Lip reconstruction: an anthropometric and functional analysis of surgical outcomes

Postoperative evaluation of results of reconstructive procedures of the lips mainly consists of describing the technique, complications and subjectively interpreted patient photographs. The authors present a photo-assisted pre- to postoperative evaluation of reconstructive procedures of the lips based on anthropometric measurements and functional outcome. Forty-eight patients underwent partial or full thickness excision of tumours of the lips and subsequent reconstruction. An analysis of standardized pre- and postoperative photographs included measurements of intercanthal width, mouth width, philtrum width, lateral upper lip height, upper and lower lip height, cutaneous upper and lower lip height, upper and lower vermilion arc and upper and lower vermilion height. Assessment of functional outcome consisted of the evaluation of oral competence, changes of oral opening and sensation. The effects on the described parameters were analysed, when partial or full thickness reconstruction had to be performed. Intercanthal mouth width index, vermilion arc index, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height index showed statistically significant effects postoperatively which indicates a postoperative tightened lower lip, when full-thickness excision was performed. In all patients the indices were proven reproducible and reliable. The standardized measurements described are accurate and objective for evaluating postoperative results.     

Morphologic outcome of bimaxillary surgery–An anthropometric appraisal

Objectives: To adequately perform orthognathic surgery procedures, it is from basic interest to understand the morphologic changes caused by orthognathic surgery. Anthropometric analyses of standardized frontal view and profile photographs could help to investigate and understand such changes. Study Design: We present a pre- to postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery results based on anthropometric indices described by Farkas and cephalometric measurements. 30 Class III patients undergoing maxillary advancement by Le Fort I Osteotomy and mandibular setback by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were evaluated. Preoperative as well as three and nine months postoperative lateral cephalograms as well as standardized frontal view and profile photographs were taken. On the photographs 21 anthropometric indices given by Farkas were evaluated. In cephalograms SNA and SNB angle as well as Wits appraisal were investigated. Results: The investigated anthropometric indices showed a significant increase of the vertical height of the upper lip without changing the relation of the upper vermilion to the cutaneous upper lip. The lower vermilion height increased relatively to the cutaneous lower lip without vertical changes in the lower lip. Due to maxillary advancement the upper face height increased meanwhile the lower face height decreased due to mandibular setback. SNA and SNB angle and Wits appraisal showed typical changes related to surgery. Conclusions: The investigated photo-assisted anthropometric measurements presented reproducible results related to bimaxillary surgery. Key words:Orthognathic surgery, bimaxillary surgery, anthropometry, Class III.     

Growth patterns of the nasolabial region: a morphometric study.

Age-related growth changes in the nasolabial region were analyzed through six measurements taken between 1 year and 18 years of age in 1,593 North American Caucasians. By 1 year of age, the length of the cutaneous portion of the upper lip and the width of the nose showed the highest levels of development compared with their adult size, 80.3 and 79.5%, respectively. By 5 years, the developmental level of the nasolabial region except nasal tip protrusion approached their maturation level. Our nasal measurements indicated that growth of the nose between 5 and 18 years was significantly greater than that of the upper lip, which revealed significantly greater growth increments between 1 and 5 years of age. The cutaneous upper lip height reached its adult size in 3-year-old females (12.7 mm) and 6-year-old males (14.4 mm). Nose width and height were fully developed in females by age 12 and in males by age 14 or 15. Rapid growth occurred in the upper lip, nose height, and nasal tip protrusion between the ages of 1 and 4 years. Knowledge of these age-related morphologic variations within the nose and upper lip may be useful in planning the time and type of reconstructive surgery and in anticipating further change in the operated regions after the surgical reconstruction.     

Soft tissue outcome after mandibular advancement—an anthropometric evaluation of 171 consecutive patients

Objectives

There is an ongoing discussion in the literature about preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery and its impact on facial appearance and aesthetics.

Materials and Methods

We present an anthropometric and cephalometric evaluation of orthognathic surgery results based on reference anthropometric data. In 171 Class II patients, mandibular advancement by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was performed. Preoperative as well as 3 and 9 months postoperative standardized frontal view and profile photographs and lateral cephalograms were evaluated in a standardized manner by use of 21 anthropometric indices. In cephalograms, SNA and SNB angle as well as Wits appraisal were investigated. Results of anthropometric and cephalometric measurements were correlated.

Results

Lower vermilion contour, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height, nose–lower face height, nose–face height, upper face–face height, upper lip– and chin–mandible height index showed significant pre- to postoperative changes as well as SNB angle and Wits appraisal. Furthermore, medial–lateral cutaneous upper lip height, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height and philtrum–mouth width index presented significant correlations to cephalometric measurements.

Conclusions

The investigated anthropometric indices and cephalometric measurements presented reproducible results related to surgery. The correlation of cephalometric to anthropometric measurements has been proven useful for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery patients.

Clinical relevance

The presented anthropometric measurements and their observed correlation to cephalometric measurements could lead to a better prediction and optimized planning of the soft tissue result in orthognathic surgery patients and thereby improve the aesthetic outcome.     

双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形的修复

目的 报道双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形修复的一种新方法。方法 在双侧鼻孔的内侧沿鼻小柱皮肤粘膜交界缘向下达鼻小柱基部并经鼻底向外达外侧脚外侧并绕鼻翼外侧脚弧形向上;在上唇正中上部画出叉形瓣切口线;再在双侧鼻孔底部上唇瘤痕两侧画垂线至唇红缘。然后切开鼻底及鼻翼外侧脚皮肤,在鼻翼内侧脚上端缝合。将叉形瓣向上推形成鼻小柱下端。切除上唇瘢痕组织,必要时可设 Abbe瓣经旋转180°后按粘膜、肌层及皮肤层缝合。10～14天行Abbe瓣断蒂。结果 用该术式对34位患者进行了手术,术后鼻唇外形、鼻小柱长度及鼻孔大小趋于正常。上唇过紧得到了松驰。结论 该术式对双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形矫正有用。     

应用"L"型硅胶假体与膨体聚四氟乙烯补片修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形17例报道

目的:探讨应用“L”型硅胶假体与膨体聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)补片修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形的方法及效果。方法:在纠正错位软骨的基础上,在“L”型硅胶假体上的鼻尖部附加一(ePTFE)薄片,用5-0尼龙线将两者缝合固定,对单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者进行鼻背、鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻小柱的加固和塑形。结果:“L”型硅胶假体与(ePTFE)补片联用,可使扁平的鼻梁、鼻尖及塌陷的鼻翼抬起,使鼻小柱挺立,大大改善了鼻的外观,效果满意,优良11例,改善6例。结论:应用“L”型硅胶假体与ePTFE修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形,是一种简便有效的方法。     

三维摄影对蒙古族正常(牙合)成人面部软组织的侧貌分析

目的 应用三维测量的方法对面部软组织进行测量,研究正常(牙合)面部软组织的立体结果,建立正常(牙合)面部软组织的正常值,为错(牙合)畸形的诊断提供依据.方法 对144例受试者(蒙古族女性77例,男性70例)拍摄三维立体影像,并在软件上进行20个标志点的确定,23个角度、13个线距的测量,所得数据用SPSS 22.O统计...     

应用螺旋CT重建并测量单侧唇裂和唇腭裂患者畸形外鼻

目的：应用螺旋CT对单侧唇裂和唇腭裂患者畸形鼻进行初步测量分析。方法：采用螺旋CT三维重建后．应用Amira软件对30例单侧唇裂和唇腭裂患者的畸形鼻定点，并进行线距及角度测量。采用SPSS11．5软件包对数据进行配对t检验。结果：对17个标记点共19项测量项目进行测量标记，并对其中7项指标进行了患、健侧比较。结果．单侧唇裂和唇腭裂患者双侧鼻翼发育程度不一致，患侧较健侧发育不全；鼻尖位置偏健侧，导致患侧鼻尖下点到鼻翼基底点的距离大于健侧；鼻梁多偏斜，表现为骨性及软组织共同偏斜；鼻面角小于正常人；患侧鼻孔宽度较健侧大；鼻小柱向健侧偏斜；鼻孔不同程度不对称。结论：应用螺旋CT及重建、测量软件能精确测量外鼻。并可以明确外鼻的畸形程度，患、健侧组织不对称程度及评价手术疗效。     

Defects of nasal septum skin part elimination

Method of elimination of nasal septum skin part defects was offered with creation of full-fledged receptive bed in the defect and cicatricially changed nose tip region with subsequent columella plastic by skin flaps from the region of the bases of nasal wings and upper third of the upper lip. The method allows to fill the defect of nasal septum skin part, to eliminate cicatricial deformity of nose tip, to shift wing of nose curls in right position, to reduce the lower third face height; hence the face becomes more harmonious.     

Comparison of the morphology of the "cleft face" and the normal face: defining the anthropometric differences

Morphological characteristics of the "cleft face" were analyzed by calculating proportion indices in young adults who had undergone surgery in childhood for cleft lip and/or palate: 592 in 37 subjects with unilateral clefts and 432 in 27 with bilateral clefts. Three areas of the face with 16 indices based on 12 projective linear measurements were analyzed in each subject: 5 indices in the general face, 6 in the upper face, and 5 in the lower. Although a balanced relationship was found in two thirds of the indices assessed, severe disproportions, which greatly influence appearance, were noted in about one quarter. In the general face, the most frequent abnormal anthropometric findings contributing to severe disproportions were small upper-face height and a severely high or moderately narrow mandible. In the soft tissues, disproportions included wide nose, small nasal tip protrusion, and short or long columella. Deviations from normality were rarely noted in the nose and upper-lip height, mouth width, total facial height, and width of the upper face. In the upper face, severe disproportions occurred much more frequently in bilateral cleft subjects (67.6%) than in unilateral clefts (30.3%). In the lower face, however, severe disproportions were twice as frequent among unilateral clefts (39.4%) than bilateral (14.7%). The results, although interesting, require complementary preoperative data for reliable analysis of the adult "cleft face."     

Anthropometric nasal analysis of Han Chinese young adults

BackgroundThere are varying degrees of racial differences in the size, shape, proportions of the facial structures.MethodsA total of 900 Han Chinese young adults (501 females and 399 males) were included in the analysis. Measurements taken of the soft tissue of the external nose included 12 items of linear distance and 5 angles. Six proportion indices of the soft tissue of the external nose were determined.ResultsIn the 12 parameters of linear measurement, females were found to have significantly smaller nasal base width, nasal ala length, nasal ala thickness, columella height, columella width, and nasal tip width in comparison to males (all, P < 0.01). In the five angular measurements, females were found to have a smaller nasal tip angle and nasolabial angle (both, P < 0.05) and a larger nostril tilt angle, nasofrontal angle, and nasal tip angle (all, P < 0.001). Nasal depth–nasal width and columella height–nasal depth were both significantly less in males than females (53.25 ± 8.2 vs. 54.56 ± 9.7 and 51.61 ± 11.92 vs. 53.37 ± 12.56, respectively); whereas nasal ala length–nasal height was significantly less in females than in males (29.41 ± 8.95 vs. 30.9 ± 7.02).ConclusionSignificant differences are present in nasal indices of males and females of Han Chinese ancestry. These data may serve as a reference standard for nasal reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.     

双侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿进行鼻-齿槽塑形治疗的临床研究

目的观察鼻-齿槽塑形治疗(presurgical nasal-alveolar molding,PNAM)对双侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿的临床疗效。方法对20例出生10天~3个月的双侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿进行鼻-齿槽的整形,测量治疗前后的双侧上唇裂隙宽度、前鼻突到唇裂距离、鼻小柱长度及唇裂交角,并用SPSS21.0软件进行统计分析。结果经过3~4个月的PNAM治疗后,双侧上唇裂隙宽度、前鼻突到唇裂距离明显减小,鼻小柱长度明显增加,均有统计学意义;唇裂交角增大,但无统计学意义。鼻外形左右基本对称,鼻翼外形恢复不明显,鼻小柱位于面部正中位置。结论 PNAM塑形治疗能有效减少双侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿的上唇裂隙宽度,压低前鼻突,伸长鼻小柱,改善鼻外观,降低手术难度。     

Reconstruction of internal nasal valve, septum, dorsum, and anterior structures of the nose in a single procedure with a molded bone graft: the sail graft

ABSTRACT: Excessive surgical removal or traumatic loss of the tissues supporting the nasal roof can result in the "saddle nose" deformity. It involves both cartilage and bone deficiencies. Two main resources are used to reconstruct this difficult deformity: autogenous bone and cartilage grafts and alloplastic materials. This study presents the reconstruction of the dorsum, septum, internal nasal valve, and anterior structures and the tip of the nose using a block of molded autogenous bone graft. We called it the "sail graft," because it looks like a sail from a lateral view. The mast of the sail is oriented in a superior-to-inferior direction, beginning in the frontonasal region to the tip of the nose to form a straight, well-rounded dorsum. The longest postoperative follow-up of 13 cases is now 10 years; the median follow-up is 2 years. The results have been satisfactory.     

Stereophotogrammetric analysis of nasolabial morphology among asian malays: influence of age and sex

Objective : It is clear that population-specific norms should be used when planning plastic and reconstructive surgery for selected patients. In this study, we aimed to generate nasal and labial reference values by applying a stereophotogrammetric technique. A further aim was to investigate the effect of sexual dimorphism, age-related changes, and the interrelation between nasal and labial morphology. Design : Cross-sectional study. Setting : The data were collected from different locations on the Malaysian peninsula. Participants : A total of 276 Asian Malays (138 males and 138 females) were included in this study, and a three-dimensional system was used for capturing data. The sample was divided into three age groups: 13 to 14, 15 to 17, and 18 to 36?years. Main Outcome Measure(s) : Twenty-five dimensions of the nose and lips were measured and analyzed separately in males and females. Results : Significant differences between males and females were identified in 11 distances, and significant effects of age were found in most of the dimensions (p < .05). Significant correlations between the nasal and labial dimensions were recorded, particularly between lateral lip height and width of the ala insertion. A principal component analysis showed interrelationships between the nasal width distances and upper lip height. Conclusion : This study has provided a new three-dimensional database for nose and lip morphology in Malays and demonstrated patterns of variation that can be used by surgeons to make comparisons within and between different human populations and also to develop treatment plans for their patients.     

Quantitative analysis of aesthetic outcomes of morphofunctional septorhinoplasty for secondary cleft lip nasal deformity

The main aim of this study was to assess nasal symmetry after morphofunctional septorhinoplasty, more specifically, symmetry of the alar base and nostrils, and nasal projection, in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft nasal deformities. Secondary cleft rhinoplasty was performed using morphofunctional septorhinoplasty techniques in 150 patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and nose deformities. Nasal changes were analysed by measuring nasal tip projection, nostril height, nostril width, alar base width, and nasal gap area preoperatively and postoperatively on standard submentovertex view 2-dimensional photographs. In the unilateral cleft group there were statistically significant improvements (p<0.001) in ratios of nasal height and width (p=0.024) and nasal gap area, and in nasal tip projection and alar base width. In the bilateral cleft group there were statistically significant improvements in nasal gap area ratio (p=0.009), nasal tip projection, and alar base width. The morphofunctional septorhinoplasty technique improved aesthetic outcomes.     

Cephalometric long-term follow-up of nasal augmentation using iliac bone graft.

INTRODUCTION: Iliac bone grafts for nasal augmentation are characterized by resorption. In this article, the relationship between graft resorption and soft tissue retrusion is examined by cephalogram-based measurements. METHODS: Ten patients with nasal deformity underwent iliac bone grafts to the nose and were monitored using cephalograms at intervals. On every image, three distances were measured; the tip height and the upper and lower lengths of the graft. RESULTS: The upper length of the grafted bone reached 90% stability after 6 months, and the lower length reached 70% stability between 1 and 2 years postoperatively. At the tip, supported by the lower part of the grafted bone, the soft tissue projection reached 90% stability after 6 months. DISCUSSION: The lower part of the iliac bone grafted onto the nasal dorsum supports the projecting soft tissue of the nasal tip. Thus subsequent resorption of the graft results in retrusion of the nasal tip. However, the degree of soft tissue retrusion was obviously less than the amount by which the supporting bone resorbed. It seems likely that the augmentation effect persists due to the formation of scar tissue.     

Digital anthropometric shape analysis of 110 rhinoplasty patients in the Black Sea Region in Turkey

PurposeThe aim of the study was to describe the average values of the nasal anthropometric measurements by using the landmark-based geometric morphometric technique in young male patients who applied for rhinoplasty in the Black Sea Region in Turkey.Materials and methodsThe study group consisted of 110 healthy male patients all were born in the Black Sea Region, Turkey. The landmark-based geometric morphometric technique was used to analyze the nasal shapes as described in the literature. The mean age was 29 years (ranging from 23 to 35). All patients underwent primary rhinoplasty in our clinic between 2006 and 2011 years. All data were obtained from standardized digital photographic images. Anterior and worm’s eye view photos of the patients were analyzed by using standard anthropometric measurement methods.ResultsThe mean total length and nasal bridge length of the noses were 58.90 and 57.35 mm, respectively. The mean nasal bridge width and the morphologic nose width were 32.65 and 35.50 mm, respectively. The average width of the anatomic nose was 26.25 mm. The mean length and width of the ala were 22.72 and 4.73 mm, respectively. The mean length and width of the columella were 11.35 and 5.20 mm, respectively. The mean frontonasal angle was 137.88° and the mean nasolabial angle was 87.34°.ConclusionBlack Sea nose was characterized by being considerably longer than average in nasal length and columellar height. Also nasolabial angle was found to be more acute than average when compared to other noses.     

Dreidimensionale Bildakquisition zur Analyse der primären, spaltbedingten Gesichtsdeformität mit einem optoelektronischen Oberflächenscanner

Background. Anthropometric analysis of the face has been performed with direct facial measurement and photogrammetry. Both methods have disadvantages. The aim of our investigation was to create a three-dimensional image of the primary cleft nasal deformity with a video scanner and to carry out linear measurements. Material and methods. Facial plaster casts of 19 patients with uni- and bilateral cleft lip and palate before primary lip repair were scanned with digital surface photogrammetry DSP 400. The width of the nose and of the nostril floor, the distance of the alar bases, the length of the ala, and the nasal tip protrusion were measured. Results. Imaging was possible without problems in all models. Direct measurements of the model correlated well with the results of the three-dimensional image. Significant dimensional differences of the nasal parameters examined were noted, depending on the cleft type. Discussion. A video-supported surface scanner allowed immediate three-dimensional imaging of the face. The computer software analyzed the generated surface exactly. The data measured with the presented system resembled other previously published results.     

Three-dimensional analysis of autologous costal cartilage in Asian secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty

This study describes a surgical technique for secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty using autologous costal cartilage grafts. The grafts were designed preoperatively and analysed three-dimensionally in 15 Asian patients using a photogrammetric camera. Detailed measurements of the nasal anatomy were taken both preoperatively and postoperatively; the same measurements were also taken from the pre-planned images of the anticipated result. When compared to the preoperative measurements, the postoperative three-dimensional outcome analysis revealed several statistically significant improvements in the nasal appearance: nasal dorsal length (P < 0.001), nasal column height (P = 0.001), nasal column width (P = 0.002), nasal lobule height (P = 0.008), cleft side nostril height (P < 0.001) and width (P < 0.001), columella–labial angle (P = 0.001), and nasal tip projection to nasal dorsum length ratio (NTP/NDL) (P = 0.001). Conversely, the comparison of the postoperative and preoperative design measurements showed mostly no statistically significant differences. Thus, utilizing autologous costal cartilage is a reliable approach with predictable and consistent results in secondary cleft rhinoplasty.