<0.01）;三碘甲状腺原氨酸与正常组无显著性差异。用药治疗后,与模型组相比,猫爪草粗多糖各剂量组甲状腺素、游离甲状腺素、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸水平显著回升（P<0.01）,抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体水平仍旧处于高位。结论 实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎小鼠处于甲减状态,猫爪草粗多糖能在一定程度上干预实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎小鼠的甲状腺激素水平,有利于其恢复,其作用可能与其抗炎及免疫调节功能有关。     

柴胡栀子汤联合甲巯咪唑治疗甲状腺功能亢进症的临床效果

目的观察柴胡栀子汤联合甲巯咪唑治疗甲状腺功能亢症的临床效果。方法选取2017年6月-2019年10月南通市通州区中医院收治的甲状腺功能亢进症患者80例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(40例)单纯予以甲巯咪唑片治疗,观察组(40例)在对照组基础上联合柴胡栀子汤治疗。比较2组临床疗效,治疗前后中医证候积分、甲状腺激素[总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺激素T3(FT3)、游离甲状腺激素T4(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)]水平变化,及统计2组用药后并发症发生率。结果治疗1年后,观察组总有效率为97.50%,高于对照组的80.00%(χ²=6.135,P=0.013);2组烦热、易汗、眼球突出积分均较治疗前降低(P<0.01),且观察组各项积分低于对照组(P均<0.01);2组TT4、FT3、FT4、水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.01),TSH水平较治疗前升高(P<0.01),且观察组降低或升高幅度大于对照组(P均<0.01);观察组患者用药后并发症总发生率为5.00%,低于对照组的30.00%(χ²=8.658,P=0.003)。结论甲状腺功能亢进症采用柴胡栀子汤联合甲巯咪唑治疗效果确切,可有效改善患者病症表现及甲状腺激素水平,且安全性高,值得临床推广与应用。