原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连的内镜治疗

目的探讨内镜治疗原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连的临床应用。方法采用改良的全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗157例浸润性膀胱癌患者，男性144例，女性13例。术后发现11例患者因输尿管末端互相粘连或与新膀胱壁粘连而导致上尿路积水，遂行经尿道内镜下切断粘连带。结果内镜治疗术中术后均无明显并发症，随访9～36个月（中位14个月），10例肾功能和积水程度明显改善，1例稳定。1例在积水缓解后7个月再次复发，发现输尿管肠吻合口狭窄，行开放手术作输尿管新膀胱再植，随访18个月，积水改善。结论原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连是上尿路积水的原因之一，常规膀胱镜检有利于诊断，经尿道内镜下切断粘连带是较为简单有效地治疗方法。     

改良全膀胱切除-原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效(附12例报告)

目的：评价改良全膀胱切除方法和原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法：对12例膀胱癌患者行改良全膀胱切除术．顺行分离膀胱顶部、侧壁上半部、底部,切断输尿管后改逆行分离。示指紧贴前列腺包膜将前列腺与直肠分开后,向上向外将膀胱颈部侧韧带和精囊尾的纤维束钩于示指掌握之中,切断并结扎。女性患者保留内生殖器及尿道内口。尿流改道采用原位回肠新膀胱术,并就手术并发症、术后控尿排尿情况、新膀胱容量、影像学和生化检查进行随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均35个月。结果：切除膀胱时间平均80min,术中平均出血450ml。原位回肠新膀胱控尿、排尿良好,术后静脉尿路造影、B超检查未见上尿路扩张,膀胱造影未发现输尿管反流,血生化检查正常,未发现新膀胱或尿道肿瘤复发。结论：改良膀胱切除术-原位回肠新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

马蹄形肾并右输尿管癌、右肾重度积水和对侧输尿管结石1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨马蹄形肾并一侧输尿管癌、重度肾积水和对侧输尿管结石的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1例马蹄形肾并右输尿管癌、右肾重度积水和对侧输尿管结石患者的临床资料,行右肾及输尿管全段切除和膀胱部分切除术,马蹄形肾峡部切断,左侧输尿管结石ESWL,术后定期行膀胱灌注和膀胱镜检查。结果：随访9个月余无复发。结论：马蹄形肾并输尿管癌的诊断主要依靠静脉尿路造影、B超、CT和病理检查,治疗以手术为佳,术后行膀胱灌注和膀胱镜检查能有效预防膀胱癌复发,并发的对侧输尿管结石行ESWI．是安全有效的。     

输尿管镜在腹腔镜子宫切除术输尿管损伤诊治中的应用

目的探讨输尿管硬镜在腹腔镜子宫切除术后输尿管损伤中的应用价值。方法 2010年1月~2015年12月,我院行腹腔镜子宫切除术578例,术后怀疑输尿管损伤23例,行输尿管镜检查,12例证实输尿管损伤,留置F6双J管3个月。结果 12例术后随访3~26个月,平均19个月。术后3个月拔双J管,10例患侧尿路连续性恢复,B超检查未见肾盂积水,2例输尿管梗阻,行输尿管膀胱再植术。结论腹腔镜子宫切除术后怀疑输尿管损伤,应尽早输尿管镜探查,成功留置双J管可使部分患者避免开放手术。     

截断式输尿管末端切除治疗输尿管口周围肿瘤

目的 探讨经尿道切除输尿管口周围膀胱肿瘤的有效方法。方法回顾性分析2021年1月至2021年10月期间中国人民解放军总医院泌尿外科医学部收治的15例接受截断式输尿管末端切除术患者的临床资料。所有肿瘤边缘距离输尿管口均在0.5 cm以内。所有患者均行β刀截断式输尿管末端切除术,术后定期随访。统计并分析手术时间、出血量、闭孔神经反射发生率、膀胱肿瘤复发、肾积水情况等。结果 15例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间10～32 min,平均(21.1±6.2)min,均未发生闭孔神经反射及围手术期出血。患者术后均留置6F输尿管支架管,术后1个月应用膀胱镜拔出。术后病理均为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,其中低级别12例、高级别3例,肿瘤基底部及切缘均为阴性。患者均接受6～15个月的随访,平均(10.7±3.3)个月,未见上尿路积水和输尿管、肾盂肿瘤及膀胱肿瘤复发。结论 截断式输尿管末端切除术治疗输尿管口周围膀胱肿瘤具有手术解剖清晰、切除范围精准、并发症少的特点,在彻底切除肿瘤的基础上能够保留输尿管膀胱壁内段的形态和功能,是治疗输尿管口周围膀胱肿瘤安全、有效的新术式。     

腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植术

目的探讨腹腔镜下输尿管膀胱再植术治疗输尿管末端狭窄的可行性和疗效。方法全麻下经腹腔途径腹腔镜下采用膀胱外输尿管壁潜行抗返流吻合法行输尿管膀胱再植术,游离输尿管,于梗阻上方切断,膀胱半充盈状态下斜行切开膀胱后侧壁肌层,向两侧分离肌间沟。膨出的膀胱黏膜上做一小切口,在输尿管无明显张力、扭曲情况下,将输尿管与膀胱黏膜间断缝合,间断缝合膀胱肌层并捎带输尿管外膜,将长3~4 cm输尿管末端潜行包埋于肌间沟。结果 9例手术均获成功。手术时间90~135 min,平均112 min;术中出血量30~50 ml,平均40 ml;术中和术后未输血。术后住院时间4~7 d,平均6 d。术后1个月拔除双J管。术中及术后均未发生严重并发症。9例随访3~13个月,平均7个月,B超、静脉肾盂造影和(或)磁共振尿路成像显示无吻合口狭窄,5例肾积水消失,4例肾积水、肾盂分离由术前(19±4)mm下降至术后(11±2)mm,膀胱造影无输尿管返流。结论腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植手术治疗输尿管末端狭窄可行,具有创伤小、恢复快、近期疗效确切等优点。     

小儿先天性膀胱憩室

目的 总结先天性膀胱憩室患儿的诊疗特点.方法 回顾性分析22例先天性膀胱憩室患儿的临床资料.均为男童,年龄7 d～12岁,平均3.5岁.临床表现排尿困难、尿潴留、反复尿路感染等症状,均经排尿性膀胱尿道造影检查确诊.18例25根输尿管合并膀胱输尿管反流,术前18例行IVU检查,上尿路正常7例,上尿路扩张积水10例,右肾发育不良1例.结果 22例均行憩室切除、膀胱修复术,合并膀胱输尿管反流者同期行输尿管膀胱再吻合术.17例随访6个月～11年,平均4.5年,患儿临床症状均消失,憩室无复发.14例原膀胱输尿管反流者,反流消失12例,1例有Ⅰ度反流者,保守治疗半年反流消失,1例仍有双侧膀胱输尿管反流,行膀胱造瘘术后半年,目前仍在随访中.IVU复查12例,上尿路积水好转7例,积水无变化3例,2例左肾不显影者术后仍不显影.结论 小儿先天性膀胱憩室较少见,但可引起上尿路严重损害甚至危及生命,早期诊断、早期合理治疗是提高疗效的关键.     

改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术(附9例报告)

目的探讨改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法采用改良全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌9例,均为男性,年龄40～64岁,平均55岁。尿路上皮癌8例,按WHO分级标准,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级3例;腺鳞癌1例。肿瘤多发6例,均为尿路上皮癌,肿瘤最大径1.5～11.0cm。TNM临床分期:T2N0M07例,T3N0M01例,T4N1M01例。结果手术时间210～330min,平均260min。术中出血量200～800ml。输血5例,输血量400～600ml。病理分期:T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M01例,T4aN0M02例,T4N2M01例。9例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间10～64个月。7例无瘤生存,肾功能良好;2例术后2年死亡(1例腺鳞癌者死于全身转移,1例死于意外事故)。所有病例白天控尿均良好,夜间控尿良好5例,剩余尿量0～50ml。1例术后出现上尿路扩张积液、肾功能不全,为两侧输尿管末端粘连所致,经内镜下粘连松解后积液消退,肾功能恢复正常。2例年龄<50岁者,术后6个月有阴茎勃起,服用西地那非片可完成性活动。结论改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法之一。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例病例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min(平均240 min),术中出血量150～450 ml(平均220 m1)。术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月。30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398ml,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿; 2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移。其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水。结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快．术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例.对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结.结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min（平均240 min）,术中出血量150～450mL（平均220 mL）.术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月.30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398mL,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿;2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移.其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式.     

Upper urinary tract dilation due to conglutination of intraluminal distal ureters after orthotopic neobladder with split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplants: Early results of 8 cases

ObjectiveWe reviewed our experience with dilation of the upper urinary tract caused by the conglutination of distal ureters after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using the split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplant technique.Materials and methodsFrom January 2000 to April 2007, 250 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. Ureterointestinal anastomosis was performed using the split-cuff nipple technique in 291 renoureteral units. The patients from a single center were followed up for a mean period of 8 months (range 1–22) after surgery. We incised the conglutination band using a transurethral endoscope. Patient characteristics, endoscopic technique, measurement of serum creatinine levels, and results of ultrasonography, cystoscopy, and excretory urography were collected.ResultsHydronephrosis was found in 8 patients (14 renoureteral units) due to the conglutination of the distal ureters to each other (n = 6) or to the neobladder wall (n = 2). After the incision procedure, seven patients had obvious improvement in renal function and hydronephrosis, and their symptoms disappeared. In 1 patient, hydronephrosis developed again because of ureteroenteric stenosis after 7 months and was resolved by open surgical revision. The hydronephrosis had improved greatly in this patient by 5 months after revision.ConclusionConglutination of the distal ureters is a cause of hydronephrosis after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using the reimplant technique with the split-cuff nipple. Cystoscopy is mandatory in following up patients who have hydronephrosis with the split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplant technique, not only to confirm the diagnosis but to treat the complication by incising the conglutination band. Continued follow-up is required to evaluate the long-term results of this treatment.     

Results of the ureteral reimplantation with serous-lined extramural tunnel in orthotopic ileal W-neobladder

Background: Our experience in uretero‐ileal anastomosis using the serous‐lined extramural tunnel in orthotopic ileal W‐neobladder is presented. Methods: Between June 1998 and November 2001, 42 patients (40 men and two women) underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder for invasive bladder cancer. The ureters were reimplanted into serous‐lined extramural tunnels as described by Abol‐Enein and Ghoneim. However, we made minor modifications during the ureteral reimplantation in cases that necessitated distal ureteral excision and with grossly dilated ureters. Evaluation included clinical and radiographic studies to determine functional and oncological outcomes. Results: There was no operative mortality. The mean follow‐up period was 28 months (range 12–52). Early complications occurred in four patients (9.5%). An endarterectomy for acute popliteal arterial embolism, the excision of the pouchointestinal fistula and a temporary colostomy were performed in two of these four patients. The other two patients were treated conservatively. Late complications occurred in eight patients (19%). Reflux was observed in three renal units (3.7%), ureterointestinal strictures in another three renal units (3.7%) and urethroileal stenosis in two patients (4.8%). In all cases, stabilization or improvement of renal function was achieved. No metabolic complications were observed. Conclusions: Ileal W‐neobladder with a serous‐lined extramural tunnel is a safe, reliable form of lower urinary tract reconstruction. The method can be carried out with equal ease in grossly dilated ureters and in cases that necessitate distal ureteral excision.     

膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术后输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的处理

目的：探讨膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术后输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的处理方法。方法：我科自2003年1月～2012年6月采用膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗395例膀胱癌患者。术后发生输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄10例,采用输尿管镜扩张、内镜下逆行／经皮穿刺顺行球囊扩张、内镜下狭窄段内切开、开放输尿管膀胱再植术,并留置双J管3～6个月。结果：本组10例中,1例（1处）因导丝不能通过狭窄段而改行开放手术,术后随访36个月,肾积水明显改善。其余9例（11处）采用腔内技术处理,其中3例（4处）采用输尿管镜扩张,2例（3处）采用内镜下狭窄段内切开,4例（4处）采用内镜下逆行／经皮穿刺顺行球囊扩张。术后随访9～72个月（中位25个月）。5例（7处）肾积水明显改善,2例（2处）肾积水长期随访无加重,2例（2处,狭窄段长分别为1．2cm、1．5cm）再发狭窄,遂采用开放手术,分别随访16及24个月,肾积水改善。结论：腔内技术操作简单,创伤小,可作为输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的首选治疗方案。开放手术仍然是治疗输尿管肠吻合口狭窄的金标准。对于狭窄段〉1cm的患者,应首先考虑开放手术。     

Wallace direct versus anti-reflux Le Duc ureteroileal anastomosis: comparative analysis in modified Studer orthotopic neobladder reconstruction

Objectives: To investigate and compare Wallace direct ureteroileal anastomosis with Le Duc anti‐reflux procedure in modified Studer orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy. Methods: A total of 72 consecutive patients who underwent modified Studer orthotopic bladder reconstruction after a radical cystectomy for bladder cancer were investigated. They were examined for vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and pyelonephritis at 6 months after surgery according to the type of ureteroileal anastomosis. Results: Vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 29 ureters (38.2%) after the Wallace procedure compared to six ureters (9.6%) with the Le Duc (P < 0.05). Hydronephrosis was detected in 12 ureters (18.8%) in the Le Duc patients compared to seven (9%) in the Wallace patients (P > 0.05). Six months after the operation, all three patients with vesicoureteral reflux‐related hydronephrosis improved using clean intermittent catheterization in the Le Duc patients; five of seven patients were cured by clean intermittent catheterization and two improved without any treatment in the Wallace patients. Seven of nine cases of ureteroileal anastomosis stenosis causing hydronephrosis were cured without any treatment but one case resulted in a non‐functional kidney despite treatment of the stenosis. Conclusions: Direct ureteroileal anastomosis using the Wallace method is effective for minimizing ureteroileal anastomosis stenosis and it represents a simple surgical procedure when combined with a modified Studer procedure.     

Orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction in patients with recurring bladder cancer after renal transplantation – a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Abstract:  Renal transplant recipients have a high risk of developing multiple and invasive urothelial tumors because of long-term immunosuppression and infections with oncogenic viruses in China. However, treatment of renal transplant recipients who developed invasive bladder tumor is challenging. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction following radical cystectomy in renal transplant recipients. Orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction and preservation of the transplanted kidney were performed in two patients after one and 36 months of transplantation, respectively. One recipient was lacking a bladder because of prior cystectomy before the transplantation, and the other developed multiple and invasive bladder cancer after the transplantation. During the 14-month and seven-yr follow-up postoperation, no serious complications occurred except slight hydronephrosis in one patient. No rejection and graft dysfunction occurred in both patients with reduced dosage of immunosuppressants, and serum creatinine as a marker of renal function remained stable. Urinary continence was satisfactory during the day and night with voluntary voiding. Our experience showed that radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction in transplant patients with stable renal function is a safe and effective way to provide better quality of life, satisfactory urinary diversion and preservation of renal function simultaneously.     

浆膜间隧道技术在尿路重建中的临床应用

目的 评价浆膜问隧道技术在原位膀胱、可控尿流改道和回肠代输尿管成形术中的临床应用效果. 方法浆膜间隧道技术是将重建输出道或再植输尿管置于储尿囊的回肠壁浆膜之间以达到可控或者抗反流的目的 .应用浆膜间隧道技术在原位回肠膀胱重建患者中行输尿管再植31例,可控回肠膀胱重建患者中行可控瓣成形和输尿管再植13例,回肠代输尿管成形患者中在输尿管近端应用该技术抗反流3例. 结果平均随访27(12～132)个月.88根植入回肠新膀胱或可控膀胱的输尿管功能良好,造影显示无梗阻或反流,13例可控瓣12例无漏尿,3例回肠输尿管成形患者造影均无回肠输尿管反流,IVU显示肾积水较前明显好转. 结论应用浆膜问隧道技术进行输尿管再植和可控瓣成形临床效果良好,可以作为尿路重建中的常规应用.     

Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder Reconstruction after Renal Transplant

Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion is an effective curative treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. The orthotopic ileal neobladder has become a favorable choice of urinary diversion as it offers superior quality of life, cosmetic outcome and the potential for normal voiding. We treated two patients with bladder cancer who previously underwent renal transplant for end-stage renal disease. Radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction was performed in both patients. One patient had two renal transplants and underwent transplant nephrectomy at the time of cystectomy. In the other patient, the native kidneys were still present and the ureters were anastomosed to the neobladder. There is excellent function of the neobladder. There were no increased complications seen in these patients. Our cases demonstrate that an orthotopic ileal neobladder is safe and feasible after renal transplant and should be offered to these patients.     

Evaluation of direct versus non-refluxing technique and functional results in orthotopic Y-ileal neobladder after 12 years of follow up

OBJECTIVES: We report on the long-term functional results of the orthotopic Y-ileal neobladder and compare the outcome of the antireflux technique for ureteral implantation versus direct anastomosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2002, 120 patients underwent cystoprostatectomy and orthotopic Y-shaped ileal neobladder for invasive bladder carcinoma. The direct Nesbit technique for ureteral reimplantation was applied in 58 patients (group 1) and in 62 patients the ureters were reimplanted using the Le Duc antirefluxing technique (group 2). The mean follow-up period was 72 months (range, 36-144 months). RESULTS: Of 62 patients who underwent the Le Duc technique, six (9.7%) had unilateral uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture and four (6.5%) had reflux. Of 58 patients who underwent direct anastomosis, six (10.3%) patients had unilateral reflux, four of them had dilated ureters preoperatively and no patient had uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture. The incidence of stricture formation in the Le Duc technique is significantly higher than direct anastomosis (P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the overall incidence of reflux in both groups. However, the incidence of reflux in preoperatively dilated ureters was significantly higher in direct ureteral anastomosis than Le Duc technique (40% in group 1 vs 16.7% in group 2; P = 0.045). The incidence of stone formation, azotemia, pyelonephritis and bacteriuria was comparable in both groups. The urodynamic findings showed a mean increase in the neobladder capacity at 6 and 18 months after surgery by 340 and 560 mL, respectively. The mean of the maximum pressure was 22 +/- 10 cm H2O, 18 months after surgery. Daytime and nighttime continence was good or satisfactory in 93.3% and 85.5% of the patients, respectively, after 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The functional and voiding results of a Y-shaped neobladder pouch using 40 cm of ileum are similar to the more sophisticated larger pouches. Direct uretero-ileal anastomosis in orthotopic bladder replacement is more reasonable than the Le Duc antireflux technique in non-dilated ureters. The benefit of the antireflux technique has been overestimated despite of the frequency of stricture formation.     

Experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women: a mid-term follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with orthotopic bladder reconstruction in women, as currently the ileal orthotopic neobladder is the diversion of choice for women requiring a bladder substitute at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From February 1995 to March 2001, 29 women with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma underwent a nerve-sparing radical cystectomy and had an orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstructed. The outcome was evaluated at 2 and 6 months and then yearly, by a clinical history, physical examination, voiding diary, stress test and estimate of functional neobladder capacity. RESULTS: All patients were followed for at least 14 months (mean 27.5); there were no major complications related to the surgery. The mean (range) neobladder capacity 2 months after surgery was 250 (190-320) mL; at 6 months it increased, remaining stable for the remaining follow-up, at 450 (350-700) mL. Four patients (14%) had nocturnal incontinence and one stress urinary incontinence, associated with using three pads per day. Three patients (10%) required catheterization for a postvoid urinary residual of >100 mL. Of the 29 patients, seven died with metastatic disease and three from causes unrelated to the reservoir or bladder cancer. Currently, 19 patients (65%) are alive and disease-free, with a mean follow-up of 35 months. CONCLUSION: Orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women, using 40 cm of ileum, is safe and gives high continence and low urinary retention rates. Therefore, it should be advised as the first option in women with good renal function and a tumour-free bladder neck.