重症监护病房医院感染流行病学调查及预防

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染流行病学的特征和相关因素，为预防控制医院感染提供依据，方法：对2002年1月～2004年12月收治的319例ICU患者进行医院感染回顾性调查。结果：ICU医院感染发生率17，24％，常见感染部位前5位的是下呼吸道感染50．9l％、上呼吸道感染20．00％、泌尿道感染9．09r‰、胃肠遭感染7．27％、血液感染5，45％；分离出病原菌29株，革兰阴性菌占62．07％；居前3位的是假单胞菌31．03％、金黄色葡萄球菌20．69％、不动杆菌17，24％；医院感染的危险因素是使用呼吸机、泌尿道插管、动静脉插管、留ICU时间长。结论：ICU医院感染发生率高；病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主；应针对相关危险因索和常见医院感染进行预防。     

Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection associated with exposure to a respiratory therapist.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and control a nosocomial outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection. DESIGN: Outbreak investigation and case-control study. SETTNG: A 260-bed community hospital. PATIENTS: Participants were mechanically ventilated intensive care patients without cystic fibrosis. A case was defined as a hospitalized patient with a sputum culture positive for B. cepacia between January 1 and November 6, 1998. METHODS: Respiratory therapy infection control policies and practices were reviewed; laboratory and environmental studies and a retrospective case-control study were conducted. Case-patients were matched with control-patients on age, gender, diagnosis, and type of intensive care unit. RESULTS: Nine case-patients were identified; B. cepacia likely caused pneumonia in seven and colonization in two. Two respiratory therapy practices probably contributed to the transmission of B. cepacia: multidose albuterol vials were used among several patients, and nebulizer assemblies often were not dried between uses. B. cepacia was grown from cultures of three previously opened multidose vials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of B. cepacia from seven case-patients and two multidose vials were indistinguishable. Case-patients had longer durations of heated humidified mechanical ventilation (mean, 9.8 days vs 4.4 days; P=.03) and were more likely to have exposure to one particular respiratory therapist than controls (odds ratio, undefined; 95% confidence interval, 4.7-infinity; P=.001). The association with the respiratory therapist, a temporary employee, persisted after controlling for duration of heated humidified ventilation. No new B. cepacia infections were identified after control measures were implemented. CONCLUSIONS: B. cepacia probably was transmitted among patients through use of extrinsically contaminated multidose albuterol vials. Respiratory therapy departments must pay close attention to infection control practices, particularly among new or temporary staff.     

Surveillance results of nosocomial infections of the ICU in Kenézy Hospital, based on two years data

INTRODUCTION: According to data in the literature, the number of nosocomial infections in the ICU is far higher than in non-ICU patients. As a result of improving lifesaving technologies, the risk of nosocomial infections increases in ICUs. Utilization of epidemiological methods is recommended for the detection and follow up of nosocomial infections. Aims: Prospective surveillance to assess the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in an ICU. METHODS: Kenézy Hospital is a country hospital with 1637 beds and a 16-bed central ICU. During the investigated period (01. 04. 2004-31. 03. 2006) 1490 patients, with a total 8058 ICU days, were hospitalised in the mixed medical-surgical ICU. The commonest primary diagnosis were respiratory failure, multiple trauma and head injury. Surveillance was performed by a trained infection control nurse and was supervised by an infection control physician and infectious disease physician. CDC definitions were used to define nosocomial infections. RESULTS: A total of 194 nosocomial infections in 134 patients were detected during the study period. The overall incidence and incidence density of nosocomial infections were 13.0 per 100 patients and 24.0 per 1000 patient-days. Respiratory tract infections (44.3%) were the most frequent nosocomial infection, followed by urinary tract (21.1%) and bloodstream infections (20.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial surveillance is useful in detecting nosocomial infections in ICU. A multidisciplinary approach and partnership between the physicians and infection control nurses is needed. Patient-to-nurse ratio is an independent risk factor for nosocomial infections in intensive care, this must be kept in mind when planning rationalization of the number of nursing staff.     

Cost–Benefit Analysis of Preventing Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections among Hemodialysis Patients in Canada in 2004

Objectives:  Hemodialysis-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) is a significant public health problem because the number of hemodialysis patients in Canada had doubled from 1996 to 2005.Our study aimed to determine the costs of nosocomial BSIs in Canada and estimate the investment expenses for establishing infection control programs in general hospitals and conduct cost–benefit analysis.
Materials and Methods:  The data from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program was used to estimate the incidence rate of nosocomial BSI. We used Canadian Institute of Health Information data to estimate the extra costs of BSIs per stay across Canada in 2004. The cost of establishing and maintaining an infection control program in 1985 was estimated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and converted into 2004 Canadian costs. The possible 20% to 30% reduction of total nosocomial BSIs was hypothesized.
Results:  A total of 2524 hemodialysis-associated BSIs were projected among 15,278 hemodialysis patients in Canada in 2004. The total annual costs to treat BSIs were estimated to be CDN$49.01 million. Total investment costs in prevention and human resources were CDN$8.15 million. The savings of avoidable medical costs after establishing infection control programs were CDN$14.52 million. The benefit/cost ratio was 1.0 to 1.8:1.
Conclusion:  Our study provides evidence that the economic benefit from implementing infection control programs could be expected to be well in excess of additional cost postinfection if the reduction of BSI can be reduced by 20% to 30%. Infection control offered double benefits: saving money while simultaneously improving the quality of care.     

医院感染发生的横断面研究

目的 了解医院感染的现状及抗菌药物的使用情况,更加有效地预防和控制医院感染的发生和流行,进一步提高医院管理工作质量,降低医院感染发生率方法 采用横断面研究方法,选取某一时点的所有住院患者,以床旁调查与病案调查相结合,填写统一的个案调查表,再用SPSS11.5统计软件进行数据分析结果 共调查住院患者360人,发生医院感染12例,发生率为3.33%;医院感染发生较高的部位依次为下呼吸道、上呼吸道、泌尿道和手术切口;医院感染相关因素中,不同年龄组医院感染发生率的差别具有统计学意义（χ2=5.708,P＜0.05）;是否采取相关导管操作的医院感染发生率的差别具有统计学意义（χ2=5.999,P＜0.05）;是否为手术操作医院感染发生率的差别具有统计学意义（χ2=4.793,P＜0.05）;12例医院感染病例中7例做了病原学检查,病原体送检率为58.33%,检出病原体主要是G-菌;调查360例中,使用抗菌药物184例,抗菌药物使用率为51.11%结论 通过医院感染发生的横断面研究,能及时发现存在问题,找出医院感染控制的薄弱环节和感染源,为有的放矢制定医院感染预防与控制措施提供可靠依据.     

Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, 2005

The objectives of the first national prevalence survey on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Finland were to assess the extent of HAI, distribution of HAI types, causative organisms, prevalence of predisposing factors and use of antimicrobial agents. The voluntary survey was performed during February-March 2005 in 30 hospitals, including tertiary and secondary care hospitals and 10 (25%) other acute care hospitals in the country. The overall prevalence of HAI was 8.5% (703/8234). Surgical site infection was the most common HAI (29%), followed by urinary tract infection (19%) and primary bloodstream infection or clinical sepsis (17%). HAI prevalence was higher in males, among intensive care and surgical patients, and increased with age and severity of underlying illness. The most common causative organisms, identified in 56% (398/703) of patients with HAIs, were Escherichia coli (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%) and Enterococcus faecalis (9%). HAIs caused by multi-resistant microbes were rare (N = 6). A total of 122 patients were treated in contact isolation due to the carriage of multi-resistant microbes. At the time of the survey, 19% of patients had a urinary catheter, 6% central venous line and 1% were ventilated. Antimicrobial treatment was given to 39% of patients. These results can be used for prioritising infection control measures and planning more detailed incidence surveillance of HAI. The survey was a useful tool to increase the awareness of HAI in participating hospitals and to train infection control staff in diagnosing HAIs.     

Nosocomial H1N1 infection during 2010-2011 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study from a tertiary referral hospital

This study aimed to estimate the incidence of hospital transmission of influenza A subtype H1N1 [A(H1N1)], to identify high-risk areas for such transmission and to evaluate common characteristics of affected patients. In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, 10 patients met the criteria for hospital-acquired A(H1N1) infection over a three-month period. All affected patients required an escalation of their care and the mortality rate was 20%. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of nosocomial A(H1N1) infection that exists despite routine infection control measures and should consider additional control measures including vaccination of hospital inpatients and healthcare staff.     

脊柱外科患者医院感染因素分析及护理对策

目的 探讨脊柱外科患者发生医院感染的相关因素,制定预防与控制医院感染的对策.方法 对2006年1月-2010年12月脊柱外科医院感染患者的情况进行统计分析.结果 4057例住院患者中发生医院感染282例、314例次,医院感染率6.95％、例次感染率7.74％;不同原发疾病中骨折脱位、退行性改变的感染率为11.80％、5.22％;感染部位主要为下呼吸道、泌尿道、上呼吸道,分别占35.67％、30.57％、14.01％;医院感染与患者年龄、住院时间、截瘫程度、手术及侵入性操作有关(P＜0.01).结论 针对引发医院感染的相关因素采取相应的预防和控制对策,加强基础护理,严格无菌操作及手卫生,减少医院感染.     

2017-2019年某医院综合ICU医院感染目标监测分析

目的分析某医院综合重症医学科(ICU)医院感染目标性监测情况。方法对2017-2019年宁夏回族自治区人民医院ICU目标性监测数据,包括医院感染发病率、医院感染部位分布、三管使用及其相关感染、医院感染病原菌分布等进行回顾性分析。结果共监测ICU患者4953例,医院感染发病率为6.42%,医院感染例次发病率为8.46%;感染部位以呼吸系统为主占73.03%;泌尿道插管相关泌尿道感染(CAUTI)、血管导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)感染发病率分别为1.50‰、2.46‰和13.66‰;检出病原菌356株,前三位依次为鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。结论医院ICU医院感染发病率较高,感染部位以呼吸系统为主,分离病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,总器械使用率高,提示临床应严格留置导管指征,对VAP等医院感染高危因素及时采取有效地预防措施,降低感染风险,保障患者安全。     

9369份住院病历医院感染调查分析及对策

目的了解医院感染的临床特点,探讨其危险因素,为制定医院感染控制措施提供理论依据。方法对2006年1月~2007年12月住院患者发生医院感染的486例患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果医院感染发生率5.19%,感染部位上呼吸道271例占55.8%、下呼吸道107例占22.00%、泌尿道46例占9.46%、胃肠道33例占6.79%、皮肤软组织10例占2.05%、手术切口6例占1.23%、其他13例占2.67%;年龄、住院时间长、侵入性诊疗操作、免疫抑制剂、激素、滥用抗菌药物、糖尿病、血液心血管等基础疾病是医院感染重要危险因素;医院感染的主要病原菌依次是铜绿假单胞菌、真菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。结论加强医院感染危险因素的认识和干预措施,才能有效降低医院感染的发生。     

苏州地区2004-2008年医院感染调查分析

目的 探讨苏州地区医院感染流行状况及临床分离菌株的耐药特点,为预防与控制医院感染提供科学依据.方法 采用回顾性的调查方法 ,对苏州地区2004-2008年32所医院住院患者医院感染进行调查分析.结果 苏州地区5年医院感染发生率为2.6%,医院感染发生率最高的科室为重症监护病房(16.1%),最常见的部位为下呼吸道(40.5%);男性构成比高于女性(57.4% vs 42.6%),年龄＞60岁的患者医院感染发生率(45.3%)最高,5～14岁的患者医院感染发生率(2.9%)最低;医院感染常见的危险因素为慢性基础疾病、恶性肿瘤、泌尿道插管与气管切开、插管及放化疗,医院感染病原菌中,革兰阴性菌感染率最高(46.2%),真菌呈逐年上升趋势(29.9%);医院感染菌耐药率均较高,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌阳性率为22.8%、17.9%,MRSA、MRSE阳性率分别为44.4%、55.4%.结论 医院感染形势严峻,需采取合理措施控制医院感染,降低病原菌耐药率.     

NICU医院感染分析及预防治疗措施

目的 了解某医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)医院感染现状,以加强前瞻性监控,减少NICU医院感染发生.方法 采取回顾性和前瞻性相结合的调查方法,对NICU 2007-2010年4811例出院患儿的临床资料进行调查分析.结果 4年中发生医院感染101例、106例次,感染率为2.10％、例次感染率为2.20％;2007-2010年感染率分别为2.28％、3.14％、1.61％、1.62％;不同年份NICU部位感染率不同,4年平均感染部位中以呼吸系统发生率最高,其中下呼吸道占25.47％,上呼吸道占17.92％;4年平均季度感染率中,第四季度最高、第三季度最低,分别为3.07％、0.95％.结论 加强前瞻性监测并采取一系列控制措施可有效降低医院感染的发生.     

肿瘤患者医院感染相关因素的调查

目的了解肿瘤患者医院感染发病情况,以制定有效的防控措施。方法回顾性调查2000~2004年住院病历25 005份,逐份进行查阅分析。结果5年出院25 005例,发生医院感染1 238例(1 376例次),感染率为5.0%(5.5%),各感染部位以呼吸道为最高46.8%,医院感染与年龄、住院时间、原发肿瘤疾病、死亡率等有关,化疗科医院感染率最高7.9%,明显高于外科、放疗科;真菌感染率呈逐年上升趋势。结论必须持续改进、落实医院感染的监控措施,特别是化疗、放疗、呼吸道感染和真菌感染患者的重点监测和管理。     

湖北省25所医院ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的 了解湖北省医院重症监护病房（ICU）患者医院感染现状特点,为医院感染防控措施的制定提供依据。方法 采用前瞻性调查方法对湖北省25所医院ICU患者进行医院感染目标性监测,数据录入全国医院感染监测与数据直报系统,采用Excel 2010进行统计学分析。结果 共监测24 957例患者,医院感染发病率为3.71%,医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占73.41%。呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）、血管导管相关血流感染（CRBSI）、导尿管相关尿路感染（CAUTI）发病率分别为11.36‰、1.23‰、1.29‰。926例感染患者共分离出950株病原菌,以革兰阴性菌为主（76.53%）。前5位病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌(22.63%)、肺炎克雷伯菌（17.26%）、铜绿假单胞菌(11.79%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.95%)、大肠埃希菌（6.21%）。结论 侵入性操作是ICU患者医院感染的高风险因素,其中以VAP感染发病率最高。医院感染病原菌耐药情况较重,应持续监测并采取相应干预措施控制医院感染。     

2005-2010年综合医院医院感染情况分析

目的 了解和掌握某综合医院2005-2010年的医院感染情况,为有效地做好医院感染控制与管理工作提供理论依据.方法 对2005-2010年在该院住院的所有患者的医院感染情况进行回顾性调查分析.结果 6年共发生医院感染121例,各年度医院感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);不同科室医院感染发生率不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);感染部位居前3位的依次为下呼吸道、胃肠道、上呼吸道,分别占39.68％、22.22％、14.29％;不同季节住院患者医院感染发病率不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 加强重点科室及重点部位的医院感染管理,提高医院感染诊断水平和病原学送检率,开展目标性监测,是基层综合医院医院感染管理工作努力的方向.     

无缝隙护理管理对妇产科患者院内感染发生率及护理满意度的影响

目的探讨无缝隙护理管理对妇产科患者院内感染发生率及护理满意度的影响。方法将我院妇产科2017年6月至2019年6月收治的60例患者随机分为两组各30例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用无缝隙护理管理,比较两组患者的院内感染发生率及护理满意度。结果观察组的院内感染发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的医护态度、医护水平、健康教育及心理护理满意度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论无缝隙护理管理可降低妇产科患者院内感染发生率,提高患者的护理满意度。     

Intensive care unit outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae controlled by cohorting patients and reinforcing infection control measures.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the intensive care units (ICUs) of a hospital and the impact of routine and reinforced infection control measures on interrupting nosocomial transmission. DESIGN: Outbreak report. SETTING: A 31-bed intensive care department (composed of 4 ICUs) in a university hospital in Belgium. INTERVENTION: After routine infection control measures (based on biweekly surveillance cultures and contact precautions) failed to interrupt a 2-month outbreak of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, reinforced infection control measures were implemented. The frequency of surveillance cultures was increased to daily sampling. Colonized patients were moved to a dedicated 6-bed ICU, where they received cohorted care with the support of additional nurses. Two beds were closed to new admissions in the intensive care department. Meetings between the ICU and infection control teams were held every day. Postdischarge disinfection of rooms was enforced. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use was discouraged. RESULTS: Compared with a baseline rate of 0.44 cases per 1,000 patient-days for nosocomial transmission, the incidence peaked at 11.57 cases per 1,000 patient-days (October and November 2005; rate ratio for peak vs baseline, 25.46). The outbreak involved 30 patients, of whom 9 developed an infection. Bacterial genotyping disclosed that the outbreak was polyclonal, with 1 predominant genotype. Reinforced infection control measures lasted for 50 days. After the implementation of these measures, the incidence fell to 0.08 cases per 1,000 patient-days (rate ratio for after the outbreak vs during the outbreak, 0.11). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that, in an intensive care department in which routine screening and contact precautions failed to prevent and interrupt an outbreak of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, reinforced infection control measures controlled the outbreak without major disruption of medical care.     

Nosocomial respiratory infections

Nosocomial respiratory infections, including influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus disease, respiratory syncytial virus, psittacosis, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and fungal disease, have been widely reported in the medical literature. To estimate the relative risk of acquiring them and to determine their characteristics, data from 117 U. S. hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Study of the Center for Disease Control were analyzed for the calendar years 1970–1973. These data showed the following: (1) The over-all nosocomial infection rate for discharged patients was approximately 5%, and the over-all nosocomial respiratory infection rate was approximately 0.6%, or 17% of total nosocomial infections. (2) The majority of respiratory infections were in patients on surgical services. (3) A total of 27,409 organisms were isolated from patients with these respiratory infections, with gram-negative organisms accounting for two to three times more disease than gram-positive organisms. (4) The seasonal variation in disease was minor, with greatest incidence occurring in late winter and lowest in midsummer. Recommendations for controlling these infections effectively begin with the establishment of an ongoing surveillance program to define the problem. Then, direct control measures should be applied to assist the host in developing or maintaining resistance to infection, to control reservoirs of infection, and to interrupt the routes of transmission.     

神经内科医院内感染调查分析及影响因素

[目的]探讨神经内科医院内感染的临床特点和相关危险因素。[方法]连续纳入2006.12～2010.12年800例神经内科患者,记录相关临床资料,采用Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。[结果]共发生64例医院内感染,感染率为8.0%,其中缺血性卒中、出血性卒中患者感染率最高,分别为9.6%、9.1%。感染部位以呼吸道为主,下呼吸道感染占45.3%,上呼吸道占32.8%;其次是泌尿道感染,占10.9%。多因素分析结果显示,发病年龄≥60岁、高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、烟酒史、住院时间≥20d、意识昏迷、应用广谱抗生素、气管插管及留置尿管是神经内科住院患者医院内感染的独立危险因素。[结论]神经内科病人医院内感染患者主要以脑血管疾病为主,部位主要是呼吸道,影响感染的因素主要有年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥20d、意识昏迷、基础性疾病、侵入性操作及抗生素的不合理使用,应加强基础护理和治疗,严格无菌操作并控制抗生素的不合理使用。     

糖尿病下呼吸道医院感染临床特点分析

目的探讨糖尿病下呼吸道医院感染的病原学特征及危险因素。方法对2002-2005年内科住院糖尿病患者,下呼吸道医院感染状况进行回顾性分析。结果糖尿病并发下呼吸道医院感染的病原菌以G^-杆菌为主,占54.5%,G^＋球菌占35.7%,真菌占9.8%,感染的危险因素包括高龄、高血糖、意识障碍、乱用抗菌药物、吸氧、侵入性治疗等。结论糖尿病医院获得性下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌为G^-杆菌;警惕危险因素,加强监控意识,是成功救治危重糖尿病患者的关键。