平原人高原最大摄氧量间接计算公式

本文通过对平原男青年快速进入高原(海拔3680m)初期,最大摄氧量(Vo_2max)与多个生理指标的回归分析,推导出三个Vo_2max间接计算公式,复相关系数R分别为0.834,0.813和0.734。发现Vo_2max与体重、身高、屏气时间、肺活量和运动心率有关,以体重的偏相关系数最大,为0.7以上。三个公式中,以公式2的实用性最强,公式3最适于在基层使用。     

不同海拔高度移居者体力变化的研究

采用直接法测试最大摄氧量(Vo_2max)评价心肺功能,用WHO—NCTB评价作业工效。结果表明:移居者空运进入3680m高原后,早期体力下降明显,Vo_2max下降23％,经7～15月适应后,体力可逐步恢复,达到稳定,但Vo_2max仍比平原值低7.97％。4350m移居者各项指标均较3680m移居者低,7月后已达稳定,但Vo_2max比平原下降21％。低氧时3689m移居者作业工效的影响,表现在反应速度变慢,工效下降,而4350m移居者已开始累及记忆功能,提示低氧的蓄积效应。     

最大摄氧量直接测定方法的探讨

测定最大摄氧量(Vo_(2max))的直接法通常要求每个受试者连续完成递增强度的运动直至衰竭。我们在实际工作中发现,衰竭性运动太疲劳,受试者不愿意接受。本研究用跑步机间断性递增强度的运动直接测定了23名男青年的(Vo_(2max))。判断(Vo_(2max))的指征如下:呼吸商达1.15或以上;心率(HR)190次/min左右;在逐渐递增强度的运动中,(Vo_2和心率达到稳定状态。平均(Vo_(2max))为3.081±0.517 L/min(51.4±6.7ml/kg/min)。同一受试者一周内两次(Vo_(2max))测定值具有较好的重复性。因此,我们认为可以用间断性递增运动的方法直接测定(Vo_(2max))。     

最大摄氧量间接测定方法的探讨

54名男受试者(20.3±1.8岁)分别完成了亚极量踏阶运动。用Shephard,Margaria和汪济民的计算公式及Maritz的回归方程法,根据亚极量踏阶运动的心率(HR)和氧耗量(Vo_2)间接估计出最大摄氧量(Vo_(2max))。三种计算公式估计的Vo_(2max)与回归方程法估计值进行了比较。结果表明,汪济民计算式估计的Vo_(2max)更接近回归方程法的估计值。预测Vo_(2max)的亚极量运动的适宜运动强度为70～80%Vo_(2max)。另外,我们还导出由体重和踏阶速度(阶高40cm)推算Vo_2的公式,Vo_2(L/min)=0.02715体重(Kg)+0.01143踏阶速度(次/min)—1.1207。     

心肌细胞对耐力运动的适应

为了提高耐力运动成绩,必须设法提高最大氧耗量(Vo_2 max)。人体Vo_2 max进一步提高的限制因素是循环系统的氧运输能力。研究表明,心输出量与Vo_2 max(ml/min)呈正相关,在峰值Vo_2(PeakVo_2)时,心率已达到最大值,此时只有依赖提高每搏心输出量而进一步提高Vo_2 max,每搏心输出量     

平原人移居高原不同时间不同高度的体力变化

<正> 1 对象与方法 在海拔500m地区随机选择健康男青年60名,在平原完成测试项目后,乘机到达拉萨(海拔3680m),测定其居住8天和7个月后的体力水平。在同一地点,选择年龄、体重与上相似的移居者58人(移居15月和27月者各29人);选择同样条件的藏族世居者57人。分别完成相同项目测试。在错那(海拔4350m)选择移居7月、15月和27月的健康男青年各22名、31名和34名,测试内容同上。 采用自行车功率计作连续逐级递增负荷运动,直至力竭,测受试者的最大摄氧量(Vo_2max)、最大心率(HRmax),同时测受试者的晨脉、身高、体重、肺活量、屏气时间、握力、背力、仰卧起坐、俯卧撑、60m和1000m计时跑时间。2 结果和讨论     

高原人体体力测试及相互比较

本文研究了平原人移居海拔3680m后,不同时间体力状况,并与条件相近的藏族世居者进行了比较。研究结果表明,移居者的屏气时间较短,表明其缺氧耐受力低。低氧环境对60m跑和握力等无氧运动项目的影响不大。世居者与平原人相比,Vo_2rmax等指标均低于平原人,表明即使对低氧环境产生习服的人体,也不可能达到平原水平,机体的代偿调节能力是有限的。移居者的Vo_2rmax和HBmax等经过7～15个月的适应,可接近世居者水平。但1000m跑成绩大大低于世居者,可能是两种人群对Vo_2rmax的利用率不同引起。     

海拔高度对官兵军事作业能力的影响

 目的 探讨海拔高度对官兵军事作业能力的影响。方法 选取平原驻地海拔高度约50 m,高原驻地海拔高度3100、3650、4050 m武警某部官兵,依据GJB1337《士兵体能的测量和评价》,进行踏速为22.5 次/min和30 次/min的踏阶运动,采用Polar V800心率表测量静息心率和踏阶运动心率,测定官兵的体力劳动能力(physical work capacity,PWC170)、最大摄氧量、台阶指数。结果 随着海拔的升高,官兵有氧能力逐步下降,平原驻地官兵PWC170[(1276.9±229.6) kg·m/min]显著高于海拔3100 m[(994.0±230.1) kg·m/min]、3650 m[(962.4±226.7) kg·m/min]和4050 m[(759.2±154.1) kg·m/min],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中高海拔驻地官兵中海拔4050 m PWC170 显著低于海拔3100 m和3650 m(P<0.05),而海拔3100 m和3650 m军人PWC170无统计学差异;平原驻地官兵静息心率低于高海拔地区军人(P<0.05),高原3个海拔的静息心率间无统计学差异;踏阶运动试验中平原官兵的运动心率显著低于高海拔地区运动心率(P<0.05),海拔4050 m官兵运动心率明显高于3100 m和3650 m;最大摄氧量、台阶指数结果显示,海拔越高,结果越低,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 随着海拔的升高,官兵体力劳动能力逐步下降,应采取有针对性的训练指导。     

平原与不同海拔高原军人体力劳动能力比较分析

目的 比较分析平原与不同海拔高原军人体力劳动能力(PWC170)的差异,探讨PWC170作为评价高原军人有氧能力指标的可行性.方法 以平原(海拔500 m,36人)和不同海拔高原(海拔3000 m,30人;海拔3700 m,31人;海拔4300 m,38人)驻防军人为研究对象,依据国军标GJB1337《士兵体能的测量和评价》,进行2种踏速(22.5和30次/min)的踏阶运动,采用Polar V800心率表测量踏阶运动心率,测定军人的PWC170.结果 随海拔高度升高,军人PWC170降低;平原与海拔3000、3700和4300 m高原军人的PWC170分别为1287.7±233.3、993.8±230.9、962.7±233.0和764.6±152.8(kg·m/min),平原与高原比较差异显著(P<0.01),海拔3000、3700 m与4300 m比较差异显著(P<0.001),而海拔3000 m与3700 m比较无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 不同海拔军人PWC170不同,海拔越高PWC170越低,PWC170可作为评价高原军人有氧能力的指标.     

高原低氧对青少年最大氧供给和氧利用的影响

目的:探讨高原低氧对青少年最大氧耗量(VO2max)、最大氧供给量(DO2max)及氧利用的影响。方法:对三个不同海拔高度(2 260m,3 417m,4 300m)各15例健康青少年的氧动力学指标进行测试。用自行车负荷递增法直接测VO2max等气体交换指标;耳氧仪同步记录氧饱和度(SO2);心阻抗法测定最大心指数(CImax)。结果:血红蛋白浓度(Hb)随海拔高度的升高而增大(P<0.05);VO2max、DO2max、CImax和SO2均随海拔升高而下降(P<0.05);三个海拔高度的最大氧摄取率(ERO2)无明显变化;VO2max和DO2max在三个海拔高度及总体样本中均呈显著直线相关(r=0.77、0.71、0.72、0.98,P<0.05)。结论:随海拔高度的升高VO2max、DO2max逐渐下降。高原青少年VO2max降低的原因为DO2max不足,而非氧利用障碍;CImax和SO2的下降是DO2max不足的决定因素,同时也是VO2max降低的主要原因。     

高原气候条件下进行大运动量训练对长跑运动员身体机能的影响

<正> 研究高原气候和高原训练对于人体机能的影响,这对阐明人体的适应机制和合理地安排高原训练都有一定意义。高原气候和高原训练对于人体机能的影响,国内外曾进行了大量的研究。上海生理研究所报导6名青工在2600米高原上     

Acute reduction in maximal oxygen uptake after long-distance running

Nine male marathon runners, 24 to 39 years of age, were studied during steady state and maximal graded treadmill exercise under control conditions (C) and immediately after a paced outdoor 21.1-km run averaging 89.5 min (E). The half-marathon run and both treadmill trials were performed at 239 +/- 33 m/min. Oxygen uptake (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), plasma lactate concentration (PLa), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured in the steady state at 0% grade and at the fatigue end point. Compared to C, mean values in E were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) for time to exhaustion (6.0 vs 4.1 min), VO2max (60.0 vs 56.3 ml/kg/min), peak RER (1.18 vs 1.06), and PLa (9.7 vs 7.8 mM/L), whereas maximal HR (184 vs 184 b/min) and peak RPE (19.6 vs 19.9) were not significantly different between trials. Submaximal VO2 during steady-state runs was similar between C and E (44.4 vs 45.0 ml/kg/min; p = NS). Since the attainable VO2max decreased after E, the percentage of VO2max utilized during steady-state runs was higher, averaging 74% in C and 80% in E (p less than 0.05). In the steady state during E, HR (153 vs 161 b/min) and RPE (13.2 vs 14.8) were higher (p less than 0.05), and the increase in PLa from rest (2.7 vs 1.9 mM/L) was lower (p less than 0.05). Submaximal HR during graded exercise in E was 7 to 8 b/min higher (p less than 0.05) at a given VO2, indicating reduced heart rate reserve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

人在海拔5 380 m高原进行体力活动时耗氧量及血氧饱和度的观察

目的探讨高海拔低氧环境影响人体劳动能力的因素,为提高高原劳动功效提供理论依据. 方法受试者坐于踏车功量机上,以60 r/m连续蹬车,每3 min递增25 W,蹬车至力竭时停止,用心电图机记录每个负荷末期5 s的心率(HR),用O2-CO2气体测定仪及掌式血氧仪分析每个负荷最后30 min的O2和CO2含量及动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2),计算耗氧量(VO2)和氧脉搏(VO2/HR). 结果 HR在100～170 次/min时,VO2随HR的增加而呈线性增加(=-0.218 4+0.007 7x,r=0.975 9,P<0.01);HR为100～130次/min时,VO2/HR也随HR增加而增加;HR增加到140～170次/min时,VO2/HR不但不增加反而减少,SaO2亦随VO2的增加而减少. 结论高原低氧环境增加了人体生理负荷,致使人体在高原的劳动能力下降.     

急进高原前后战士无氧阈的调查研究

报道60名新兵空运进驻3680m 前后通气无氧阈(ATGE)测定结果。受试者进入高原初期,负荷运动达无氧阈时,负荷功率和摄氧量均降低,心率升高;达最大负荷运动时,负荷功率,摄氧量和心率均降低,通气量升高。进驻高原前后各参数均存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。研究认为,ATGE 是很有价值而可靠的心肺功能评价指标,尤以 ATGE(负荷功率)最为敏感,其次为 ATGE(Vo2)。     

高原移居者在3680m和4350m高原不同时间的体力指标变化

为研究高原低氧环境对人体的影响，测试了移居高原（海拔３６８０ｍ和４３５０ｍ）不同时间的受试者的基础和体力指标，并与海拔３６８０ｍ地区的藏族世居者进行比较。研究发现，低氧对身高、体重、肺活量、握力、背力、仰卧起坐、俯卧撑和６０ｍ计时跑等无明显影响。晨脉在进入高原初期较高，１５月后恢复正常。移居者１０００ｍ跑成绩低于世居者，高海拔成绩不如低海拔。世居者Ｖｏ２ｍａＸ和ＨＲｍａｘ与平原人相比，有明显区别，移居者居住７～１５月后，此两项指标可接近世居者水平，高海拔者则相对较低。     

划船运动员最大摄氧量和无氧阈的测定与分析

作者对25名男子划船运动员进行了最大有氧代谢能力和无氧阈的测定,发现上述指标均低于国外同项运动员及国内其他耐力运动员,作者认为主要原因是训练量与强度不足,并从选材与训练安排上提出了改进意见。     

Cardiopulmonary response and body composition changes after prolonged high altitude exposure in women

Weight loss in men is commonly observed during prolonged high altitude exposure as a result of a daily negative energy balance. Its amount depends mainly on duration of exposure, altitude reached, and level of physical activity. This reduction in body weight often comes with a loss of muscular mass, likely contributing to the decreased physical performance generally reported. Limited data is, however, available on body composition, functional capacity, and cardiopulmonary response to exercise after high altitude exposure in women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prolonged high altitude exposure on body composition and on cardiopulmonary response to maximal exercise in a group of young, moderately active women. Twelve female subjects, aged 21.5 ± 3.1 (mean ± SD), BMI 22.1 ± 1.9 kg · m(-2) and Vo(2max) 33.8 ± 3.5 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1), participated in this study, by residing for 21 days at high altitude (5050 m, Pyramid, EV-K(2)-CNR laboratory). Before and after high altitude exposure, all subjects underwent both a body composition evaluation using two methods (bioimpedance analysis and DEXA) and a functional evaluation based on a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer with breath-by-breath gas analysis. After high altitude exposure, data showed a slight, nonsignificant reduction in body weight, with an average 3:2 reduction ratio between fat and fat-free mass evaluated by DEXA, in addition to a significant decrease in Vo(2max) on the cycle ergometer test (p<0.01). Changes in Vo(2max) correlated to changes of leg muscle mass, evaluated by DEXA (r(2) = 0.72; p<0.0001). No changes were observed in the maximal heart rate, work capacity, and ventilatory thresholds, while the Vo(2)/W slope was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Finally, Ve/Vo(2) and VE/Vco(2max) slopes were increased (p<0.01), suggesting a possible long-term modulation of the exercise ventilatory response after prolonged high altitude exposure.     

Exercise performance in hypoxia after novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein treatment

Maximal aerobic power at high altitude (<4000 m) does not increase with altitude acclimatization. In order to investigate the isolated effects of increased arterial oxygen content (CaO2) on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in hypoxia, we studied 10 subjects during exercise in acute exposure to 12.6% O2 before and after novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) induced increases in CaO2. Over a period of 1 month, weekly NESP treatment increased resting hemoglobin (Hb) from 13.8+/-0.9 to 16.2+/-0.5 g/dL, hematocrit from 42.1+/-0.6% to 49.0+/-1.5%, and CaO2 from 189.7+/-3.0 to 218.6+/-5.7 mL/L. At maximal exercise CaO2 was increased from 172.3+/-3.7 to 191.5+/-3.8 mL/L with NESP treatment, and although maximal heart rate was similar in both conditions (178.4+/-2.6 and 180.9+/-2.5 b.p.m.) VO2max remained unaltered, the values being 3.12+/-2.0 and 3.12+/-2.0, before and after NESP treatment, respectively. NESP-injections in human subjects causes Hb and accordingly CaO2 to increase both in normoxia and hypoxia. Despite increases in CaO2 at maximal exercise in hypoxia VO2max is not increased.     

Heart rate response to ultraendurance cycling

The heart rate (HR) response to ultraendurance cycling is poorly understood. This case report describes the exercise intensity of ultraendurance cycling by means of HR monitoring in a well trained male amateur cyclist performing the Otztal Radmarathon twice en bloque in a circuit of two identical laps (distance 460 km; cumulative altitude difference 11,000 m). The overall intensity was moderate (HR(mean) = 130 beats/min; HR(mean)/HR(max) = 0.71) corresponding to an average individual workload of 47% of VO(2)MAX. Almost the whole race was performed under aerobic conditions (99.6%); high intensity work was negligible (0.4%). The average speed and the HR response also declined in the course of the two laps, average speed by 17.2% (23.8 to 19.7 km/h), HR(mean) by 10.1% (138 to 124 beats/min), and HR(mean)/HR(max) by 10.7% (0.75 to 0.67). This scale of HR decrease corresponds to comparable data gained in the field of triathlon and represents a specific cardiac feature of ultraendurance exercise in general.     

Short‐term cardiorespiratory adaptation to high altitude in children compared with adults

As short‐term cardiorespiratory adaptation to high altitude (HA) exposure has not yet been studied in children, we assessed acute mountain sickness (AMS), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at rest and maximal exercise capacity (CPET) at low altitude (LA) and HA in pre‐pubertal children and their fathers. Twenty father–child pairs (11 ± 1 years and 44 ± 4 years) were tested at LA (450 m) and HA (3450 m) at days 1, 2, and 3 after fast ascent (HA1/2/3). HVR was measured at rest and CPET was performed on a cycle ergometer. AMS severity was mild to moderate with no differences between generations. HVR was higher in children than adults at LA and increased at HA similarly in both groups. Peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) relative to body weight was similar in children and adults at LA and decreased significantly by 20% in both groups at HA; maximal heart rate did not change at HA in children while it decreased by 16% in adults (P < 0.001). Changes in HVR and VO₂peak from LA to HA were correlated among the biological child–father pairs. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory adaptation to altitude seems to be at least partly hereditary. Even though children and their fathers lose similar fractions of aerobic capacity going to high altitude, the mechanisms might be different.