Pavlik吊带早期治疗发育性髋关节脱位的疗效观察

目的 报道Pavlik吊带早期治疗发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of the hip,DDH)的临床效果.方法 2005～2007年,应用Pavilk吊带早期治疗发育性髋关节脱位78例,57例资料完整,随访超过1年.其中,男19例,女38例,单侧34例,双侧23例,总共80例异常髋关节(左侧44髋,右侧36髋),平均诊断时间66.8d(5～122d).超声波分型:Graf Ⅱa/b17髋,Ⅱc 34髋,Ⅲ及以上29髋.治疗采用Pavlik吊带,定期超声波观察及吊带调整,至超声波正常后维持4周.若Pavlik吊带3周,超声波指标未好转,改用石膏治疗.随访最少至1岁,摄片评价髋关节发育情况及股骨头骨骺变化.结果 Pavlik吊带应用最短3周,最长5个月.21例(28髋)Pavlik吊带治疗直至超声指标正常,26例(38髋)Pavlik吊带使用超过年龄8个月后,继续使用支具治疗;4例(5髋)Pavlik吊带治疗超过年龄6个月后,改换石膏治疗;6例(9髋),3周后中断Pavlik吊带治疗,改换石膏固定.Pavlik吊带治疗总有效率82.46%.无股骨头AVN发生.7例(10髋)随访时髋臼指数大于25°;3例(4髋)随访至18个月,因AI大于25°,Shenton线连贯欠佳,接受了囊外Salter骨盆截骨手术治疗,手术治疗比率为5.26%.结论 Pavlik吊带早期治疗DDH显示,初始病变严重、治疗年龄超过7周将影响预后.超声波监测是做好早期治疗工作的重要保障.     

婴幼儿发育性髋关节异常的早期诊断

目的 报道采用超声波髋关节检查技术诊断新生儿和小婴儿发育性髋关节异常(DDH)和早期处理的初步经验。方法 2002年4月～2002年9月，391例临床怀疑DDH，年龄小于l岁的婴幼儿在上海儿童医学中心接受了超声波髋关节检查，其中男193例(49．4％)，女198例(50．6％)。最小年龄5d，最大年龄354d。其中新生儿24例(6．14％)，2个月婴儿52例(13．30％)，3个月婴儿54例(13．81％)，4～6个月婴儿164例(41．94％)，6～12个月婴儿97例(24．81％)。参照Graf等分类方法，检查者被分为五类，其中髋关节发育不良、髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位者定为DDH。髋关节发育不成熟者采取随访观察。年龄小于6个月的DDH接受了早期Pavlik吊带治疗，并采用超声波跟踪，决定治疗的终止或改动。结果 300例超声波检查正常，91例超声波检查阳性，其中42例诊断为DDH。接受随访的35例髋关节发育不成熟病例中，29例自行恢复。Pavlik吊带治疗在小于6个月DDH婴幼儿中成功率为91．67％。结论 采用超声波髋关节诊断技术可以早期发现新生儿和小婴儿DDH，并施行早期治疗，可以提高DDH在儿童期的治愈率，减少漏诊病例，简化治疗，提高疗效。     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip. A population-based comparison of ultrasound and clinical findings

Clinical and ultrasound findings were compared in 3613 newborns examined for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) within 48 hours of delivery. Clinical and sonographic hip stability was described as stable, borderline unstable, dislocatable or dislocated, and the morphology on ultrasound as normal, immature or dysplastic. Persistent clinical or sonographic dislocatability or dislocation. major dysplasia or minor dysplasia combined with an unstable femoral head were indications for early treatment. A total of 123 (3.4%) infants were subjected to early treatment. of which 55 (45%) fulfilled the criteria for treatment on both clinical and ultrasound examinations, 52 (42%) were treated on the basis of ultrasound findings alone, and 16 (13%) on the basis of clinical findings alone. Thirty percent of the infants with clinically dislocated or dislocatable hips were judged to have stable or just borderline unstable hips on the first clinical examination. Of 486 (13.5%) infants with sonographically immature or minor dysplastic but stable hips, 472 (97%) normalized spontaneously, while treatment was initiated in 14 (3%) of them at 1-3 months of age because of lack of sonographic improvement. Only one infant presented with late DDH during an observation period of 3 years. Accepting sonographic dysplasia as a criterion for early splinting may result in a treatment rate which is almost twice the rate based on clinical criteria, but late dislocation may be virtually eliminated.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of breech presentation as a risk factor for hip dysplasia

In order to gain more information of breech position as a risk factor for congenital hip dysplasia or dislocation, the hips of 408 newborns delivered in the breech position were examined by ultrasound. Clinical examination was performed by both experienced paediatricians and orthopaedic surgeons. The infants were re-examined by ultrasound at 2–3 months of age. Twenty-five newborns (6.1%) had neonatal hip instability. Breech presentation as a risk factor was confirmed, with first borns, breech position with extended knees, and high birthweight as special high-risk groups. Ultrasound showed subluxation in most of the unstable hips. The main benefit of using ultrasound was that direct visualization permitted more reliable evaluation, especially when the clinical findings were uncertain. Normal ultrasound findings in false positive and uncertain Ortolani tests reduced the frequency of unnecessary treatment. Because ultrasound was used in follow-up, the need of radiography was reduced. There were no late-detected cases of hip dysplasia or dislocation, indicating that routine follow-up is not necessary in breech infants with normal hips at birth, provided that the neonatal screening is optimal.     

Echotomography diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia. Experience with 1120 cases

The congenital hip dysplasia is based on an abnormal acetabular rim, with pathologic capsula and ligaments. These pathologic structures can lead to the subtotal or total dislocation of the hips. In newborns the joint cartilaginous structures, can be visualized by sonography and it is possible to diagnose the different grade of dysplasia. Our series, in part previously selected, consist in 1120 joints. The results in newborns up to 3 months of age are: normal joints 79.5%, immature 10.7%, pathologic 9.8%. After 3 months of age: normal joints 93%, dysplastic 5.2%, subdislocated 0.6%, dislocated 1.2%. In all the cases we used the morphologic Graf technique and in newborns also the dynamic examination according to Novick to precise the minimal degree of the instability of the hips. Sonography permits an early diagnosis of hip dysplasia without false positive or negative results.     

高频超声对疑似发育性髋关节异常患儿髋关节发育的评估价值

目的 探讨常规静态超声在诊断临床疑似发育性髋关节异常患儿中的应用价值.方法对612名疑似发育性髋关节异常患儿的1 224个关节进行超声检查,依据 Graf法分型、Morin法评价关节的稳定性并动态追踪最终的发育结果.结果 临床疑似病例中,87.4%分类为I型形态学正常的髋关节,9.8%分类为Iia型生理不成熟型关节,8...     

The diagnosis and management of congenital dislocation of the hip

Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common condition that encompasses a spectrum of pathology affecting the neonatal hip. Clinical signs of instability may be difficult to detect at birth using the Barlow Ortolani test. A clear imperative is to make an early diagnosis since delay after 3 months is synonymous with the necessity for surgery and also leads to a compromised prognosis. There is considerable controversy about clinical screening for DDH or ultrasound screening, either comprehensive or selective. Risk factors – such as breech presentation, oligohydramnios and talipes – are well known and there is some evidence that selective screening for these babies with ultrasound may assist diagnosis. The incidence of neonatal hip instability is around 15–20 per 1000 live births but that of established dislocation 1–2 per 1000 live births in unscreened cohorts. The usual early treatment is with the Pavlik harness but after 3 months, surgery – either an open or closed reduction – is necessary and in some surgically untreated children, secondary procedures such as pelvic osteotomy are necessary.     

Congenital dislocation of the hip: a prospective study comparing ultrasound and clinical examination

Screening for congenital dislocation of the hip by standard clinical methods and ultrasound was compared prospectively in 1503 newborns (1291 girls and 212 boys). A total of 82.8% of the hips (78.8% of the infants) had well developed acetabulae, 14.5% (17.2% of the infants) were shallow (immature) and 2.7% (4.1% of the infants) were dysplastic. Within 1-3 months 96.7% of the infants with clinically stable, but immature hips normalized, while 3.3% did not improve or worsened, and therapy was therefore initiated. Indications for treatment included dysplastic and/or clinically unstable hips, and a higher number of newborns were treated during the study period than in 1982-85 (31.2 vs 19.7 per 1000, p = 0.0002). Thirty-seven percent of the patients had both clinical and ultrasound findings compatible with congenital dislocation of the hip, while the decision to treat was based on clinical findings alone in 25.0% and on ultrasound findings in 38.0%. Infants born during the study period of nine months had a low incidence of late congenital dislocation of the hip compared with our earlier reported results from 1982-85 (0.9 vs 3.5 per 1000, p = 0.012). The study demonstrated major discrepancies between clinical and ultrasound evaluation of hips in the newborn, and the role of ultrasound in the screening for congenital dislocation of the hip requires further evaluation.     

Is hip sonography in premature infants necessary as a screening procedure?

Screening sonography of the hip in 132 premature infants indicates that prematurity is not a risk for congenital dysplasia/dislocation of the hip. However, for reasons explained in the text, screening should be carried out before discharge from hospital. Follow-up examinations are necessary only for infants with known risk factors for dysplasia/dislocation of the hip.     

Treatment and prevention of hip dysplasia in infants and young children

The diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the infant are uniform, with consensus that diagnostic ultrasound and Pavlik harness management are standard procedures. Sequential procedures for failed early treatment, residual dysplasia and late diagnosis are dependent on the age and the severity of the dysplasia.     

Selective ultrasound screening for developmental hip dysplasia: effect on management and late detected cases. A prospective survey during 1991–2006

Background

Early treatment is considered essential for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), but the choice of screening strategy is debated.

Objective

We evaluated the effect of a selective ultrasound (US) screening programme.

Materials and methods

All infants born in a defined region during 1991–2006 with increased risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip, i.e. clinical hip instability, breech presentation, congenital foot deformities or a family history of DDH, underwent US screening at age 1–3 days. Severe sonographic dysplasia and dislocatable/dislocated hips were treated with abduction splints. Mild dysplasia and pathological instability, i.e. not dislocatable/dislocated hips were followed clinically and sonographically until spontaneous resolution, or until treatment became necessary. The minimum observation period was 5.5 years.

Results

Of 81,564 newborns, 11,539 (14.1%) were identified as at-risk, of whom 11,190 (58% girls) were included for further analyses. Of the 81,564 infants, 2,433 (3.0%) received early treatment; 1,882 (2.3%) from birth and 551 (0.7%) after 6 weeks or more of clinical and sonographic surveillance. An additional 2,700 (3.3%) normalised spontaneously after watchful waiting from birth. Twenty-six infants (0.32 per 1,000, 92% girls, two from the risk group) presented with late subluxated/dislocated hips (after 1 month of age). An additional 126 (1.5 per 1,000, 83% girls, one from the risk group) were treated after isolated late residual dysplasia. Thirty-one children (0.38 per 1,000) had surgical treatment before age 5 years. Avascular necrosis was diagnosed in seven of all children treated (0.27%), four after early and three after late treatment.

Conclusion

The first 16 years of a standardised selective US screening programme for developmental dysplasia of the hip resulted in acceptable rates of early treatment and US follow-ups and low rates of late subluxated/dislocated hips compared to similar studies.     

Congenital dislocation of the hip: early and late diagnosis and management compared.

During the decade 1970-9, 23 002 infants born in the University of Bristol Department of Obstetrics were examined for congenital dislocation of the hip by junior members of the paediatric staff on the first day of life and again on discharge from hospital. Suspected hip abnormality was checked by a senior member of the staff on the same day. A total of 445 (1.9%) infants were found to have a hip abnormality in the neonatal period. Immediate treatment in an abduction splint was undertaken, usually six weeks for dislocatable hips and 12 weeks for dislocated hips. Routine follow up included clinical and radiological examination at six, 12, 24, and 60 months. Altogether 90% completed the 12 month, 85% the 24 month, and 76% the 60 month checks. Five infants (1.1%) required further orthopaedic treatment (adductor tenotomy and abduction splinting) but no major surgery was necessary, nor was avascular necrosis encountered. The radiological results were excellent. Every effort (1970-84) was also made to identify all cases of late congenital dislocation of the hip diagnosed after the neonatal period in infants born to women in Avon during the same decade (n = 103 431). Ninety one cases were detected (0.88 per 1000 births), 10 in the university cohort (0.44 per 1000) and 81 in the non-university group (1.00 per 1000) (P less than 0.01). Seven of 10 in the former group required open surgery and in seven the radiological outcome at follow up was moderate or poor. The early and late diagnosed groups are compared in respect of perinatal factors and management. It is possible to detect most cases of congenital dislocation of the hip at birth and treat them safely and successfully.     

The relationship between alpha angle and resistive index of the femoral epiphysis in the normal and abnormal infant hip

Background The arterial vascularity of the hip has been investigated in normal infants using duplex Doppler sonography. This study addressed the differences in hip vascularity in infants with respect to gender and acetabular morphology. Objective To determine whether there is a relationship between the resistive index of the vessels of the femoral chondroepiphysis and the alpha angle in normal infant hips and in those with developmental dysplasia of the hip.Materials and methods We studied 76 hips (38 patients) with gray-scale and power Doppler US. The patients were referred because of a possible abnormal clinical hip examination or had risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip. The infants ranged in age from 1 day to 6 weeks. There were 13 boys and 25 girls. Gray-scale images were initially performed in the coronal and transverse planes to evaluate acetabular morphology, alpha angle and position of the femoral chondroepiphysis relative to the acetabulum. The hips were then examined with power Doppler US, in both sagittal and transverse planes, to identify arterial vessels within the femoral epiphysis. Resistive indices were then recorded from the spectral analysis in each vessel identified. Each examination was performed by one of five pediatric radiologists. Mixed model regression was used to assess the relationship between resistive index and alpha angle, age and gender. Results Of the 76 hips, 34 had an alpha angle of 60° or greater and were classified as normal, 26 had an alpha angle between 50° and 59° and were classified as immature, and 13 had an alpha angle of less than 50° and were either subluxed or dislocated at the time of examination. At least two vessels were documented in each femoral epiphysis except in three hips, in which no vessels could be documented because of technical factors. There was a statistically significant linear relationship between the alpha angle and resistive index, such that the resistive index tended to rise with increasing alpha angle (P=0.0022). In addition, female infants had a significantly higher average resistive index than the average resistive index in male infants with the same alpha angle (P=0.0005). Conclusion There is a direct linear relationship between alpha angle and resistive index in the infant hip. Female infants have a higher average resistive index than male infants. We believe that these results might serve as a model for predicting an infant hip at risk of ischemia. In addition, the fact that lower resistive indices of the femoral epiphysis are associated with acetabular dysplasia might help explain the documented low incidence of avascular necrosis in untreated hip dysplasia.This paper was presented at the 2005 SPR meetings in New Orleans.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: a new approach to incidence

OBJECTIVE: The controversy over the incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) stems mainly from an ambiguity of criteria for defining a genuinely pathologic neonatal hip. In this study, we evaluate an algorithm we devised for the treatment of DDH, for its ability to identify those neonatal hips which, if left untreated, would develop any kind of dysplasia and, therefore, are to be included in the determination of DDH incidence. METHODS: Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations for DDH were performed on 18 060 consecutive neonatal hips at 1 to 3 days of life. Newborns with skeletal deformities, neurologic/muscular disorders, and neural tube defects were excluded. Hips that featured any type of sonographic pathology were reexamined at 2 or 6 weeks, depending on the severity of the findings. Only hips in which the initial pathology was not improved or had deteriorated were treated; all others were examined periodically until the age of 12 months. RESULTS: Sonographic screening of 18 060 hips detected 1001 instances of deviation from normal, indicating a sonographic DDH incidence of 55.1 per 1000. However, only 90 hips remained abnormal and required treatment, indicating a true DDH incidence of 5 per 1000 hips. All the others evolved into normal hips, and no additional instances of DDH were found on follow-up throughout the 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of our protocol enables us to distinguish two categories of neonatal hip pathology: one that eventually develops into a normal hip (essentially sonographic DDH); and another that will deteriorate into a hip with some kind of dysplasia, including full dislocation (true DDH). This approach seems to allow for a better-founded definition of DDH, for an appropriate determination of its incidence, for decision-making regarding treatment, and for assessment of the cost-effectiveness of screening programs for the early detection of DDH.     

Ultrasound in the early diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip: The significance of hip stability versus acetabular morphology

Recent studies have suggested that ultrasound examinations may improve diagnostic accuracy in congenital dislocation of the hip, but there is differing opinion whether ultrasound diagnosis should be based on morphology or stability. Ultrasound was added to the routine clinical screening in 1503 newborns (1291 girls and 212 boys). Hip morphology was classified according to Graf (type 1–4), while sonographic stability was based on a modified Barlow maneuvre, and classified as stable, elastic deflection (normal finding), unstable (provocating a gap between the femoral head and the acetabulum) and dislocated. Among 80 morphologically dysplastic hips, 73 (91%) were sonographically unstable or dislocated, while seven dysplastic hips were stable. On the other hand, in 49% of the sonographic unstable hips (69 out of 142) the acetabulum was either normal or just physiologically immature. 38 of these hips were left untreated and normalized spontaneously. There was a close correlation between sonographically and clinically determined hip stability (gamma = 0.95). Our study shows that the majority of morphologically dysplastic hips is sonographically unstable or dislocated, but also that morphologically dysplastic hips may be stable. Morphologically normal hips showing minor sonographic instability do probably not require treatment, and thus morphology seems to be an important diagnostic criterion.     

A national survey of screening for congenital dislocation of the hip.

OBJECTIVE: To identify current screening and management practices for congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH), and determine the extent to which ultrasound imaging of the hips is practised throughout the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. METHODS: Postal questionnaire to paediatricians responsible for the routine neonatal care of infants in all maternity units in the UK and the Irish Republic. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned for 254 maternity units (92% response rate). By 1994, 69% of maternity units had access to ultrasound imaging of the hips, compared to 14% in 1984. Ultrasound imaging of the hip was not used for universal primary screening, but in 93% of units was undertaken for further assessment of infants with clinically detected hip instability or those identified as being at high risk of CDH, or both. Clinical screening of newborn infants was performed by junior paediatricians, but training with a ''Baby Hippy'' hip simulator model was provided in only 37% of units. Treatment of clinically detected hip instability, initiated by an orthopaedic surgeon in 93% of units, varied widely in type and duration. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound imaging of the hip is increasingly used in the UK for secondary, rather than primary, screening. Current recommendations are implemented to a variable extent nationally, and the existing wide variation in screening and management for CDH reflects a lack of research evidence to support current screening practices. The effectiveness of screening for CDH needs to be established.     

Management of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia

The diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia is controversial. Different countries have different algorithms and guidelines on which hips should be screened or treated. German speaking countries have introduced universal ultra sound hip screening programmes resulting in relatively high splintage rates in certain centres. Some Scandinavian centres have organised selective screening programmes with serial ultrasound observation of hip instabilities, leading to comparatively low splintage rates. Though most experts would treat clinical hip instability (confirmed by ultrasound evaluation), the natural history and epidemiology of dysplasia is less well understood. The treatment regimes for neonatal dysplasia are varied with wide differences in the rates of splintage. 'Late' dislocation may be secondary to prenatal dislocation (teratogenic), neonatal hip instability or to persistent major dysplasia of the hip. The term 'missed' dislocation should not be used as this suggests negligence on the part of the examiner, when this may not be the case. Which splint to use (rigid or dynamic), at what age, and for how long, are questions currently unresolved as no proper controlled trials have been undertaken. However, a sensible treatment algorithm can be advocated. Complications secondary to splintage are rare, though nerve damage, avascular necrosis of the hip, redislocation and skin problems have been described.     

Hip dislocation. Organization of screening and follow-up]

Early detection and low-risk treatment are the two main objectives of the management of developmental dislocation of the hip. The best way to evaluate neonatal hips is to perform clinical and ultrasound examinations at the same time, and to confront their results. Early diagnosis allows to restrict treatment to infants with neonatal dislocation who do not improve by 4 weeks of age. On the other hand, neonates with reductible dislocated hips must be treated at birth and followed at the joint consultation. Early diagnosis and management must not decrease later efforts to detect dislocated hip until walking age.     

Fr��herkennung der H��ftdysplasie

Background

Ultrasound screening is more sensitive for developmental dysplasia of the hip than clinical examination, but we do not know which form of ultrasound screening is the best.

Patients and methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of ultrasonographic findings of an universal ultrasound screening in the first week of life between January 2006 and June 2009 to calculate the sensitivity and the specificity of the risk factors gathered by the German two-part general ultrasound screening. Ultrasound examination and classification was done according to the method of Graf.

Results

During the period of study a total of 5,100 hips were screened. Graf??s type I was seen in 4,290 hips (despite positive risk factors in 881 hips), corresponding to a prevalence of 84.1%. Graf??s type IIa was seen in 736 hips (despite positive risk factors in 221 hips), corresponding to a prevalence of 14.4%. Graf??s type IIc stable/instable was seen in 16 hips (despite a lack of risk factors in 13 hips), corresponding to a prevalence of 0.3%. Graf??s type D was found in 37 hips, 18 of which exhibited no risk factors, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.7%. Graf??s type III was diagnosed in 20 hips (despite a lack of risk factors in 8 hips, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.4%). One hip without any risk factors was screened as Graf??s type IV corresponding to a prevalence of 0.02%. Thus, the specificity of the risk factors gathered by the two-part screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in Germany is 78.1% and the sensitivity 48.6%.

Conclusion

In 78.1% it is possible to detect a healthy hip as such in the third check-up for children between the fourth and sixth week of life with the German two-part ultrasound screening programme. However, only 48.6% of dysplastic or dislocated hips can be detected in the first week of life with this screening programme. Thus, less than 50% of dysplastic or dislocated hips will be treated as early as possible. Thus, every newborn should have an ultrasound screening of the hip during the first week of life independently of symptoms and history.     

Screening for hip abnormality in the neonate

Clinical screening policies for the detection of hip instability or dysplasia of the hip vary internationally. There is general agreement in the Western world that at birth all hip joints should be clinically assessed by the Ortolani and Barlow tests. Currently, there is no consistency regarding who should undertake the examination, the results being worse when inexperienced personnel are used. These clinical tests have poor sensitivity and should be regarded as surveillance, not screening methods. Since the 1980s ultrasonographic assessment of the hip has become a valuable diagnostic tool. However there is continuing controversy on whether this imaging method should be used universally or selectively for 'at risk' and clinically unstable hip joints. Universal ultrasonographic evaluation may result in over-treatment and selective screening may be no better than the best clinical screening programs in reducing the incidence of 'late' irreducible dislocation of the hip. It is generally accepted that all clinically unstable hips should be imaged by ultrasound by static and dynamic methods in order to confirm the diagnosis and to monitor treatment.