氯沙坦对高血压病患者单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的影响

目的 观察氯沙坦对高血压病患者血浆中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1) 水平及血管内皮功能的影响.方法 100例高血压患者随机分为氯沙坦(50 mg/d)组和氨氯地平(5 mg/d)组,疗程12周.分别于治疗前后检测血浆MCP1、一氧化氮(NO)、血管假性血友病因子(vWF)浓度.选取45名健康体检者作为对照组,监测指标同上.结果 与对照组相比,高血压病患者血浆中MCP-1和vWF浓度均明显升高(P<0.01),NO浓度明显下降(P<0.01);氯沙坦组和氨氯地平组治疗12周后血压均明显下降(P<0.01),两组间血压下降程度无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者MCP-1、vWF水平均显著降低(P<0.01),NO水平显著升高(P<0.01);氯沙坦组较氨氯地平组降低MCP-1、vWF和升高NO的作用更显著(P<0.01).结论 相对于氨氯地平来说,氯沙坦能更显著降低高血压患者MCP1,改善血管内皮功能,这种作用独立于其降压作用之外.     

高血压患者血管内皮功能的改变及氯沙坦的影响

目的:评价高血压患者血管内皮功能的改变及氯沙坦的影响。方法:随机选择原发性高血压患者40例,检测其内皮素(ET)、心钠素(ANP)和一氧化氮(NO)水平的变化。结果:与正常对照组比较,高血压组患者ET、ANP水平上升明显(P均<0.05),NO水平明显下降(P<0.05),氯沙坦治疗后ET水平无明显变化,ANP下降明显(P<0.05),NO水平上升明显(P<0.05)。结论:高血压患者血管内皮功能有明显变化.氯沙坦不仅有较好的降压作用,可能也有较好的血管内皮保护功能。     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度与内皮功能损伤的相关性研究

目的：探讨冠心病（CHD）合并2型糖尿病（DM）患者冠状动脉狭窄与内皮功能损伤的相关性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影确诊的CHD患者86例,其中46例合并2型DM（DM组）、40例为非糖尿病患者（NDM组）。用Gensini积分法评估冠状动脉狭窄程度;硝酸还原酶法比色检测患者血浆一氧化氮（NO）浓度;ELISA法测定血浆内皮素（ET）,血管性血友病因子抗原（vWF：Ag）、血小板膜蛋白-140（GMP-140）浓度;发光底物法测定血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA）与血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（PAI-1）活性以评价内皮功能损伤情况。采用直线相关分析法对DM患者Gensini积分与内皮损伤相关指标进行分析。结果 DM组患者的Gensini积分明显大于NDM组（38.25±12.13vs.28.73±10.74,P＜0.05）;DM组患者的NO、t-PA水平明显低于NDM组[NO：（52.35±17.62）μmol/Lvs.（98.37±21.20）μmol/L;t-PA：（0.55±0.21）IU/Lvs.（0.87±0.26 IU/L）;P＜0.01];而ET、PAI-1、vWF：Ag、GMP-140水平明显高于NDM组。DM组患者血浆NO（r=-0.803）、t-PA水平（r=-0.628）与Gensini积分呈显著负相关（P均＜0.01）,而ET（r=0.713）、PAI-1（r=0.526）、vWF：Ag（r=0.705）和GMP-140（r=0.512）与Gensini积分呈显著正相关（P均＜0.01）。结论 CHD合并DM患者的Gensini积分与内皮损伤程度密切相关。严重的内皮功能损伤可能是DM患者冠状动脉狭窄程度较重的原因之一。     

老年冠心病合并高血压患者血管内皮功能的改变

目的 探讨老年冠心病合并高血压患者血管内皮功能的改变。方法 将90例冠心病患者分组：52例为合并高血压病组，其中老年组（A组）35例及非老年组（B组）17例；38例为非高血压组，其中老年组（C组）25例及非老年组（D组）13例。测定血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）等，测肱动脉血压SBP、DBP，采用高分辨超声检测肱动脉基础动脉内径（D0）、内皮依赖性血流介导的舒张功能（FMD）、非内皮依赖性硝酸甘油介导的舒张功能（NID）。结果 A组与B组、C组与D组、A组与C组、B组与D组的FMD、ET、NO有显著性差异（P〈0．01～P〈0．05）。各组D0、NID无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。FMD与NO呈正相关（P〈0．01）；FMD与ET、SBP、DBP、TC、LDL呈负相关（P〈0．01）；SBP、DBP与ET呈正相关（P〈0．01）；SBP、DBP与NO呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论 老年冠心病患者存在显著的内皮功能障碍，高血压加重冠心病患者的内皮功能障碍，FMD与NO、ET可作为反映冠心病和高血压者血管内皮功能的无创指标。     

老年高血压病并下肢动脉硬化症的血管内皮功能

目的了解老年高血压病及高血压病合并下肢动脉硬化症(LEASD)患者内皮依赖性舒张功能(FMD)、非内皮依赖性舒张功能(NMD)以及血浆一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)的水平。方法采用高分辨率超声诊断系统分别检测36例老年高血压病(老年高血压组)患者以及49例老年高血压病合并LEASD(老年高血压合并LEASD组)患者肱动脉的FMD及NMD;同时采用硝酸盐镉还原、比色法测定NO水平(以硝酸盐浓度表示);采用放射免疫法检测ET水平,并分别与40例健康老人(健康老年组)进行对照研究。结果老年高血压合并LEASD组患者肱动脉的FMD及NMD均显著低于老年高血压组和健康老年组(P<0.05),而老年高血压组患者的FMD和NMD亦显著低于健康老年组(P<0.05);老年高血压合并LEASD组患者的NO水平显著低于老年高血压组和健康老年组,而ET却显著高于老年高血压组和健康老年组,而老年高血压组患者NO水平同样显著低于健康老年组,ET水平显著高于健康老年组(P<0.05)。结论老年高血压病及高血压病合并LEASD患者肱动脉FMD及NMD均受损;老年高血压病及高血压病合并LEASD患者均存在血管内皮功能失调,且高血压病合并LEASD患者内皮功能紊乱更严重。     

氯沙坦的降压疗效及对患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦的降压疗效和对血管内皮功能的影响.方法对60例高血压病患者分别应用氯沙坦和非洛地平治疗.记录每日血压和24h动态血压变化.取静脉血测定治疗前后血浆一氧化氮(NO)、前列环素(PGI)、内皮素(ET)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)水平.结果氯沙坦的降压疗效明显,但同非洛地平相比较,二者无显著性差异(P>0.05);氯沙坦组血浆NO、PGI、AngⅡ是升高的,ET是降低的.结论氯沙坦是一种安全有效的降压药物,同时可以改善高血压患者血管内皮功能.     

缬沙坦对伴有高血压病的代谢综合征患者血管性假血友病因子的影响

目的 观察伴有高血压病的代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）患者血浆血管性假血友病因子（von Willebrand factor,vWF）水平及应用缬沙坦后vWF的变化。方法 测定22例伴有高血压病的MS患者服用缬沙坦80 mg/d4周前后及29例健康体检者血浆vWF含量。结果 伴高血压病的MS患者血浆vWF显著高于健康对照者［(176±24)% vs (130±26)%,P<0.01］;vWF含量与收缩压（SBP）［r＝0.60,P<0.01］、舒张压（DBP）［r＝0.57,P<0.01］、平均动脉压（MAP）［r＝0.61,P<0.01］、体质量指数（BMI）［r＝0.53,P<0.01］、三酰甘油（TG）［r=0.36,P<0.05］、总胆固醇（TC）［r=0.49,P<0.01］、空腹血糖（FBG）［r＝0.45,P<0.01］呈正相关;缬沙坦治疗4周后,伴高血压病的MS患者血浆vWF水平较治疗前显著降低［(160±15)% vs (176±24)%,P<0.01］。结论 伴高血压病的MS患者血浆vWF水平较健康人明显增高;予缬沙坦治疗后,在有效降低血压的同时,可短期内降低vWF水平,改善血管内皮功能。     

冠心病患者合并心衰时血管内皮功能的变化及氯沙坦治疗的影响

目的:了解慢性充血性心衰(CHF)时血管内皮功能变化及氯沙坦对冠心病CHF患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法:比较50例冠心病CHF患者、46例冠心病患者以及52例正常对照组患者的血管内皮功能,以内皮依赖性血管舒张反应和血浆内皮素(ET-1)和vWF水平评价内皮功能。25例CHF患者采用氯沙坦治疗12周后评价内皮功能变化。结果:CHF组内皮依赖性血管扩张(△D%)5.42±4.17程度低于对照组12.01±4.04%和CAD组7.74±3.15%(P<0.01);CHF组血浆ET-1值60.03±17.49pg/ml较对照组44.24±8.92pg/ml、CAD组46.91±14.42pg/ml值明显增高(P<0.01),CHF组vWF值171.24±46.95%与CAD组168.69±46.92%均较对照组132.0±37.47%增高(P>0.01)。CHF患者通过氯沙坦治疗后,内皮依赖性血管扩张(△D%)明显增加(P<0.01),血浆ET-1、vWF水平下降(P<0.05)。结论:CHF时血管内皮功能障碍加重,氯沙坦治疗能有效改善其血管内皮功能。     

氯沙坦对原发性高血压患者脉压及血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦对原发性高血压患者脉压（PP）及血管内皮功能的影响。方法将56例原发性高血压患者按照平均脉压大小分为PP≥60mmHg组（27例）、PP<60mmHg组（29例）,分别予以氯沙坦50100mg/d口服治疗24周,采用高分辨率超声系统检测肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张反应（FMD）评价血管内皮功能,比较两组治疗前后血压、脉压、血管内皮功能的变化。结果PP≥60mmHg组患者FMD受损程度较PP<60mmHg组更为显著（P<0.05）;氯沙坦治疗24周后,两组患者脉压均有所降低（P<0.01）、FMD均有所改善（P<0.01）,而较之PP<60mmHg组,PP≥60mmHg组患者脉压的降低及FMD的改善更为显著（P<0.05）。结论脉压增大可能加重原发性高血压患者的血管内皮功能障碍,氯沙坦在降低血压的同时可以降低脉压,改善血管内皮功能,脉压大的患者获益更多。     

高血压对冠心病患者血管内皮功能影响的研究

目的探讨高血压对冠心病患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法通过检测38例单纯冠心病患者(A组)、52例冠心病合并高血压病患者(B组)、12例健康对照组(C组)的肱动脉舒张功能反应性充血后血管舒张(FMD)、含服硝酸甘油后的血管舒张(NID)及血内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)等指标并进行对比分析.结果(1)FMD、ETA、B组较C组均有显著差异(均P＜0.01);(2)NOB组较C组明显降低(P＞0.05);(3)A、B组间FMD、ET、NO均有显著差异(均P＜0.05);(4)NID在三组间无差异(P＜0.05);(5)FMD与NO呈正相关(r=0.43,P＜0.01),与SBP、LDL、ET呈负相关(r=-0.52、-0.36和-0.47,均P＜0.01);SBP与LDL、ET呈正相关(r=0.25和0.42,P＜0.05),与NO呈负相关(r＜-0.31,P＜0.01).结论冠心病患者存在显著的内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍;高血压病加重冠心病患者的内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍;FMD与NO、ET均可作为反映冠心病和高血压病者血管内皮功能的无创指标.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.